大家好全品英語中考對中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的反撥作用長沙市芙蓉區(qū)教育科研中心入梓而知趣求忠以自為

一、反撥研究概況

二、問卷調(diào)查分析

三、教學(xué)基本對策一、反撥研究概況Hughes（1989）

“PPP”

washbackeffectmodelParticipants,Process&Product一個(gè)測試的性質(zhì)將首先影響參與者對其教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的理解和態(tài)度，而這種理解和態(tài)度又反過來影響參與者完成任務(wù)的過程，從而影響教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果。Alderson(2004)課程設(shè)置（CourseDesign）課程實(shí)施（CourseDelivery）課程監(jiān)控（CourseControl）課程評估（CourseAssessment）教

育

者（Educator)人才培養(yǎng)（Personneltraining)《語言測試的反撥效應(yīng)：研究內(nèi)容與方法》WashbackinLanguageTesting:ResearchContentsandMethodsLiyingCheng,YoshinoriWatanabeandAndyCurtis.2004NJ:LawrenceErlbaumPress二、問卷調(diào)查分析

1、中考復(fù)習(xí)四大法寶的知曉情況項(xiàng)目(06-09)很熟較熟了解不熟省考標(biāo)22%35%29%14%市考標(biāo)70%15%15%/市真題60%29%11%/新課標(biāo)18%36%34%12%2、中考英語復(fù)習(xí)材料的使用頻率項(xiàng)

目總是經(jīng)常有時(shí)偶爾從不現(xiàn)行初三課本9.7323.8930.9732.732.65初一初二課本7.9629.2027.4312.3923.01近年各省真題14.1649.5620.3514.161.77實(shí)用語法專著7.0839.8228.3211.5011.50重點(diǎn)中學(xué)模擬8.8553.9819.4717.70/自制復(fù)習(xí)課件/30.0931.8625.6612.39各種音像資料/7.0816.8148.6727.43網(wǎng)絡(luò)名師講座/15.9335.4044.254.42項(xiàng)目總是經(jīng)常有時(shí)偶爾從不根據(jù)音標(biāo)記憶單詞9.447.5114.8128.1140.13及時(shí)查找所遇生詞8.8030.4741.6311.167.94觀看英語原聲影視4.944.2923.8245.2821.67閱讀課外英文讀物1.726.6533.9140.9916.74與同學(xué)用英語交流0.003.4322.7542.7031.12閱讀語法專項(xiàng)書籍1.7210.5240.3430.6916.74背誦英文名句佳篇1.7214.8145.0623.1815.24學(xué)唱英文歌謠歌曲4.514.7229.6134.9826.183、學(xué)生運(yùn)用學(xué)習(xí)策略的頻率4、中考測試的消極反撥作用

1)縮窄課程涵蓋內(nèi)容2)流失有效教學(xué)時(shí)間3)淡化復(fù)雜問題思考4)削弱教師教學(xué)技能5)培育知能兩極分?jǐn)?shù)三、教學(xué)基本對策(一)“讀”領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷（理論、教材、短文）(二)“研”出法隨（考試、學(xué)生、規(guī)律）(三)“思”心雜念（課標(biāo)、基礎(chǔ)、練習(xí)）(四)“享”入非非（資源、技術(shù)、思想）(一)“讀”領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷

AgreatparttotheinformationIhavewasacquiredbylookingupsomethingandfindingsomethingelseontheway.

我的大部分知識都是這樣獲得的：在尋找某個(gè)資料時(shí)意外地發(fā)現(xiàn)了另外的資料。-----AdamsFranklin

(1881-1960)1、讀理論

1)讀學(xué)習(xí)理論2)讀專業(yè)理論3)讀教學(xué)流派理論名稱代表人物理論派別教學(xué)模式中古學(xué)習(xí)心理學(xué)思想孔子Confucius儒家哲學(xué)啟發(fā)式教學(xué)心理訓(xùn)練說psychologicaltraining

亞里斯多德Aristotle古典人本主義重復(fù)訓(xùn)練聯(lián)想說association洛克Lock聯(lián)想主義心理學(xué)提供直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)統(tǒng)覺說apperception

赫爾巴特Herbart構(gòu)造主義心理學(xué)階段教學(xué)聯(lián)結(jié)說connection

桑代克Thorndike機(jī)能主義心理學(xué)嘗試和訓(xùn)練1)讀學(xué)習(xí)理論經(jīng)典條件反射理論classicalconditionedreflex

巴甫洛夫

Pavlov反射理論條件刺激與無條件刺激結(jié)合行為習(xí)慣說behaviouralhabits華生Waston行為主義心理學(xué)行為塑造操作性條件反射說instrumental

斯金納Skinner新行為主義程序教學(xué)頓悟說insighttheory

苛勒Cohler格式塔心理學(xué)提供良好觀察認(rèn)知期待說cognitiveexpectancy托爾曼Tolman行為格式塔提供路徑認(rèn)知發(fā)現(xiàn)說cognitivediscovery

布魯納Bruner認(rèn)知心理學(xué)最佳教學(xué)論有意義言語學(xué)習(xí)理論meaningfulverballearning

奧蘇貝爾Ausubel認(rèn)知心理學(xué)講授式教學(xué)認(rèn)知指導(dǎo)說cognitionguidance

加涅

Gagne信息加工心理學(xué)八階段教學(xué)論社會學(xué)習(xí)理論Sociallearning

班杜拉Bandura行為認(rèn)知心理學(xué)提供良好榜樣人本主義學(xué)習(xí)觀Humanisticlearning

羅杰斯Rogers人本主義心理學(xué)學(xué)生中心2)讀專業(yè)理論英語教師必讀書目【語言教師行動研究

ActionResearchforLanguageTeachers】【交際課堂的任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)

DesigningTasksfortheCommunicativeClassroom】【交互性語言教學(xué)

InteractiveLanguageTeaching】【情感與語言學(xué)習(xí)

AffectinLanguageLearning】

【交際語言教學(xué)論

CommunicativeLanguageTeaching】

【外語與第二語言學(xué)習(xí)

ForeignandSecondLanguageLearning】

【語言教師心理學(xué)初探

PsychologyforLanguageTeachers

】【外語教師測試手冊

TestingforLanguageTeachers】【論語言教學(xué)環(huán)境

TheContextofLanguageTeaching】【外語教學(xué)研究方法——教育統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)導(dǎo)讀

UnderstandingResearchinSecond

LanguageLearning】3)讀教學(xué)流派CommunicativeapproachDirectMethodTLTApproachTotalPhysicalResponseAudio-lingualmethodAudioVisualApproach

communicativeapproach語言功能項(xiàng)目特定社會語境運(yùn)用語言交際1960s威爾金斯(Wilkins)亞歷山大(Alexander)

Mainfeature

(1)創(chuàng)造運(yùn)用(2)意念為綱

(3)過程交際(4)話語單位

(5)綜合訓(xùn)練(6)錯(cuò)誤容忍

(7)學(xué)生中心(8)手段多樣

(9)情景精髓Advantages:影響最大、生命力最強(qiáng)Disadvantages:（1）功能項(xiàng)目問題(function/notion)（2）語法教學(xué)問題(use/usage)DirectMethod自然法(NaturalMethod)心理法(PsychologicalMethod)口語法(OralMethod)改良法(ReformedMethod)Representatives:貝力茲（M.D.Berlitz）艾蓋爾特（B.Eggert）帕默（H.E.Palmer）Advantages:

1.采用直觀教具

2.直接學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用

3.重視語音教學(xué)Disadvantages:

1.排斥母語

2.錯(cuò)誤較多Task-basedLanguageTeachingApproach

任務(wù)六要素（一）目標(biāo)（二）內(nèi)容（三）程序（四）輸入材料（五）角色（六）情景Advantages

1.任務(wù)活動多樣－－學(xué)習(xí)興趣

2.知識技能結(jié)合－－語用能力

3.參與活動思維－－主體作用

4.小組雙人活動－－面向全體

5.內(nèi)容廣信息多－－拓寬視域

6.邊活動邊應(yīng)變－－全面發(fā)展

7.獨(dú)立積極參與－－良好習(xí)慣

Disadvantages

1.課堂效率低

2.依賴程度高

3.反饋效率低

TotalPhysicalResponseJamesAsher1960s提出聽力理解領(lǐng)先身體反應(yīng)語言預(yù)先做好準(zhǔn)備降低緊張情緒

Advantages吸引注意提供環(huán)境左右協(xié)調(diào)快樂需求整句學(xué)用

Disadvantages

抽象無解容易疲勞

Audiolingualmethod1940sAmerica口語法句型法結(jié)構(gòu)法軍隊(duì)教學(xué)法Advantages1.聽說領(lǐng)先2.反復(fù)模仿3.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型4.限制母語5.對比結(jié)構(gòu)6.及時(shí)糾錯(cuò)7.手段先進(jìn)Disadvantages忽視讀寫機(jī)械重復(fù)脫離語境AudioVisualApproach1950sFrance1)語言情景結(jié)合2)重視口語教學(xué)3)重視句型教學(xué)4)生活情景對話5)排除母語中介

Disadvantages

1.過分強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，忽視分析訓(xùn)練

2.忽視書面形式，割斷口語書面Advantages

1.調(diào)動多種感官，利于培養(yǎng)語感

2.直接建立聯(lián)系，利于外語思維2、讀教材BrianTomlinson(英國)DevelopingMaterialsforLanguageTeaching動情：學(xué)生生活相關(guān)，激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣，情感體驗(yàn)學(xué)習(xí)動腦：在學(xué)習(xí)中獲得新經(jīng)驗(yàn)并反思以往經(jīng)驗(yàn)動手：做(有意義的)事，開發(fā)能力七年級上冊Unit1Myname’sGina.Unit2Isthisyourpencil?Unit3Thisismysister.Unit4Where'smybackpack?Unit5Doyouhaveasoccerball?Unit6Doyoulikebananas?Unit7Howmucharethesepants?Unit8Whenisyourbirthday?Unit9Doyouwanttogoamovie?Unit10Canyouplaytheguitar?Unit11Whattimedoyougotoschool?

Unit12Myfavoritesubjectisscience.七年級下冊Unit1Where'syourpenpalfrom?

Unit2Where'sthepostoffice?Unit3Whydoyoulikekoalas?Unit4Iwanttobeanactor.Unit5I'mwatchingTV.Unit6It'sraining!Unit7whatdoeshelooklike?Unit8I'dlikesomenoodles.Unit9Howwasyourweekend?Unit10Wheredidyougoonvacation?Unit11Whatdoyouthinkofgameshows?Unit12Don‘teatinclass.八年級上冊Unit1Howoftendoyouexercise?

Unit2What'sthematter?

Unit3Whatareyoudoingforvacation?

Unit4Howdoyougettoschool?

Unit5Canyoucometomyparty?

Unit6I'mmoreoutgoingthanmysister.

Unit7Howdoyoumakeabananasmoothie?Unit8Howwasyourschooltrip?

Unit9Whenwasheborn?Unit10I'mgoingtobeabasketballplayer.

Unit11Couldyoupleasecleanyourroom?

Unit12What‘sthebestradiostation?八年級下冊Unit1Willpeoplehaverobots?Unit2WhatshouldIdo?Unit3WhatwereyoudoingwhentheUFOarrived?Unit4HesaidIwashard-working.Unit5Ifyougototheparty,you'llhaveagreattime!Unit6Howlonghaveyoubeencollectingshells?Unit7Wouldyoumindturningdownthemusic?Unit8Whydon'tyougetherascarf?Unit9Haveyoueverbeentoanamusementpark?Unit10It'saniceday,isn'tit?九年級Unit1Howdoyoustudyforatest?Unit2Iusedtobeafraidofthedark.Unit3Teenagersshouldbeallowedtochoosetheirownclothes.Unit4Whatwouldyoudo？Unit5ItmustbelongtoCarla.Unit6IlikemusicthatIcandanceto.Unit7Wherewouldyouliketovisit?Unit8I'llhelpcleanupthecityparks.Unit9Whenwasitinvented?Unit10BythetimeIgotoutside,thebushadalreadyleft.Unit11Couldyoupleasetellmewheretherestroomsare?Unit12You'resupposedtoshakehands.Unit13Rainydaysmakemesad.Unit14Haveyoupackedyet?Unit15We'retryingtosavethemanateese!對策：*依托話題，創(chuàng)設(shè)活動，激發(fā)熱情*巧用詞匯，開發(fā)心智，鼓勵(lì)用腦*廣涉資源，積極比照，語不離手途徑：*重精讀，上好每一篇課文。*抓略讀，選好一本配套書。*促泛讀，用好每一種渠道。3、讀短文語篇短語境強(qiáng)語感好語言精1)語篇短

Reportsthatsaythatsomethinghasn’thappenedarealwaysinterestingtome,becauseasweknow,thereareknownknowns;therearethingsweknowweknow.Wealsoknowthereareknownunknowns;i.e.,weknowtherearesomethingswedonotknow.Buttherearealsounknownunknowns—theoneswedon’tknowwedon’tknow.

FOOT

IN

MOUTH2)語境強(qiáng) Thefirstsnowcame.Howbeautifulitwas,fallingsosilently,alldaylong,allnightlong,onthemountains,onthemeadows,ontheroofsoftheliving,onthegravesofthedead.3)語感好Istheregoingtobeariseinthepriceofrice?Ifawisechildbuyssomenicewhitericeatonceandthepriceofricedoesn’trise,hewon’tgetanyprize.Imightfindakindofunkindbrightlightinhiseyesatnight.Imustadvisehim,asmyadviceisalwaysquiteniceandright.Youcanreaditinthepaper.Youcanreadwhatpeoplesay.Youcanfinditinthepaper,mostpapersintheU.S.A.Sometimesyoucanfindgoodnews.Sometimesthenewsisbad.Sometimesthenewsmakesyouhappy.Sometimesitonlymakesyoumad.Butifyouwanttobeinformed,takemyrecommendation.Gotoanewsstandandpickupapaper,Ifyouwantinformation.Ifyouwanttoreadthenews...Lookinthepaper.Ifyouwantanopinion...Ifyouwanttobuyahouse...Ifyou'relookingforajob...Ifyouwanttobuyacar...Ifyouwanttoseeashow...Ifyouwanttoknowthescore...Ifyouwanttheweatherforecast...Ifyouwanttoseecomics...Ifyouhavemoneytoinvest...Ifyouwantarecipe...Ifyouneedavacation... 4)語言精(二)“研”出法隨1、研究考試2、研究學(xué)生3、研究規(guī)律1、研究考試(以補(bǔ)全對話為例)名稱數(shù)量名稱數(shù)量補(bǔ)全對話32口語交際應(yīng)用24完成對話11情景交際運(yùn)用9情景對話6communication5日常對話4對話填空3寫句子2詞匯運(yùn)用2選詞填空1書面表達(dá)1(2009全國中考“補(bǔ)全對話”試題使用的名稱及數(shù)量)內(nèi)容卷數(shù)內(nèi)容卷數(shù)打電話18購物9過去事14就餐7將來事10問路5求幫助7建議4家庭事3學(xué)習(xí)3買汽車1熱點(diǎn)3做衣服1愛好3談地方1慈善活動1談身體1交通安全1訪個(gè)人1其他情景7(2009全國中考“補(bǔ)全對話”考查內(nèi)容及數(shù)量)答題形式1、選擇式：7句選5方框單詞或短語

I------II欄配對2、填寫式：句子單詞

首字母單詞

中文情景填英文短語或句子主要問題1、控制過強(qiáng)(首字母)2、要求不明(兩項(xiàng)多余、用單詞短語或句子)3、分類不妥(閱讀、寫作？)4、梯度不夠

5、抄寫費(fèi)時(shí)6、分值過高

7、話題重復(fù)2、研究學(xué)生當(dāng)下社會的不好評價(jià)“四有四無四不得”有知識無智慧沉不得有目標(biāo)無信仰罵不得有規(guī)范無道德虧不得有個(gè)性無合作苦不得拿什么征服學(xué)生？真情實(shí)感真心實(shí)意真抓實(shí)干真才實(shí)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)者類型類型優(yōu)點(diǎn)不足速戰(zhàn)速決型集中突擊、角色扮演、解決問題不深入、合作少、不持久浮想聯(lián)翩型深入思考、點(diǎn)子較多、喜歡評價(jià)不守時(shí)、變化快、難管理邏輯推理型樂于探究、有條不紊、擅于組織自省少、創(chuàng)新少、合作少廣泛涉獵型興趣、縱觀大局、擅于創(chuàng)造重細(xì)節(jié)、少甄別、無重心3、研究規(guī)律1)主題詞匯圖示化2)基本詞匯趣味化*①Tonguetwisters:Ifyounoticethisnotice,youwillnoticethatthisnoticeisnotworthnoticing.Thatfatmansaidthatthatthatthatthatblackmansaidwasthatbad.Mr.Cooksaidtoacook,“thecook-bookisverygood.Pleasetakealook.”*②Greatthoughts:Youhavetobelieveinyourself.That'sthesecretofsuccess.Manstrugglesupwards;waterflowsdownwards.Agreatmanisalwayswillingtobelittle.*③Kids’chantTheanimalsareracing!Watchthemgo!Twelfthisthepig;he'stheverylast.Eleventhisthedog;heisn’trunningfast.Tenthistherooster;eatingapear.Ninthisthemonkey;jumpingintheair.Eighthisthesheep;he’slookingdown.Seventhisthehorse;bigandbrown.Sixthisthesnake;she'slongandthin.Fifthisthedragon;hewantstowin.Fourthistherabbit,hopandbounce.Thirdisthetiger,waitingtopounce.Secondisthebull;hecan’tbelievehiseyes.Becausefirstistherat,naughtybutwise.Butwhereisthecat,withtheblackandwhiteface?He’sstillsleeping;hecan’tfinishtherace!3)知識構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)化+v-ing

Kummspafei酷美媚，死怕肥keep

un