生物專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

InsidetheLivingCellStructureandFunctionofInternalCellpartsGlossaryCytoplasm細(xì)胞質(zhì)Thelivingcontentsofacellboundedexternallybytheplasmalemma,includinganaqueousgroundsubstance(hyaloplasm,透明質(zhì)，cellsap,orcellmatrix)containingorganellesandvariousinclusionsbutexcludingthenucleusandvisiblevacuoles.細(xì)胞中的亞器官Chloroplast葉綠體

Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriaandblue-greenalgae.Stroma子座，基質(zhì)

Regionwithinachloroplastthathasnochlorophyll.Plastid質(zhì)體

Anorganellepresentinallplantsexceptbacteria,blue-greenalgae,andfungi;itisenclosedbytwomembranes(theenvelope)andhasvariousfunctionsEndoplasmicreticulum內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)

Foldedmembranesandtubesthroughouttheeukaryoticcellthatprovidealargesurfaceuponwhichchemicalactivitiestakeplace.Golgicomplex高爾基復(fù)合體

Astackofflattened,smooth,memebranoussacs;thesiteofsynthesisandpackagingofcertainmoleculesineukaryoticcells.Mitochondrion線粒體

Amembranousorganelleresemblingasmallbagwithalargerbaginsidethatisfoldedbackonitself;serveasthesiteofaerobiccellularrespiration.Ribosome核糖體

SmallstructurescomposedoftwoproteinandribonucleicacidsubunitsinvolvedintheassemblyofproteinsfromaminoacidsPolysome多核糖體

Ofproteinsynthesis,severalribosomesalltranslatingthesamemessengerRNAmolecule,oneaftertheother.Vacuole液泡

Storagecontainerwithinthecytoplasmofacellhavingasurroundingmembrane.Lysosome溶酶體

AspecializedorganellethatholdsamixtureofhydrolyticenzymesCentriole中心粒

Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants細(xì)胞的遺傳亞結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)胞核和染色體Chromosome染色體

ADNA-histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell.Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandacentromere,andsomecontainanucleousorganizer.RNAproteinsareinvariablyassociatedwiththechromosome.Nuclearenvelope核膜，核被膜

Adoublemembrane(twolipidbilayersandassociatedproteins)thatistheoutermostportionofacellnucleous.Nucleoid核質(zhì)體

TheDNA-containingareaofaprokaryotecell,analogoustoeukaryotenucleusbutnotmembranebounded.Nucleoli核仁

Nuclearstructurescomposedofcompletedorpartiallycompletedribosomesandthespecificpartsofchromosomesthatcontaintheinformationfortheirconstruction.Nucleus細(xì)胞核，神經(jīng)核

Theorganelleoftheeukaryotecellthatcontainsthechromosomesandhenceultimatelycontrolscellularactivityandinheritancethroughtheactivityofthegeneticmaterial,DNA.細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)和骨架Cytoskeleton細(xì)胞骨架

Ofeukaryoticcells,aninternal“skeleton”.Itsmicrotubulesandothercomponentsstructurallysupportthecell,organizeandmoveitsinternalcomponents.Thecytoskeletonalsohelpsfree-livingcellsmovethroughtheirenvironment.Microtubule微管

Small,hollowtubesofproteinthatfunctionthroughoutthecytoplasmtoprovidestrucuturalsupportandenablemovement.Microfilament微絲，纖絲

Long,fiberlikestructuresmadeofproteinandfoundincells,oftenincloseassociationwiththemicrotubule;providestructuralsupportandenablemovement.Cilia纖毛

Numerousshort,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.Flagella鞭毛

Long,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.Actin肌動(dòng)蛋白

Aglobularcontractileprotein.Inmusclecells,actininteractswithanotherprotein,myosein,tobringaboutcontraction.Dynein動(dòng)力蛋白

AgroupofatleastfourdistinctproteinsfoundintheflagellaandmicrotubulesofeukaryoticcellsandpossessingATPaseactivity.Myosin肌球蛋白

Aproteinthat,withactin,constitutestheprincipalelementofthecontractileapparatusofmuscle.Tubulin微管蛋白

Aproteinthatisthemajorconstituentofmicrotubules.Basalbody基體Abodyidenticalinstructuretoacentriole,foundalwaysatthebaseofaciliumoreukaryoteflagellum.

Chemotaxis趨化性

Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto,anddirectedby,anexternaldirectionalstimulus.

Phagocytosis吞噬作用

Theprocessbywhichthecellwrapsaroundaparticleandengulfsit.Pinocytosis胞飲作用

Theprocessbywhichacellengulfssomemoleculesdissolvedinwater.胞飲作用Cytoplasm細(xì)胞質(zhì)

Thedynamic,MobileFactorySemifluid半流體Plasmamembrane質(zhì)膜Organelle細(xì)胞器官Cytoskeleton細(xì)胞骨架Mostofthepropertiesweassociatedwithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.Nucleus細(xì)胞核Eukaryotic真核細(xì)胞的Prokaryote原核細(xì)胞Hereditary遺傳的Sac液囊細(xì)胞核和染色體

Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.

Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorgenelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasMRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviatheporesOrganelle細(xì)胞器官Aminoacid氨基酸Lacy花邊Vesicle小泡Stud布滿Fat脂肪Steroid膽固醇Oxidation氧化Sugar糖digestive消化的carbohydrate碳水化合物L(fēng)eucoplast白色體Pigment色素Starch淀粉Chromoplast色素細(xì)胞Grana葉綠素基粒細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)①Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.②Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,theGolgicomplex,vacuoles,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.

①Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.

②Thisquantityreflectsthefactthatribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.③Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit.④DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofMRNA,“reading”thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.⑤SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasingleMRNAstrand;suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.⑥Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.⑦Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.①Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough(RER)andsmooth(SER).②Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.③TheRER,whichisstuddedwithpolysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides.④SERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstanceinthecell.⑤Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)

①Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle,theGolgicomplex.②WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.高爾基體液泡①Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.②Themostprominentvaculoesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsurgarsandothermolecules.③Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis(吞噬作用)(theintakeofparticulatematter)andpinocytosis(胞飲作用)(vacuolardrinking).胞飲作用①Asubsetofvacuolesistheorganellesknownaslysosomeswhichcontaindigestiveenzymes(packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex)thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules.②Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.線粒體①M(fèi)itochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.②inaddition,plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis.③ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.④Mitochondriaareself-replicating,andprobablytheyaretheevolutionarydescendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.葉綠體立體結(jié)構(gòu)①Therearetwotypesofplastids,leucoplasts(白色體),whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch,proteins,andoils;andchromoplasts(色素母細(xì)胞),whichcontainpigments.

②Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.③Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana(葉綠體基粒),whichareembedded,inamatrixcalledthestroma(基質(zhì)).Cytoskeleton細(xì)胞骨架Convoluted回旋Latticework格子狀Mechanoenzyme功能酶Kinesin運(yùn)動(dòng)蛋白①Alleukryotescellshaveacytoskeleton,whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstoavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.②Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlikemicrofilamentscomposedmainllyofthecontractileproteinactin.③Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.④Asecondprotein,myosinisinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells.⑤Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules,whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.⑥Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin,dyneinandkinesininteractwiththecytoskeletalfilamentsandtubulinstogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.Cellularmovements細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)Creep爬行Glide滑動(dòng)Geometry幾何Propel推動(dòng)Spindle紡錘體①Althoughthecytosketetonprovidessomestabilitytocells,itsmicrotubulesandfilamentsandtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreepingorgliding.②Suchmovementsrequireasubstratetowhichthecellcanadhereandcanbeguidedbythegeometryofthesurface.③Somecellsalsoexhibitchemotaxis,theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusingchemical.①Certaineukaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments,propelledbywhiplikecilia(纖毛)andflagella（鞭毛）.②Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure:ninedoublets(pairsormicrotubules)arearragedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum,andtwomoremicrotubulesrundowntheenterofthering.③Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbodyislocated.④Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydyneinsidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofeachdoublet.①Nutrients,proteins,andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.②Theprocessoccursasmyosinproteinsattachedtoorganellespushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayedthroughoutthecell.③Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajorcytoplasmicmovements.

④Duringcelldivision,microtubulesofthespindle-assembledfromtubulinsubunitsnearorganellscalledcentrioles(中心粒)-movethechromosomesMatchingPolysome(g)RNAandribosomesGolgicomplex(o)packagingFlagella(m)whiplikePhagocytosis(f)engulfmentBasalbody(d)whereflagellagrowChemotactic(e)t