項目五全線快速保護Project5

FastProtectioninAllLines任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

課程負責人：關嬌嬌、張勇CourseLeader：GuanJiaojiaoZhangYong任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

線路縱聯差動保護只適用于短線路，對于長線路縱聯差動保護不能采用。Linelongitudinaldifferentialprotectionisonlysuitableforshortline,forlonglinelongitudinaldifferentialprotectioncannotbeused.廣義高頻保護就是很好解決了縱聯差動保護的輔助導引線問題的一類保護。隨著解決方式的不同，稱謂也不一樣，即高頻保護、微波保護、光纖保護等。Generalizedhighfrequencyprotectionisakindofprotectionwhichcansolvetheproblemofauxiliaryguidelineoflongitudinaldifferentialprotection.

Withthesolutionofthedifferent,thetitleisnotthesame,thatis,highfrequencyprotection,microwaveprotection,fiberprotection,etc.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

（1）高頻保護構成

Compositionofhighfrequencyprotection任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

TrippingRelayprotectionpartReceiverSenderHighfrequencyprotectionHighfrequencychannelReceiverSenderRelayprotectionpartTripping（2）微波保護

Microwaveprotection任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

Channel(space)TrippingRelayprotectionpartReceiverSenderRelayprotectionpartTrippingReceiverSenderCommunicationpart（3）光纖保護構成

Compositionofopticalfiberprotection任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

TrippingRelayprotectionpartReceiverSenderCommunicationpartRelayprotectionpartReceiverSenderPhotoelectricconversionPhotoelectricconversionFibrechannelTripping（1）高頻通道

Highfrequencychannel“相-地”制高頻通道的構成。Thecompositionof"phase-ground"highfrequencychannel.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

ReceiverSenderSenderReceiver高頻阻波器作用：由電感和電容構成的并聯諧振回路，它串聯在線路兩端，從而將高頻信號限制在被保護線路上傳遞，而不致分流到其他線路上去。HighFrequencyResistorFunction:Aparallelresonantcircuitconsistingofaninductorandacapacitorconnectedinseriesatbothendsofacircuit,therebylimitingthetransmissionofhighfrequencysignalstotheprotectedcircuitratherthandivertingthemtoothercircuits.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

ReceiverReceiverSenderSender

耦合電容器的作用：將低壓高頻設備輸出的高頻信號耦合到高壓線路上。CouplingCapacitor:Couplinghigh-frequencysignalsfromlow-voltageandhigh-frequencyequipmenttohigh-voltagelines.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

ReceiverReceiverSenderSender連接濾波器：繞組匝數可以調節的變壓器。在其連接高頻電纜的一側串接電容器，連接濾波器與耦合電容器共同組成高頻串聯諧振回路，讓高頻電流順利通過。Connectionfilter:transformerwhosewindingturnscanbeadjusted.

Thecapacitorisconnectedinseriesonthesideofthehigh-frequencycable,andthefilterandthecouplingcapacitorareconnectedtogethertoformahigh-frequencyseriesresonantloop,sothatthehigh-frequencycurrentcanpasssmoothly.ReceiverReceiverSenderSender高頻電纜：用來連接高頻收、發信機與連接濾波器。Highfrequencycable:usedtoconnectthehighfrequencyreceiverandtransmitterwiththeconnectionfilter.SenderSenderReceiverReceiver在檢查調試高頻保護時，應將接地刀閘合上，以保證人身安全。放電間隙用以防止過電壓對收、發信機的傷害。Whencheckinganddebuggingthehighfrequencyprotection,thegroundingswitchshouldbeclosedtoensurepersonalsafety.

Dischargegapisusedtopreventover-voltagedamagetoreceiverandtransmitter.SenderSenderReceiverReceiver收、發信實際為一體機，收信部分具有放大、解調接收的高頻信號的作用。Receivingandsendingareactuallyintegratedmachines,andthereceivingparthasthefunctionofamplifyinganddemodulatingthereceivedhigh-frequencysignals.SenderSenderReceiverReceiver啟動方式:Startingmethod故障啟動發信長時發信移頻發信FailuretostartsendingmessagesLonglettersFrequentmovingletter任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

（2）高頻信號與高頻電流關系Relationshipbetweenhighfrequencysignalandhighfrequencycurrent故障啟動方式：電力系統正常運行時收發信機不發信，通道中無高頻電流。當電力系統故障時，起動元件啟動收發信機發信。Faultstartmode:whenthepowersystemisrunningnormally,thetransceiverdoesnotsendmessages,andthereisnohigh-frequencycurrentinthechannel.

Whenthepowersystemfails,thestarterelementstartsthetransceivertosendmessages.優點：對鄰近通道的影響小，可以延長收發信機的壽命。Advantages:littleimpactonadjacentchannels,canextendtransceiverlife.缺點：必須有啟動元件，且需要定時檢查通道是否良好。Disadvantages:Musthaveastarterelement,andneedstoperiodicallycheckthechannelisgood.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

長期發信方式：電力系統正常運行時，收發信機連續發信，高頻電流持續存在，用于監視通道是否完好。而高頻電流的消失代表高頻信號。Long-termsendingmode:whenthepowersystemisrunningnormally,thetransceiversendsmessagescontinuouslyandthehigh-frequencycurrentcontinuestoexist,whichisusedtomonitorwhetherthechannelisingoodcondition.

Thedisappearanceofthehighfrequencycurrentrepresentsthehighfrequencysignal.優點：通道的工作狀態受到監視，可靠性高。Advantages:theworkingstatusofthechannelismonitored,andthereliabilityishigh.缺點：增大了通道間的干擾，并降低了收發信機的使用年限。Disadvantages:increasestheinterferencebetweenchannelsandreducestheservicelifeofthetransceiver.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

移頻發信方式:Movefrequencysignalsendingmode正常運行時發出頻率的高頻電流，用于監視通道。Highfrequencycurrentoffrequencyf2isemittedduringnormaloperationformonitoringchannels.故障時，收發信機發出頻率為的高頻電流,頻率為的高頻電流代表高頻信號。Whenafaultoccurs,thetransceiveremitsahigh-frequencycurrentoffrequencyF2,whichrepresentsahigh-frequencysignal.（3）高頻信號的作用

Theroleofhighfrequencysignals任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

ProtectiveelmentsProtectiveelmentsSignallockingSignalallowingSignaltrippingTrippingpulseTrippingpulseTrippingpulseProtectiveelments閉鎖信號是阻止保護動作于跳閘的信號。換言之，無閉鎖信號是保護作用于跳閘的必要條件。Thelatchingsignalisasignalthatpreventstheprotectionactionfromtripping.

Inotherwords,non-latchingsignalisanecessaryconditiontoprotectagainsttripping.允許信號是允許保護動作于跳閘的信號。有允許信號是保護動作于跳閘的必要條件。Theallowablesignalisthesignalthatallowstheprotectionactiontotrip.

Permissionsignalisanecessaryconditiontoprotectactionfromtripping.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

ProtectiveelmentsProtectiveelmentsProtectiveelmentsTrippingpulseTrippingpulseTrippingpulseSignallockingSignalallowingSignaltripping跳閘信號是直接引起跳閘的信號,收到跳閘信號是跳閘的充要條件。Trippingsignalisthesignalthatdirectlycausestripping,andreceivingthetrippingsignalisanecessaryandsufficientconditionfortripping.3、高頻閉鎖方向保護Highfrequencyblockingdirectionalprotection任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

ProtectiveelmentsProtectiveelmentsProtectiveelmentsSignallockingTrippingpulseTrippingpulseTrippingpulseSignalallowingSignaltripping原理：根據被保護線路兩側的方向元件分別對短路的方向作出判斷，并利用高頻信號作出綜合判斷，進而決定是否跳閘的一種保護。Principle:accordingtothedirectionelementsonbothsidesoftheprotectedlinetojudgethedirectionoftheshortcircuit,andusethehighfrequencysignaltomakeacomprehensivejudgment,andthendecidewhethertotripaprotection.發信方式：國內廣泛應用的高頻閉鎖方向保護用故障啟動發信方式，并規定線路兩端功率由母線指向線路為正方向，由線路指向母線為反方向。Sendingmode:thehighfrequencyblockingdirectionprotectionwhichiswidelyusedinChinausesthefaultstartsendingmode,anditisstipulatedthatthepoweratbothendsofthelinepointstothelinefromthebustothepositivedirection,andthelinepointstothebustothenegativedirection.要求：故障時在啟動元件靈敏度范圍內應可靠啟動發信及啟動保護。Requirement:Incaseoffailure,thetransmitterandprotectionshouldbereliablystartedwithinthesensitivityrangeofthestarterelement.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

方向元件：正向時使高頻收、發信機停信。反向時，高頻收、發信機繼續發信。Directionelement:tostopthehighfrequencyreceiverandsenderintheforwarddirection.

Inthereversedirection,thehighfrequencyreceiverandtransmittercontinuetosendmessages.電力系統正常運行時，啟動元件不啟動，高頻收、發信機不發信，保護不開放。Whenthepowersystemisrunningnormally,thestartingelementdoesnotstart,thehigh-frequencyreceiverandtransmitterdonotsendmessages,andtheprotectionisnotopen.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

StartingelementsPowerdirectionelementWiringdiagramProtectiveblockdiagramTripSenderReceiverChannelForbiddenexitForbiddenexit任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

WiringdiagramStartingelementsPowerdirectionelementProtectiveblockdiagramForbiddenexitForbiddenexitSenderReceiverTripChannel當BC線路故障時：線路AB、BC上的高頻保護均分別起動發信。WhentheBClinefails:thehighfrequencyprotectiononlineABandBCstartssendingmessagesrespectively.保護1方向元件判斷正方向，與門有輸出，經t2延時使本側高頻收、發信機停信，另一方面經禁止門2準備出口跳閘。因保護2的方向元件判斷故障為反方向，與門無輸出，高頻收、發信機連續發出高頻信號，閉鎖本側保護。Theprotection1directionelementjudgesthepositivedirectionandhasanoutputwiththedoor.AftertheT2delay,thehighfrequencyreceiverandsenderatthissidewillstopthemessage.Ontheotherhand,thegate2willpreparetheexittrip.

Becausethefaultofthedirectionelementofprotection2isjudgedtobeintheoppositedirection,andthereisnooutputfromthegate,thehigh-frequencyreceiverandtransmittersendouthigh-frequencysignalscontinuouslytoblocktheprotectionofthelocalside.WiringdiagramStartingelementsPowerdirectionelementProtectiveblockdiagramForbiddenexitForbiddenexitTripSenderReceiverChannel記憶元件KT1的作用是防止外部故障切除后，近故障點側的保護啟動元件先返回停止發信，而遠故障點側的啟動元件和功率方向元件后返回，造成保護誤動作跳閘。ThefunctionofmemoryelementKT1istopreventtheprotectionstartingelementnearthefaultpointfromreturningtostopsendingaftertheexternalfaultisremoved,whilethestartingelementandpowerdirectionelementatthefarfaultpointreturntostopsendingaftertheexternalfaultisremoved,resultingintheprotectionmisoperationtripping.WiringdiagramStartingelementsPowerdirectionelementProtectiveblockdiagramForbiddenexitForbiddenexitTripSenderReceiverChannel4、相差高頻保護

Differentialhighfrequencyprotection原理：比較被保護線路兩側電流的相位，即利用高頻信號將電流的相位傳送到對側去進行比較，稱為相差高頻保護。Principle:Comparethephaseofthecurrentonbothsidesoftheprotectedline,thatis,thephaseofthecurrentistransmittedtotheoppositesidebyusingthehighfrequencysignalforcomparison,whichiscalledthephasedifferencehighfrequencyprotection.假設：線路兩側的電勢同相，系統各元件的阻抗角相同（實際上有差別的）。Assumption:thepotentialonbothsidesofthelineisinthesamephase,andtheimpedanceAngleofeachelementinthesystemisthesame(actuallythereisadifference).任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

ProtectionProtectionThesamephaseReverse,180degreesoutofphase為實現比相，須把線路對端的電流的信號傳送到本端且能代表原工頻電流的相位，由比相系統給出比較結果。Inordertorealizethephasecomparison,thecurrentsignaloftheoppositeendofthelinemustbetransmittedtothisendandcanrepresentthephaseoftheoriginalworkingfrequencycurrent.Thecomparisonresultisgivenbythephasecomparisonsystem.若兩側電流相位差近于0°時，保護判斷為被保護范圍內部故障，應瞬時動作切除故障。Ifthephasedifferencebetweenthetwosidesofthecurrentiscloseto0°,theprotectionisjudgedtobeaninternalfaultwithintheprotectedrange,andthefaultshouldberemovedbyinstantaneousaction.若兩側流相位差接近于180°時，保護判斷為外部故障，應可靠將保護閉鎖。Ifthephasedifferencebetweenthetwosidesoftheflowiscloseto180°,theprotectionisjudgedtobeanexternalfault,andtheprotectionshouldbereliablylocked.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

當短路電流為正半周時，高頻發信機發出高頻信號，而在負半周時則不發出信號。Whentheshortcircuitcurrentispositivehalfcycle,thehighfrequencytransmittersendsoutthehighfrequencysignal,butdoesnotsendoutthesignalatthenegativehalfcycle.當被保護范圍內部故障時，由于兩側同時發出高頻信號，也同時停止發信。在兩側收信機收到的高頻信號是間斷的。Whenthefaultoccurswithintheprotectedrange,thetransmissionstopsatthesametimebecausebothsidessendouthighfrequencysignals.

Thehighfrequencysignalsreceivedbythereceiversonbothsidesareintermittent.

當被保護范圍外部故障時，由于兩側電流相位相差180°，線路兩側的發信機交替工作，收信機收到的高頻信號是連續的高頻信號。Whenthefaultoccursoutsidetheprotectedrange,duetothecurrentphasedifferenceof180°onbothsides,thetransmitteronbothsidesofthelineworksalternatively,andthehigh-frequencysignalreceivedbythereceiveriscontinuoushigh-frequencysignal.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

CurrentwaveformonbothsideshighfrequencysignalonMsidehighfrequencysignalonNsideThehighfrequencysignalreceivedbythereceiveronbothsides結論：（區內故障）兩側收信機收到的高頻信號重疊約10ms，保護瞬時動作跳閘。即使內部故障時高頻通道遭破壞，不能傳送高頻信號，但收信機仍能收到本側發信機發出的間斷高頻信號，因而不會影響保護跳閘。Conclusion:thehighfrequencysignalreceivedbybothsidesofthereceiveroverlapsabout10ms,whichprotectstheinstantaneousactiontrip.

Evenifthehighfrequencychannelisdestroyedandthehighfrequencysignalcannotbetransmittedduringtheinternalfault,thereceivercanstillreceivetheintermittenthighfrequencysignalsentbythetransmitteronitsside,sotheprotectiontripwillnotbeaffected.保護區外故障：兩側的收信機收到的高頻信號是連續的，線路兩側的高頻信號互為閉鎖，使兩側保護不能跳閘。Faultoutsidetheprotectionzone:thehigh-frequencysignalsreceivedbythereceiversonbothsidesofthelinearecontinuous,andthehigh-frequencysignalsonbothsidesofthelineblockeachother,sothattheprotectiononbothsidescannottrip.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

小結：1）高頻閉鎖方向保護是比較線路兩側功率方向，兩側均為正方向時保護動作；有一側為反方向時，閉鎖保護。Summary:1)Highfrequencyblockingdirectionalprotectionisaprotectionactionwhenthepowerdirectionsonbothsidesofthelinearecomparedandbothsidesareinpositivedirections;

Whenonesideisintheoppositedirection,lockprotection.2）相差高頻保護是比較線路兩側電流的相位，相位相近時保護動作；反相時保護閉鎖。Differencehighfrequencyprotectionistocomparethephaseofthecurrentonbothsidesoftheline,theprotectionactionwhenthephaseisclose;

Protectionlatchduringphasereversal.發信方式：故障發信、長期發信、移頻發信。Sendingmode:faultsending,long-termsending,movingfrequentsending.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

高頻信號：跳閘信號、允許信號、閉鎖信號。Highfrequencysignal:trippingsignal,allowingsignal,blockingsignal.高頻電流與高頻信號關系：長期發信，高頻電流消失代表高頻信號。故障發信，高頻電流代表高頻信號。Therelationshipbetweenhighfrequencycurrentandhighfrequencysignal:sendingsignalsforalongtime,thedisappearanceofhighfrequencycurrentrepresentsthehighfrequencysignal.

Faultsending,highfrequencycurrentrepresentshighfrequencysignal.移頻信號：高頻電流代表高頻信號。Frequencyshiftsignal:thehighfrequencycurrentrepresentsthehighfrequencysignalf2.任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

光纖通道容量大、抗腐蝕、敷設及檢修方便，可節省大量有色金屬；可解決縱聯保護中導引線保護及高頻保護的通道易受電磁干擾、高頻信號衰耗等問題。Thefiberchannelhaslargecapacity,corrosionresistance,convenientlayingandmaintenance,andcansavealotofnon-ferrousmetals.

Itcansolvetheproblemssuchaselectromagneticinterferenceandhighfrequencysignaldecayinthechannelofthelongitudinalprotectionandhighfrequencyprotection.1.架空地線復合光纜（OPGW）的結構、特征Structureandcharacteristicsofoverheadgroundcompositeopticalcable(OPGW)任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

復合光纜地線具有2種功能，一是作為輸電線路的避雷線；二是通過復合在地線中的光纖，是傳送光信號的介質，可傳送音頻、視頻、數據和各種控制信號，組建多路寬帶通信網。Thegroundwireofcompositeopticalcablehastwofunctions.Oneisasalightningconductorfortransmissionlines.

Thesecondisthroughthecompositeopticalfiberintheground,isthetransmissionofopticalsignalmedium,cantransmitaudio,video,dataandavarietyofcontrolsignals,theformationofamulti-channelbroadbandcommunicationnetwork.

2.光纖通信的特點

Characteristicsofopticalfibercommunication1）通信容量大。Largecommunicationcapacity.2）節約大量金屬材料Savealotofmetalmaterials任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

3）光纖通信還有保密性好，敷設方便，不怕雷擊，不受外界電磁干擾，抗腐蝕和不怕潮等優點。Fiberopticcommunicationalsohastheadvantagesofgoodconfidentiality,convenientlaying,notafraidoflightningstrike,notaffectedbyexternalelectromagneticinterference,corrosionresistanceandnotafraidofmoisture.

4）光纖最重要的特性之一是無感應性能，因此利用光纖可以構成無電磁感應的、極為可靠的通道。Oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofopticalfiberisthenon-inductionperformance,sotheuseofopticalfibercanbeconstructedwithoutelectromagneticinduction,extremelyreliablechannel.3、光纖保護的組成

Compositionofopticalfiberprotection任務二輸電線路高頻保護Task2HighFrequencyProtectioninTransmissionLine

ElectricparametersElectricparametersElectricparametersElectricparametersRelayprotectionRelayprotectionmodulatormodulatormodemmodemPCMtransmitterjointPCMtransmitterjointOpticalcablereceiverOpticalcablereceiverOpticalcablereceiverOpticalcablereceiverOpticaltransceiverOpticaltransceiverMovableconnectorFiberopticcableMovableconnectorMovableconnector由故障判別元件（繼電保護部分）和信號傳輸系統（PCM端機、光端機以及光纜通道）組成Itiscomposedoffaultidentificationelement(relayprotectionpart)andsignaltransmissionsystem(PCMterminal,opticalterminalandopticalcablechannel)PCM端機由PCM調制器和PCM解調器組成。PCM(PulseCodeModulation)調制器的原理是脈沖編碼調制。PCMterminalconsistsofaPCMmodulatorandaPCMdemodulator.APCM(PulseCodeModulation)modulatorisbasedonPulseCodeModulation.ElectricparametersElectricparametersRelayprotectionRelayprotectionmodulatormodulatormodemmodemPCMtransmitterPCMtransmitterOpticalcablesenderOpticalcablesenderOpticaltr