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淺析結構轉換層的應用摘要:隨著我國經濟的持續快速發展,人們對高層建筑的功能要求趨向于多樣化、綜合化和全面化。于是,帶轉換層的建筑結構孕育而生,并在近年來得到較為廣泛的應用。Abstract:alongwiththesustainedandrapiddevelopmentofeconomyinourcountry,peopletothefunctionalrequirementofthehigh-risebuildingstendtobediversified,integratedandcomprehensive.So,bornwithconversionlayerstructureofbreeds,andhavebecomemorewidelyusedinrecentyears.關鍵詞:高層建筑;轉換層;施工Keywords:high-risebuildings;Thetransformationlayer;Theconstruction1高層建筑結構轉換層1high-risebuildingconversionlayersstructure按照不同的結構轉換功能,轉換層可分為三種類型:①高層建筑上層與下層的結構形式不同,通過轉換層完成其從上層至下層不同結構形式的變化。②高層建筑上層與下層的結構形式不變,但通過轉換層完成其從上層到下層不同柱網軸線布置的變化。③通過轉換層同時完成高層建筑上層與下層結構形式與柱網軸線布置的變化。Accordingtothedifferentstructuretransformation,transformationlayercanbedividedintothreetypes:(1)highbuildingstructureformoftheupperandthelowerisdifferent,throughthetransformationlayertocompleteitsdifferentstructureformsofchangefromtheuppertothelower.(2)thehighbuildingstructureformoftheupperandthelowerischangeless,butthroughthetransformationlayertocompleteitsdifferentfromtheuppertothelowercolumngridlinelayoutchanges.(3)throughthetransformationlayercompletehigh-risebuildingatthesametimetheupperandthelowerstructurewiththeaxisofthecolumngridlayoutchanges.為實現高層建筑內部上、下層結構形式與柱網(或剪力墻軸線網)的變化,經常采用以下的結構轉換形式:①梁式轉換。②板式轉換層。板的厚度一般很大,以形成厚板式承臺轉換層。它的下層柱網可以靈活布置,不必嚴格與上層結構對齊,但板很厚,自重很大,材料用量很多。Fortallbuildingsinside,thelowerstructurewithcolumngrid(network)orshearwallaxischanges,oftenusethefollowingformofstructuraltransformation:(1)beamtransformation.(2)platetransformationlayer.Thethicknessoftheplatearelarge,toformathickplatecaptransformationlayer.Itcanlowercolumngridofflexiblearrangement,don'thavetobestrictlyalignedwiththeupperstructure,buttheplateisverythick,theweightisverybig,materialconsumption.2工程實例及施工要點Twoengineeringexamplesandkeypointsforconstruction2.1工程概況。溫州市百里東路改建工程安置房1-11號樓,工程總占地面積32295.92m2,總建筑面積158879m2,地下室一層17392m2,底部一、二層為大開間商場(寫字樓),三層為架空結構轉換層,上部為住宅。轉換層為梁式轉換,最大框支梁KZL-01斷面1100×1800、KZL-21斷面1000×2000。模板及支撐體系由18mm厚木復合模板、50×100方木、Φ48鋼管、扣件等組成,經過取最大斷面框支梁KZL-21進行模板及支撐系統計算能滿足砼施工荷載要求。2.1projectsummary.Wenzhouineastroadrebuildingproject1-11housingbuilding,theprojectcoversanareaof32295.92m2,totalconstructionareaof158879m2,alayerof17392m2,thebasementone,thesecondislargerspaceatthebottomoftheshoppingmall(office),threelayersfortheoverheadstructuretransformationlayer,upperforresidence.Conversionlayerforthebeam,thelargestboxbeamKZL-01section21section1000x1100x1800,KZL-2000.Templateandthesupportsystemconsistsof18mmthickcompositetemplate,50*100squaretimber,Φ48steelpipes,fastenersandsoon,aftertakingthelargestcross-sectionboxbeamKZL-21teams'templateandsupportsystemcansatisfytherequirementofconcreteconstructionloadcalculation.2.2梁模及支撐體系。由于框支梁斷面大,自重大,對梁模支撐體系要求必須很高。模板支撐體系必須編制專項施工方案,請專家進行會審,并嚴格按照方案實施。經對最大斷面KZL-21框支梁模板及支撐體系計算,模板排架體系能滿足砼施工荷載要求。所以框支梁排架支撐體系均參照KZL-21框支梁計算要求搭設,具體方法①根據KZL-21框支梁計算值,所有框支梁順梁的長方向立桿間距300mm,垂直于梁長度方向立桿間距不大于300mm。②由于框支梁部位的施工荷載大于下一層樓板的設計荷載,所以在所有梁底模順著梁的長度方向支撐立桿下端設置槽鋼作為枕木,減輕立桿的集中荷鋪設,對下層樓面的影響。③考慮立桿垂直方向受力存在偏心距,在排架搭設過程中所用的水平鋼管應在立桿兩側交差布置,不應在立桿的同一側布置。頂板排架立桿間距取框支梁長度主向立桿間距的雙倍數。④立桿排架搭設好以后,在排架下端設一道水平拉結掃地桿,再向上按不大于1500mm設置水平拉桿,并與頂板排架連結。每一把梁排架立桿沿梁的長度方向設置二道剪力撐,垂直于梁的長度方向每間隔2400mm設剪力撐并與頂板排架立桿拉結,這樣使梁排架與頂板排架連成整體,增加穩定性。⑤梁底模內楞布置根據立桿的布置情況,在立桿間鋪設50×100m木方,其凈間距不得大于100mm。梁側模內楞間距不得大于200mm,外楞間距不得大于430mm。2.2LiangMoandsupportingsystem.Since,becauseofthelargeframesupportedbeamcrosssection,theLiangMosupportsystemrequirementsmustbehigh.Templatesupportsystemmustpreparespecialconstructionscheme,pleaseexpertscame,andinstrictaccordancewiththeplantoimplement.Afterthemaximumcross-sectionKZL-21boxbeamtemplateandsupportsystem,templateshelvingsystemcansatisfytherequirementofconcreteconstructionload.SosupportedbeambentframesupportingsystemarereferenceKZL-21box-girdercalculationrequirementssetspecificmethods(1)accordingtoKZL-21boxbeamcomputedvalues,allofboxLiangShunliangstudspacingis300mm,lengthdirectionperpendiculartothelengthofthebeampolingdirectiondistancenotgreaterthan300mm.(2)becausetheconstructionofboxbeampartloadisgreaterthanthedesignofthefloorunderaload,andsoonallbeambottomalongthelengthdirectionofthebeamsupportingthelowerpolingsetchannelsteelassleepers,lightenthepolingofconcentratedloadlaid,effectsonthelowerfloor.(3)consideringthepolingdirectionverticalforceexisteccentricity,andintheprocessofthebentframebuildlevelusedinthesteelpipeshouldbeonbothsidesofpolingajobarrangement,shouldnotbedecoratedinthesamesideoftheverticalpole.Shelvingroofstudspacingformainframesupportedbeamlengthtodoublestudspacingratio.Set-upaftergood,(4)verticalrodbentinshelvingsetabottomlevelRachelsweepingbar,pressnogreaterthan1500mmsetthehorizontaltieup,connectwithroofracks.Everybeambentpolingdirectionsettwowayshearalongthebeamlength,thelengthoftheverticalbeamdirectioneveryintervalof2400mmsetshearbraceandwithshelvingroofbarRachel,thiscausesthebeambentandbentframerooftenttogetherasawhole,increasestability.(5)beambottommouldlayoutaccordingtothearrangementofpoling,50x100mbetweenstudlaidwoodsquare,thenetspacingshallnotbegreaterthan100mm.Beamsideformstareblanklyspacingshallnotbegreaterthan200mm,insideoutsidestareblanklyspacingshallnotbegreaterthan430mm.⑥梁側模固定所用的Φ14對拉螺栓水平間距400mm,垂直間跨不得大于450mm,固定模板所用螺帽均采用雙螺帽,以防螺桿絲口滑絲。由于對拉螺栓比較密集,考慮對結構受力將會造成影響,經與設計探討確定,框支梁中所用的對拉螺栓均為一次性投資,不應埋設套管。⑦在砼澆注時,應安排技術人員,仔細檢查排架支撐體系在砼澆注過程中的穩定狀況,確保在第一時間發現澆注過程中的異常情況,進行合理的調整加固。Beamsideform6fixedΦ14ofboltusedinthehorizontalspacingis400mm,betweentheverticalcrossshallnotbegreaterthan450mm,fixedtemplateusednutsadoptdoublenut,screwwiremouthslidingwireincase.Becausetheboltisdense,consideringstructurewillimpact,determinedbywayofanddesignstudy,boxusedinabeamofboltareone-timeinvestment,shouldnotbeembeddedcasing.Alllandownersinconcretepouring,itshallarrangetechnicalpersonnel,carefullycheckthebentframesupportingsysteminstableconditionintheprocessofconcretepouring,toensurethatinthefirsttimefoundtheabnormalsituationintheprocessofpouring,reasonableadjustmentofthecarton.3框支梁柱鋼筋幫扎3boxbeamsreinforcedtohelpMr3.1節點處理:框支柱頂部節點鋼筋通常比較密集,應做好施工措施,確保砼澆注質量。為盡量改良鋼筋密集的狀況,可將梁上部鋼筋(宜取第一排鋼筋)與柱端外皮縱筋機械連接;當柱縱筋直徑大于梁筋直徑時,接頭設在梁內;反之則設在梁底以下的柱段內。接頭位置應符合規范或設計關于鋼筋連接的要求。其它未連通的柱筋、梁筋尚應滿足各自的錨固要求。節點處理應從鋼筋下料長度開始,各種構件截面內的鋼筋彎起方向、長度等均應事先考慮周全,盡量避免節點處鋼筋過密。3.1nodeprocessing:steelpillarboxatthetopofthenodestendtobedense,shoulddowelltheconstructionmeasurestoensurethequalityoftheconcretepouring.Toimprovereinforceddenseconditionsasfaraspossible,buttheupperreinforcementbeam(YiQureinforced)inthefirstrowandtheskinattheendofthelongitudinalreinforcementmechanicalconnection;Whenthecolumnlongitudinalreinforcementlargediameterreinforcementbeamdiameter,withinthejointinbeam;Converselyinbeamunderthebottomofcolumnsection.Jointlocationshouldconformtotherequirementsofthespecificationordesignofreinforcedconnection.Othercolumnreinforcement,notconnectedbeamreinforcementisshouldsatisfytheiranchoragerequirements.Nodetreatmentshouldbestarted,lengthofreinforcedmaterialundervariouscomponentswithinthecrosssectionofreinforcedbendingdirection,length,etc.Shallbethoughtfulinadvanceandtrytoavoidnodereinforcement.3.2鋼筋綁扎:框支梁上層鋼筋垂直錨固長度超過梁高度的,以及下層部分向下彎的鋼筋先行綁扎,然后將其固定就位,確保在澆筑砼時不發生位移。待三層局部柱、墻板砼澆筑完畢后,再幫扎板筋,嚴格按照設計要求將綁扎接頭錯開。3.2steelbinding:boxbeamtopbarsverticalanchoragelengthoverthebeamheight,andtiedownthelowerpartofcurvedsteelbar,andthenshouldbefixedinplace,toensurethatatthetimeofpouringconcreteonthem.Threelayerpartialcolumns,wallplateafterthecompletionofconcretecasting,againforplatereinforcement,instrictaccordancewiththedesignrequirementswillstaggerbindingjoint.3.3鋼筋連接時應采用機械連接,上層剪力墻插筋應采用幫扎固定,嚴禁與框支梁框支柱的受力鋼筋焊接(或點焊)。3.3steelbarconnectionshouldusemechanicalconnection,theuppershearwallsteeldowelshouldbeadoptedtohelpfirmfixation,withnoboxbeamframepillar'sstresssteelwelding(spotwelding).3.4對各種預留洞應嚴格按照設計要求進行加固,安裝專業的管線敷設應盡量避免個別位置過度集中的情況出現,要確保不影響砼的澆注質量。3.4ofallthereservedholeshouldbeinstrictaccordancewiththedesignrequirementsforreinforcement,professionalinstallationofpipelinelayingshouldavoidexcessiveconcentrationofindividualposition,toensurethatdoesnotaffectthepouringoftheconcretequality.4砼澆筑Fourconcretecasting4.1由于設計要求框支梁采用剛纖維砼,框支柱和樓板則采用普通砼,這給現場施工縫的留置和處理造成了一定的困難。為了確保框支梁、框支柱砼的澆筑質量,經過設計同意,在盡量減少施工縫的前提下,框支梁鋼纖維砼澆注到板底10cm處,可設置水平施工縫。4.1duetothedesignrequirementsforboxbeamusingjustfiberconcrete,normalconcreteframepillarandfloorisused,itgivestheconstructionjointindwellingandhandlinghascausedsomedifficulties.Tomakesurethattheframebeam,pillarboxconcretecastingquality,agreethroughdesign,onthedecreaseasfaraspossibleunderthepremiseofconstructionjoint,boxjoiststeelfiberconcretepouringtotheplatebottom10cm,canbesetuphorizontalconstructionjoints.4.2在不同標號砼交接處安裝鋼絲網片分隔,確保低標號砼不流入框支構件內。編排好不同標號砼的輸送順序和方量,采用不同的輸送泵輸送。4.2installthewiremeshindifferentgradeconcretejunctionspace,toensurethatthelowstrengthconcretedoesnotflowintotheboxcomponent.Layoutandsequencefordifferentgradeconcretevolume,differentpumpdelivery.4.3由于框支梁鋼筋多且密集,對砼澆筑帶來很大難度,所以考慮先將三層局部框支柱、墻板砼澆至框支梁底20cm處,待上部框支梁鋼筋綁扎結束,框支梁施工逢以下砼與三層部位墻板、柱、板砼分別澆筑。4.3becausetheboxbeamreinforcementandmoreintensive,tobringgreatdifficultytoconcretecasting,soconsiderthefirstthreelayersoflocalpillarbox,wallboardconcretepouringtoboxbeambottom20cm,staytheupperboxbeamandsteelbindingend,boxbeamconstructionteamforthefollowingconcretewiththethreepartsofthewallplate,column,slabconcretepouring,respectively.4.4由于框支梁鋼筋籠自重較重,梁底無法采用普通的保護層墊塊支撐,經設計同意后,采用與梁筋同直徑的短鋼筋段,作為墊塊幫扎到梁筋外邊緣,但應注意作為墊塊鋼筋段的不應過長(約20cm左右),嚴禁沿梁寬方向通長鋪墊。4.4becausetheboxbeamreinforcingcagetheheavierweight,beambottomcannotadoptcommonprotective
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