高考英語閱讀理解：5類細微環(huán)節(jié)事實題解題技巧細微環(huán)節(jié)題是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對原文詳細敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括干脆理解題、語義轉化題)、數(shù)字計算題、排列依次題、圖表圖畫題等。盡管近幾年高考英語閱讀試題中推斷題呈不斷上升的趨勢，但細微環(huán)節(jié)題仍舊占有較大比例，而且已由過去簡潔的對號入座干脆答題轉向通過語句的同義或反義轉換來考查同學們對英語語言的理解實力，因此難度比往年有所增加。一、題型特點與命題方式所謂細微環(huán)節(jié)題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對原文詳細敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括干脆理解題(在原文中可干脆找到答案，常用who,what,when,where,why和how等提問。)語義轉化題(須要將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語義上的轉換，兩者存在表達上的差異，有時須要進行加工或整理后方能得出結論)、數(shù)字計算題、排列依次題、圖表圖畫題等。抓住文段中的事實和細微環(huán)節(jié)是做好該題型的關鍵，也是做好其它類型問題的基礎。這類題型的題干常為：When/Wheredidthestoryhappen?Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)correct?Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)mentionedinthepassage?Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?Allthestatementsaretrueexcept…該題型幾乎都可以在文章中干脆找到與答案有關的信息，或是其變體。所以，搜查信息在閱讀中特別重要，它包括理解作者在敘述某事時運用的詳細事實、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細微環(huán)節(jié)信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都屬于這類圍繞主體綻開的細微環(huán)節(jié)。做這類題一般采納尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關的詞語或句子，再對相關部分進行分析對比，找出答案。二、解題思路與應試技巧細微環(huán)節(jié)題是針對文中某個細微環(huán)節(jié)、某句話或某部分詳細內(nèi)容設置問題，正確答案的依據(jù)肯定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改寫往往成為正確選項。通常細微環(huán)節(jié)題的正確選項有以下特征：1、對原文句子中的關鍵詞進行替換。把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，成為正確選項。2、詞性或者語態(tài)的變更。把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，或者變更原文句子的語態(tài)，給考生制造障礙。3、語言簡化。把原文中的困難語言現(xiàn)象進行簡化，成為正確答案。4、正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達而成為正確選項(適用于找尋錯誤選項的題目)。干擾項也是以文章中的某個細微環(huán)節(jié)設題，若不細致辨別，很簡潔把它當成正確選項。干擾項有以下特征：1、將原文內(nèi)容擴大或縮小。把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換，使該選項看似正確，事實上卻是錯誤選項。2、把未然當已然。變更文中某句話的時態(tài)，如把將來時變成現(xiàn)在時，把未發(fā)生的事情當成已發(fā)生的事情。3、無中生有。即選項內(nèi)容是依據(jù)主觀想象或推想得出的結論，而文中并未涉及。4、偷換概念。把原來做該事的“張三”換成“李四”，所述細微環(huán)節(jié)的確與原文一樣，一不當心就會誤選。5、文不對題。這類題最不簡潔辨別，選項中的描述與原文完全一樣，確屬原文中的一個細微環(huán)節(jié)，這時要回到題干，看該選項是否能回答題干所提的問題。下面結合最新高考試題，對細微環(huán)節(jié)題的不同類型加以解讀。1、干脆信息題對此類題型，考生可以首先從問題中找到關鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中快速找尋這一細微環(huán)節(jié)，找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容細致閱讀一遍，細致比較所給選項與文中細微環(huán)節(jié)的微小區(qū)分，在精確理解細微環(huán)節(jié)的前提下，最終確定最佳答案?！究祭?2009湖南卷，B篇)61.HowlongdoesittakethebatterytochargeupaniPhone?A.15minutes.B.30minutes.C.1.5hours.D.3hours.【解析】A。干脆信息題。快速查找題干中的關鍵詞Howlong，chargeup，iPhone，由第一段第一句JustplugRichardSolo1800intoyouriPhoneonceortwiceaday,forfifteenminutes,andkeepyouriPhonechargedup.可以得出答案為A。(2009陜西卷，B篇)46.Edmondsenteredtheworldofpoliticsfirstas________.A.newssecretaryforacongressmanB.aspeechwriterforPresidentClintonC.newssecretaryintheWhiteHouseD.aspeechwriterforSecretaryDonnaShalala【解析】A。干脆信息題?？焖俨檎翌}干中的關鍵詞theworldofpolitics，在第三段其次句話找到相關信息：Hejoinedtheworldofpoliticsasnewssecretaryforhiscongressman(國會議員)fromBaltimoreDuringBillClinton’spresidency…因此答案為A。2、間接信息題做這類題目時，考生須要對原文信息進行加工處理，然后再進行進一步的推理或鑒別，這是介于事實細微環(huán)節(jié)題和推理推斷題之間的一種題型，對考生來說有肯定難度?！究祭?2009山東卷，A篇)57.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheHatches?A.TheyhadtheirchildrenduringtheGreatDepression.B.Theyleftthefamilyfarmtoliveinanoldhouse.C.Theygaveawaytheirpossessionstotheirneighbors.D.Theyhelpedtheirneighborstofindjobs.【解析】C。間接信息題。第四段第一句話說Hatch夫婦是在大蕭條時期誕生的(ChildrenoftheGreatDepression,IshandArlenewereknownfortheirhabitofsaving.)，而不是他們在大蕭條時期有了孩子，解除A;第三段提到他們的老房子位于他們家的農(nóng)場里，B錯誤;其次段提到他們幫助有困難的鄰居們，但未提及幫助他們找工作，D項錯誤。C項說Hatch夫婦把他們的錢全都贈給了他們的鄰居們，符合文意。3、數(shù)字計算題數(shù)字計算題也是近幾年高考中常考的內(nèi)容，此類試題是在文章中干脆表現(xiàn)出來細微環(huán)節(jié)事實，有的要經(jīng)過詳細的計算才能夠得出正確的答案。詳細的計算題可以是對年頭的計算、月份的計算或比例的計算等。文章中常常會出現(xiàn)很多數(shù)字，它們對解題產(chǎn)生肯定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先來理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對比、分析、計算等就能夠得出正確的答案?！究祭?2009福建卷，B篇)61.Theforeigndriverswhobreakthetrafficlawanddonotpayonthespotarelikelytobefinedupto_______.A.￡60B.￡300C.￡900D.￡980【解析】D。依據(jù)文章第一段可知，這種罰款可高達900英鎊(Foreigndriverswillhavetopayon-the-spotfinesofupto￡900forbreakingthetrafficlawtobecarriedoutnextmonth.)，再依據(jù)其次段Iftheydonothaveenoughcashoraworkingcreditcard,theirvehicleswillbeclamped(扣留)untiltheypay—andtheywillfaceanadditionalfeeof￡80forgettingbacktheirvehicles.可知本題選D，即當場不能交罰款的外國司機罰款的費用是900+80=980英鎊。4、排列依次題這種試題要求考生依據(jù)事務發(fā)生的先后依次和句子之間的邏輯關系，找出事務發(fā)生的正確依次。做這種題時可采納“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一個事務和最終一個事務，快速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出正確答案?！究祭?2009湖北卷，D篇)64.Whichorderofstepsisfollowedincarryingouttheproject?A.Assessment—Prototype—Design—Construction.B.Assessment—Design—Prototype—Construction.C.Design—Assessment—Prototype—Construction.D.Design—Prototype—Assessment—Construction.【解析】D。請看文章其次段：Gernermanagesschoolfacilities(設施)forClarkCounty,Nevada,adistrictroughlythesizeofMassachusetts.By2018,143,000additionalstudentswillenterthealreadycrowdedpublic-educationsystem.Gernerneeds73newschoolstohousethem.Fourarchitectureteamshavenearlyfinisheddesigningprimaryschoolprototypes(樣品);theyplantoconstructtheirschoolsstartingin2009.Thedistrictwillthenassesshowwelltheschoolsperform,andthreewinnerswillcopythosedesignsin50to70newbuildings.依據(jù)其次段的描述，工程的實施應依據(jù)“設計—供應樣品—評估—建設”的程序。其它程序都不符合標準的建筑要求。(2008福建卷，A篇)59.What’stherightorderoftheeventsrelatedtoTanni?a.Sheworksasacoach.b.Shetookupathletics.c.ShewonfourgoldmedalsinBarcelona.d.ShecompetedinherfirstParalympicGames.e.SheachievedavictoryinherfirstLondonWheelchairMarathon.A.b,d,c,e,aB.a,d,b,c,eC.a,d,c,e,bD.b,d,a,e,c【解析】A。排列依次題。本題要求推斷各個事務的先后依次。視察文章的2～6段，留意幾個表示時間的詞(組)：1984，1988，1992，inthesameyear，2007，可幫助考生快速找到答案。5、圖表圖畫題在有圖表圖畫的閱讀理解中，有的圖表圖畫出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解文章中，有的出現(xiàn)在選項中，這些圖片的出現(xiàn)增加了試題的直觀性，同時也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關的信息。在解答此類試題的時候，肯定要把握圖表圖畫中所暗含的信息，特殊是有些事實是通過圖片來敘述的，我們可以采納按圖找尋正確答案的方法?！究祭?2009安徽卷，D篇)71.Thechartshowsthatfrom2005to2008,________.A.thepercentageoftheSpanishfamilieswithacomputerrose35pointsB.thepercentageoftheWhitefamilieswithacomputerremainedunchangedC.thenumberoftheBlackfamilieswithacomputerwasonthedecreaseD.thenumberoftheAsianfamilieswithacomputershowedthesharpestincrease【解析】D。請看原文中的柱形圖：由柱形圖可以清晰地看出，擁有電腦的亞洲家庭的數(shù)量急劇增加，其他三項表述都與圖表不符，故D項正確。(2007江蘇卷，C篇)65.ThepackagefeedoesNOTcoverthecostof_______.【解析】A。所給的四幅圖畫分別代表了“住宿”、“交通”、“巡游”和“餐飲”。依據(jù)文章中“AllFee’sIncluded.NoHiddenCost.”可知這次巡游的費用都包含在“PackageFee”里面，沒有其它暗含的費用。但是由于這是一個總共5.7小時的巡游，下午乘飛機返回還不耽擱吃晚飯和看日落(intimefordinnerandsunset)可知是不須要住宿的，因此“住宿”的費用不包含在整個費用之內(nèi)。鞏固練習：(1)Mostpeoplewhoenjoymoviesdonotreallycarehowtheyaremade.Theyjustwanttoenjoyagoodstory.MovieproduceranddirectorGeorgeLucaswantspeopletoseethebestmademovies.So,hislatestmovieStarWarswasmadewithoutusingfilm.StarWarswasmadeusingdigitalcameras.Adigitalcameradoesnotusetraditionalfilm.Itcapturesimagesonvideotape.Theimagesrecordedonvideotapearetheplacedinacomputer.GeorgeLucassaysthatusingdigitalcameraspermitshimtohavemuchmorecontroloverthefinalproduct.Forexample,theimagecanbechangedafteritisplacedinacomputer.Anexpertcanchangecolor,addortakeoutobjects,addpeopleorbeingswhoarenotreal.MuchofwhatisseeninthenewmovieStarWarsisnotreal.Hugebuildings,spacecraftandalienbeingsfromotherworldswereproducedinacomputer.Movieexpertssaydigitaltechnologyistherealfutureofthemotionpictureindustry.Atheaterwillnolongerhavetowaitdaysorweekstoshowanewmovie.Theaterswillbeabletoreceivecopiesofnewmoviesbylinkingcomputers.Ortheywillusesmallcomputerdiskstogetacopyofthemovie.WhenthenewmovieStarWarswasreleasedlastmonth,only94theatersaroundtheworldhadthedigitalequipmentneededtoshowit.SoMr.Lucas’companyproducedabout6,000copiesofthenewdigitalmovieontraditionalfilmforreleaseinmosttheaters.However,mostpeoplewhohaveseenthemoviesaythesefilmcopiesareofmuchbetterqualitythanotherfilmedmovies.Criticssaythenewdigitaltechnologyisverycostly.Manytheaterownerswillnotbuythenewtechnology,yetmanyofthepeoplewhoworkedonthenewmovieStarWarssaytheywouldnotliketoworkwithfilmagain.Theysaidusingdigitalequipmentwasfaster,andvideotapeismuchlesscostlythanfilm.Onecameramansaidthedirectorofamoviecanimmediatelyseewhatwasjustrecorded,somethingimpossibletodowithfilm.1.AccordingtoGeorgeLucas,whatmakesthebestmademoviespossible?A.Agoodstory.B.Film.C.Digitalcameras.D.Videotape.2.WhichisNOTtruefortherealfutureofthemotionpictureindustry,accordingtomovieexperts?A.Linkingcomputersforcopiesofnewmovies.B.Showingfilmedmoviesintheaters.C.Usingsmallcomputerdiskstogetacopyofthemovie.D.Havingthedigitalequipmentneededtoshowthemovie.3.Accordingtothepassage,whichistrueaboutthenewmovieStarWars?A.Thereareabout6,000copiesofthenewdigitalmovie.B.Ithasbeenshowninonly94theatersaroundtheworld.C.Itisthebestamongfilmedmovies.D.Itistheproductofthenewdigitaltechnology.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheadvantagesofthenewdigitalmovie?A.Thedirectorcanhavetheobjectsandpeopleaddedortakenout.B.Itwillbemoreconvenientfortheaterstogetsuchkindofnewmovies.C.Peopleallagreethatthenewdigitalmoviesarelesscostlythanthefilmedmovies.D.Thedirectorcanmonitortherecordingandcheckwhatwasrecordedjustnow.(2)AstheUSwakesuptoChina’srisingstatusasaneconomicandstrategiccompetitor,USparentsareurgingtheirchildrentolearnChinese,reportsJulianBorger.TheUSisbeingsweptbyarushtolearnMandarin—fromwealthyNewYorkmothershiringChinesenannies(保姆)fortheirsmallchildrentoadefencedepartmenteducationprojectinOregon.TheforcesdrivingMandarin’smomentum(勢頭)areparentalambitionforchildrenfacingafutureinwhichChinaisalmostcertaintobeamajorplayer,andthegovernmentisworriedaboutthatAmericamaygetleftbehindinthatnewworld.Thebottleneckisthesupplyofteachers.Mandarininstructorsaredifficulttoimportanddifficulttotrain.TherearevisaproblemsinbringingoverteachersfromChinabutthebiggestbarrieriscultural.TeachinginAsiaisgenerallydonebyroteandthechangetowestern,interactivestylesofinstructioncanbealargeleap.Ontheotherhand,itrequiresenormousfirmnessforwesternerstolearnalanguagelikeChinese,withitsthousandsofwrittencharacters.AccordingtotheAsiaSocietyinNewYork,allofAmerica’steacher-traininginstitutionsturnoutonlyacoupleofdozenhomegrownMandarinteachers.OnewaytoeasetheshortageistofindnativeMandarinspeakersandusefast-trackmethodstotrainthem.However,themajorityofChinese-AmericansgrewupspeakingCantonese,thedialectspokeninHongKong,wheretheirparentscamefrom.ManyarethemselvessigningonasMandarinstudentsattheprivatelanguageschoolsspringinguponthewestcoast.1.WhyareUSparentssoeagertomaketheirchildrenlearnMandarin?A.Theyareurgedbythegovernmenttodoso.B.Theyareafraidtobeleftbehindbyotherparents.C.TheybelieveChinawillplayamajorroleinthefutureworld.D.TheyarejustcarriedawaybyMandarin’smomentum.2.Theunderlinedword“rote”inthe4thparagraphprobablyreferstoateachingpatternwhich.A.focusesonmemoryworkB.allowsthestudentstothinkindependentlyC.iscenteredoninteractiveskillsD.putsmuchemphasisonexaminations3.WhatisthemainproblemintheMandarin’smomentumintheUS?A.Thelackofqualifiedteachers.B.Theculturalbarrierbetweentheeastandwest.C.TheAmericans’lackoffirmness.D.ThemanywrittenChinesecharacters.(3)TheNewYorker1Year,46IssuesCoverPrice:$194.70YourPrice:$46.00AboutTheNewYorker:TheNewYorkeristheeclecticmagazineforreadersinterestedinthearts,currentevents,andculture.TheNewYorkerincludesarticlesondomesticandinternationalnews,exploringcurrentideasandtrends,plussports,fashion,andentertainmentevents.Inaddition,TheNewYorkeriswellknownforpublishingoutstandingshortfictionandcartoonswithanironictwist.Playboy1Year,12IssuesCoverPrice:$72.88YourPrice:$15.96AboutPlayboy:Playboyisamagazineofliterature,politicalthought,sports,commentaryandhumor.AlthoughPlayboyismostwellknownforitspictorialsofbeautifulwomen,itisalsohighlyregardedforitsinterviewsandfictionwriting.Playboyincludesregularfeaturearticlesonfinance,sports,entertainment,self-improvement,technology,andpsychology.Youmustbe18oroldertoorderPlayboy.Nickelodeon1Year,10IssuesCoverPrice:$39.90YourPrice:$19.97AboutNickelodeon:Nickelodeonisfilledwithwonderfulentertainmentforchildren.Itiswholesome,imaginative,andtrulyfromachild’spointofview.Nickelodeonseestheworldfromyourchild’sperspective,whereit’sfuntolaugh-tothink-todo-tolearn.Sharetheaward-winningentertainmentandhumormagazinefromNickelodeonwithyourkids.Lucky1Year,12IssuesCoverPrice:$35.40YourPrice:$15.00AboutLucky:Luckyistheultimateshoppingmagazinewiththebestlooks,thebestbuys,andthebesttrendsbeforetheyhitthestores.Butwhatmakesreallyuniqueisallthedetailedinformationyou’llgetonhowtopurchasethemerchandiseyou’llfind.Luckyprovidesyouwith800numbers,websiteaddresses,andmoretomakeyourshoppingexperienceeasyandconvenient!Luckyisyourone-stopshoppingguidetoallthegreatestnewproductsonthemarket.What’smore,itprovideswonderfulentertainmentforwomen.1.Whichmagazinegivesbuyersthelargestpriceadvantageinpercentage?A.TheNewYorkerB.PlayboyC.NickelodeonD.Lucky2.Ifyouareahousewife,whichmagazinewillyouprobablybuy?A.TheNewYorkerB.PlayboyC.NickelodeonD.Lucky3.Ifyouareaskedtochooseamagazineforalittleboy,whichonedoyouthinkissuitable?A.TheNewYorkerB.PlayboyC.NickelodeonD.Lucky4.Whatinformationiscontainedinallthefourmagazines?A.SportsB.NewsC.EntertainmentD.Trends5.Foreachissue,whichmagazineisthecheapestaccordingtotheadvertisement?A.TheNewYorkerB.PlayboyC.NickelodeonD.Lucky(4)Happinesspaysoff,studiesshow.Psychologistsseekingtherealsecretsofhappinessreportthatveryhappypeopletendtobemoreextrovertedandagreeablethanlesshappypeople.“Ourfindingssuggestthatveryhappypeoplehaverichandsatisfyingsocialrelationshipsandspendlittletimealonerelativetoaveragepeople,”writepsychologistsEdDienerandMartinE.P.SeligmaninthejournalPsychologicalScience.Solidsocialrelationshipsdonotpromisehappiness,buttheyareanimportantcontributingfactor.Theveryhappypeoplewhomtheauthorsstudiedallsaidtheyhadgoodqualitysocialrelationships.However,theauthorswrite,thereisnosinglekeytohighhappiness.“Highhappinessseemstobelikebeautifulsymphonic(交響樂)music—includingmanyinstruments,withoutanyonebeingenoughforthebeautifulquality.”Dienerregardshappinessas“subjective(主觀的)well-being”―inotherwords,thepersonevaluates(評估)hisorherownqualityoflife.Thequestiontoaskis,“Ismylifegoingwell，accordingtothestandardsIchoosetouse?”Iftheansweris“yes”,thenthatpersonisjudgedtobehappy.Becausepeopleevaluatetheirlivesbasedonhappiness，“subjectivewell-beingisveryimportant.Thoughnecessary,itisnotenoughforhavingagoodlife.Subjectivewell-being“seemsquitenecessaryforthegoodsociety,althoughitisnotenoughforthatsocietybecausethereareotherthingswealsovalueandwouldwantinsuchaplace,”saysDiener.Cansubjectivewell-beingbemeasuredscientifically?Dienerpointsoutthreepartscontributingtohappiness:pleasantemotionsandmoods,lackofnegativeemotionsandmoods,andsatisfactionjudgment,towhichotherfactors—includingcheerfulnessandfeelingsoffulfillment—maybeadded.Thereisnomagicformula(公式)forhappiness.Dienersuggestsstepsyoucantaketoensureyouareashappyasyoucanbe.Surroundingyourselfwithgoodfriendsandfamily—peoplewhocareaboutyouandwhomyoucareabout—isastart.Joininginactivitiesyouenjoyandvalueisalsoimportant;whetherit’sworkorplay,keepingbusyinanenvironmentenjoyabletoyouwillcontributemuchtoyoursubjectivewell-being.Inaddition,ahealthyoutlookisnecessary.1.Theunderlinedword“extroverted”probablymeans___