UnitPublicAttitudeTowardScience的實(shí)用學(xué)習(xí)課件第1頁/共133頁Warm-upExercisesBackgroundInformationPartDivisionoftheTextGlobalUnderstandingFurtherUnderstanding第2頁/共133頁Warm-upExercisesH:\精讀課件\第三單元\Unit3\StephenHawkingThe.Big.Bang.Theory._clip(1).mp4Ⅰ.Lead-in第3頁/共133頁Ⅱ.Brainstormsomeofthescientificandtechnologicalinventions.geneticengineeringcellphonee-mailclonenuclearweaponslaptop(筆記本電腦)nanotechnology(納米技術(shù))第4頁/共133頁Ⅲ.Discussion?Doalltheseinventionsalwayschangeourlivesforthebetter?Giveexamplestoexplainyouropinion.第5頁/共133頁CloneDolly,thefirst-evermammaltobesuccessfullyclonedfromanadultcellDollyandherfirstlambBonnieDollyhasbeenputdownaftershewasfoundtohavealungdisease第6頁/共133頁Whatisyourattitudetowardsclone?Cloneisamemberofagroupoforganismsorplantsproducednon-sexuallyfromoneancestor.克隆是指生物體通過體細(xì)胞進(jìn)行的無性繁殖，以及由無性繁殖形成的基因型完全相同的后代個(gè)體組成的種群。For:Against:lowfertilityrate(出生率)unknownpsychosocialharmlossofgeneticvariation.preventendangeredspeciesfromextinctionagoodsourcefororganandbonemarrow(骨髓)transplants第7頁/共133頁Ⅰ.BriefIntroductiontoStephenHawkingStephenHawking(1942~)Britishtheoreticalphysicistandmathematician.HesufferedfromAmyotrophicLateralSclerosis(ALS)(肌萎縮性脊髓側(cè)索硬化).

BackgroundInformation

第8頁/共133頁aBritishscientistwhohasgreatlyinfluencedpeople'sideasontheoriginsoftheuniverse.Hehasdevotedmuchofhislifetoprobingthespace-timedescribrdbygeneralrealitivityandthesingularitieswhereitbreaksdown.H:\精讀課件\第三單元\Unit3\聽力.mp3第9頁/共133頁ABriefHistoryofTimeOneofhisbookstomakehisworkaccessibletothepublic.Aregionofspace-timefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Nothingcanescapebecausegravityissostrong.blackholeApointinspace-timeatwhichthespace-timecurvature(曲率)becomesinfinite.（空間-時(shí)間的具有無限曲率的一點(diǎn)）singularity（奇點(diǎn)）Ⅱ.MainAchievementsofStephenHawking第10頁/共133頁AGeneralIntroductiontoFrankenstein

FrankensteinisanovelwrittenbyMaryShelley.Thetitleofthenovelreferstoascientist,VictorFrankenstein,whomakesalivingcreaturefrompiecesofdeadbodies.Thecreatureislikeaman,butstronger,andalthoughitisgentleatfirst,itlaterattacksandkillsseveralpeopleclosetoFrankenstein.Inpopularculture,peoplehavetendedincorrectlytorefertothemonsteras“Frankenstein”.第11頁/共133頁第12頁/共133頁GlobalUnderstanding1)Whatistheattitudeofsomepeopletowardsthechangesbroughtaboutbyscienceandtechnology?Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerandsimplerage.2)Whatwouldhappenifallgovernmentmoneyforresearchwerecutoff?Theforceofcompetitionwouldstillbringaboutadvancesintechnologyifallgovernmentmoneyforresearchwerecutoff.第13頁/共133頁3)Isitpossibletopreventscienceandtechnologyfromfurtherdevelopment?Whyorwhynot?No.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldnotsucceed.第14頁/共133頁4)Whataregeneralpublic’sattitudestowardsscienceandtechnology?Theyexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyhavebroughttocontinue,buttheyalsodistrustsciencebecausetheydon’tunderstandit.Besides,thepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience.第15頁/共133頁5)Whatlimitedrolecanbooksandmagazinesplayinpopularizingscientificideas?Theycanhelpputacrosstonewdevelopments,buteventhemostsuccessfulpopularbookisreadonlybyasmallportionofthepopulation.6)Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthefutureofhumancivilization?Itwilldestroyitself.第16頁/共133頁

PartDivisionoftheTextPartsPara(s)MainIdeas11~3(astatmentofopinion)24~6supportingdetailsTomakeinformeddecisionsaboutchange,thepublicneedsabasicunderstandingofscience.Whatcanbedonetoeducatethepublicaboutscience.37conclusionWithaninformedpublic,humancivilizationwillsurvive.第17頁/共133頁Supportingpoint1:1.SkimPart2tofindoutamini-exposition.Topicsentence:Howtoeducatethepublicinscience?

FurtherUnderstandingscienceeducationinschools_________________________Supportingpoint2:replacingequationswithwordsanddiagrams__________________________________________________Supportingpoint3:makinguseofpopularmediasuchasnewspapers,magazinesandaboveallTV___________________________________________________________________________第18頁/共133頁2.Thispartisfullofcomparisonandcontrast,readthispartandfillinthefollowingtablewithinformationobtainedfromthispart.

第19頁/共133頁2.Thepubliconlyneeds2Sciencelessonsvs.Magazinearticlesandpopularbooks1.Sciencelessonsdon’tincludeaqualitativegraspofscientificconceptsTheauthorpreferrednoneofthemlatestdevelopmentandscientificprogressSidesAuthor’spreferenceReasons1Equationsvs.wordsanddiagramsTheauthorpreferredconveyingsciencebywordsanddiagrams1.Expertsneedequationsforprecisevaluesofquantities_______________________.2.Eventhoughthesepublicationscouldhelpputacross,theyareonlyreadbyNewasmallproportionofdevelopments3Magazineandbooksvs.Theauthorpreferred1.Itcanreach2.Itcontainsmany________________.atrulymassaudienceverygoodsciencetelevisionprogramspopulation________________._________________________________.___________________________________.______________________________.___________._________.___________________________.___________________________________._______________________.television_________.第20頁/共133頁likely:1.bableitislikelythatbelikelytodo據(jù)報(bào)道未來24小時(shí)內(nèi)很可能會(huì)有沙塵暴。他很可能會(huì)成功。我室友有可能獲得一等獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。電視報(bào)導(dǎo)出一可能導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的事件。2.bablyItisreportedthatanothersandstormwillverylikelycomeinthenext24hours.WordsandExpressions第21頁/共133頁likely

從表面跡象來看很有可能possible

強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上有可能，但實(shí)際希望很小probable

語氣比possible強(qiáng)，指有根據(jù)、合情理、值得相信的,帶有大概、很可能的意思。1.Thelikelyoutcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment.比賽結(jié)果每分鐘可能都在變化。2.Isitpossibletogettothecitybytrain,ormustItakeabus?

坐火車可以到這個(gè)城市去嗎？還是我必須得坐公共汽車？3.Itisprobablethathehasforgottenourappointment.很可能他是忘了我們的約會(huì)了。第22頁/共133頁dowithout設(shè)法對(duì)付過去擺脫；廢除，取消doawaywith和…有關(guān)系havesomethingtodowith和…沒有關(guān)系havenothingtodowith第23頁/共133頁DR_word_highly1highly:adv.

1)very史密斯先生是位很成功的推銷員。2)toahighdegree出席這次會(huì)議的大部分人是受過高等教育的女性。Mostofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingarehighlyeducatedwomen.第24頁/共133頁highly

抽象意義highly&highCF:ahighlypaidofficial薪俸優(yōu)厚的官員thinkhighlyofsb.器重某人high用作副詞時(shí)，具體意義上的“高”aimhigh向高處瞄準(zhǔn)searchhighandlow到處尋找第25頁/共133頁put/turntheclockback:Onceinpower,SmithtriedtoturntheclockbacktotheMiddleAges.Forgetallaboutitandlooktothefuture;youcan’tturntheclockback.史密斯一掌權(quán)就企圖開歷史的倒車，復(fù)辟到中世紀(jì)去。忘記一切展望未來，你不能讓時(shí)光倒流。第26頁/共133頁cutoffstopprovidingremovesth.bycutting由于美軍空襲，這個(gè)城市的水電供應(yīng)已被切斷了。因未付賬單，他們的電話被切斷了。第27頁/共133頁cutdown

砍倒，減少，降低，縮短e.g.Thelittleboycutdowntheyoungtreewithanaxe.Thedoctortoldmetocutdownsmokinganddrinking.cutsomethingfromsomething切下，割下cutsomethingaway

切除，剪去cutup

切碎cutoff

切斷，停止e.g.Theycutallthedeadbranchesfromthetree.Whilewewerecooking,thegaswassuddenlycutoff.

第28頁/共133頁bringabout:causetohappen一些教育工作者希望帶來教育體制的重大變化。一段感情中缺乏信任往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致猜忌。Collocation：產(chǎn)生；提出bringforth提前；提出bringforward教育；養(yǎng)育；提出bringup

第29頁/共133頁Fillintheblankswiththephrasesandchangetheformwherenecessary.1.Theyproposedthatthedateofthecongressbeafewmonths.2.Thetreesintheorchardmanyapples.3.Hewaswell4.Atthemeetingthenextmorning,theymanyproblemsanddiscussedthemonebyone.broughtforward_____________bringforth_________broughtup_________.broughtup/forward/forth_______________________第30頁/共133頁inquire:about/wh-clause他詢問是否有給他的留言。Heinquiredwhethertherehadbeenanymessageforhim.Iranguptoinquireabouttraintimes.我打電話詢問有關(guān)火車時(shí)刻的事情。第31頁/共133頁Collocation：?jiǎn)柡騣nquireafter求見inquirefor查究，調(diào)查inquireinto第32頁/共133頁Hetooktheinitiativeinorganizingapartyafterhisbrother’swedding.initiative:n.如果你主動(dòng)點(diǎn)，早晚會(huì)升職。哥哥婚禮后，他主動(dòng)組織了派對(duì)。Ifyoushowthatyouhaveinitiative,youwillsoonerorlaterbepromoted.第33頁/共133頁DR_word_ensureensure:vt.makesure;guarantee我不能確保他能及時(shí)到這兒。新的條約將保證和平。第34頁/共133頁instruct較正式，意為“指示（一般用于上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)），通知”我剛接到母校的一封信，通知我說我的老校長(zhǎng)雷金納德·佩奇先生將于下星期退休。Ihavejustreceivedaletterfrommyoldschoolinformingmethatmyformerheadmaster,Mr.ReginaldPage,willberetiringnextweek.Theeditoratoncesentthejournalistatelegraminstructinghimtofindouttheexactnumberofstepsandtheheightofthewall.編輯立即給這位記者發(fā)了一份電報(bào)，叫他查明臺(tái)階的準(zhǔn)確數(shù)目以及圍墻的高度。inform

向某人傳遞信息,特別適用于告知所發(fā)生的情況或有關(guān)資料，用于上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)，也可下級(jí)對(duì)上級(jí)的通知第35頁/共133頁liein:existorbefoundin(sth.)所有這些問題的都根源于歷史。這部戲劇令人感興趣的地方在于它提出了一些婚姻方面的問題。Therootofalltheseeventslayinhistory.Theinterestingpartoftheplayliesinthequestionsitraisesaboutmarriage.第36頁/共133頁tend:1.vi.belikelytohappenorhaveaparticularcharacteristicoreffect這對(duì)老夫婦喜歡購(gòu)買壓縮食品，如罐裝雞塊。物價(jià)正在上漲。Pricesaretendingupwards.2.vt.watchover;attendtoshepherdstendtheirflockstendthesickandwounded第37頁/共133頁grasp:1.v.1)understand大多數(shù)學(xué)生理解不了應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)。她對(duì)語言掌握的很好。2)seizefirmly

貪得無厭的人可能毫無所得。Amanwhograspsattoomuchmayloseeverything.緊緊抓住，試圖抓住第38頁/共133頁convey:vt.Thistrainconveysbothpassengersandgoods.1)make(ideas,feelings,etc.)knowntoanother你將來和我們一起過周末，言語無法表達(dá)我的欣喜。這幅畫可將那處風(fēng)景的美麗向你傳達(dá)一二。Thispicturewillconveytoyousomeideaofthebeautyofthescenery.2)take;carry

第39頁/共133頁DR_word_putacross1putacross:causetobeunderstood他非常善于表達(dá)自己的意見。政府需要傳達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)開始復(fù)蘇的消息。He’sverygoodatputtinghisideasacross.Thegovernmentneedstoputacrossthemassagethattheeconomyisstartingtorecover.第40頁/共133頁Collocation：儲(chǔ)存（錢、時(shí)間）；把…放在一邊putaside提出（意見、建議）putforward花費(fèi)，付出（時(shí)間、精力等）putin

阻止；推遲putoff熄滅putout為…接通電話putthrough忍受putupwith第41頁/共133頁proportionCollocation：與…成比例；和…相比inproportionto與…成正比例indirectproportionto與…成反比例ininverseproportionto符合比例的inproportion不成比例的outofproportion第42頁/共133頁fitinto:bepartofasituation,system,orplan新的大學(xué)課程符合國(guó)家教育規(guī)劃。他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己與上流社會(huì)格格不入。Thenewcollegecoursesfitintoanationaleducationplan.Hefoundthathedidn'tfitintotheUpperClass.第43頁/共133頁entertain:v.1)givepleasure(to)

史密斯一家繼續(xù)大宴賓客。兒童電視節(jié)目不僅有娛樂性而且還有教育意義。他講述童年的故事，給朋友們帶來歡樂。Children’stelevisionprogramsnotonlyentertainbutalsoteach.2)receive(people)asguestsTheSmithscontinuedtoentertainextravagantly.第44頁/共133頁

詳情請(qǐng)洽旅游信息處。PleasecontacttheTouristInformationBureauforfurtherdetails.HemademanyusefulsocialcontactswhilehewasinCanada.n.

熟人，有用的社會(huì)關(guān)系他在加拿大期間，曾結(jié)識(shí)了許多對(duì)他有益的社會(huì)人士。contact:通過與其他人的接觸，我們學(xué)到很多。Wecanlearnmuchbybeingbroughtintocontactwithotherminds.n.接觸第45頁/共133頁1.Researchismorementallyfatiguing,withphysicallabor.2.TheyhavetobuildarailwayacrossAfrica.3.ImustmylawyerbeforeImademyfinaldecisions.contact,contrast&contractcontact

接觸，聯(lián)系contrast

對(duì)比，對(duì)照contract

訂合同，訂契約CF:contrasted_________contracted_________contact______第46頁/共133頁Scienceandtechnology(已帶來了巨大的變化)totheworldweliveininthelasthundredyears.(如何保證)thatthechangesareintherightdirections?Clearly,thepublicneeds(科學(xué)教育)soasto(做出明智的決定)

ontheirownfate.Schoolsareimportant,especiallyifscienceistaught(以一種有趣的方式)

andscientificconceptsareexpressed(用文字和圖表來表達(dá))

Atthesametime,weneedto(充分利用)

popularmediasuchasnewspapers,

Summaryhavebroughtgreatchanges_________________________Howtoensure____________educationinscience_________________makeinformeddecisions____________________inaninterestingmanner____________________,intheformofwordsandmakefulluseof______________diagrams____________________________.第47頁/共133頁Humancivilizationcansurviveifthepublicunderstandssciencewell.putacrossthelatestdevelopments_____________________________.magazinesandaboveallTV

to

(了解最新的發(fā)展）第48頁/共133頁AR_UsefulExpressions1UsefulExpressions

1.在過去的一百年間

inthelasthundredyears

2.回到gobackto

3.享有特權(quán)的少數(shù)人aprivilegedminority

4.當(dāng)今政府thepresentgovernment5.基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)basicscience6.全球政府a(chǎn)globalstate7.民主社會(huì)ademocraticsociety第49頁/共133頁makeinformeddecisionsthestandardoflivingcartoonfiguressciencefictionsacidraingreenhouseeffectnuclearweapons8.

做出明智決定9.

生活水準(zhǔn)10.

卡通人物11.

科幻小說12.

酸雨13.

溫室效應(yīng)14.

核武器第50頁/共133頁15.

基因工程geneticengineering16.

死記硬背learnbyrote17.

使銷量減半halvethesales18.

分子生物學(xué)molecularbiology19.外星文明aliencivilization20.

對(duì)…充滿信心havesufficientfaithin…第51頁/共133頁TalkaboutthePictures第52頁/共133頁AR_TalkaboutthePictures1第53頁/共133頁第54頁/共133頁AR_TalkaboutthePictures3第55頁/共133頁第56頁/共133頁AR_TalkaboutthePictures5第57頁/共133頁InterviewSupposeyouareMr./Ms.Zhang,asociologist,whoisdoingaresearchonthebenefitsandharmsofcellphones,andyourpartneristhehostofTellItlikeItIs

(實(shí)話實(shí)說),apopularTVprogramconcerninghotissuesofcurrentaffairsandsocialtopics.Theinterviewmaycoverthefollowingtopics.第58頁/共133頁AR_Interview21.Doyouthinkpeople’slifehasbeengreatlyimprovedbytheuseofcellphones?2.Doyouthinkcellphoneshaveseriouslyinfluencedpeople’sdailylife?3.Doyouthinkweshouldbantheuseofcellphonesinpublicplaces,suchasbuses?4.Whatwouldbethefutureofcellphones?Tips:第59頁/共133頁1)Byusingacellphone,youcancommunicatewithanyonewheneveryouwantandwhereveryouare.2)Ifthereisanemergencysituation,cellphonescanbeuseful.3)YoucangetaccesstotheInternetbyusingacellphone.4)Apartfromtheinstantaccesstheygiveus,cellphonescanbevital,convenientandcost-effectiveforpeoplewhowanttostayconnectedallthetime.5)Thesedevicesallowyoutoenjoyentertainment,accessinformation,captureandsharepicturesandvideos,atanytimeandanywhereyouwant.AR_Interview_tip1Advantagesofcellphones:

第60頁/共133頁AR_Interview_tip21)Radiationaffectsyourhealth.2)Vibrationsaffectyoureardrums.3)Actinbadmannerswhenyouaretalkingtosomeoneandthephonerings—youstartyelling“Hello!Hello”.4)Modernphoneswithcamerasetc.gobeyondnormaluse.Theyhavebecomedangeroustosocietyandtheprivacyofyourcontacts.5)Cell-phoneusersmayspendmuchonrunningafterunnecessaryup-to-datemodelswhicharechangedandinnovatedallthetime.Disadvantagesofcellphones:第61頁/共133頁AR_Dictation1DictationThefollowingpassageisabouttechnologyandpeople’slife.Whenyou’relistening,you’rerequiredtofillinthegapswiththewordsyouhear.Lowtechnologyisalsoimportantindevelopingcountries.Low-techcanhelppeopleimprovetheirqualityoflife.Twoexamplesaredevicesandstovesthatuseasmallamountoffuel.Thisiscalled“appropriatetechnology.”Itusually

fewer

inventions________water-cleaning_____________requires_______第62頁/共133頁resourcesthanhightechnology.Italsoislesscostlyandeasiertooperate.Anditdoesnotharmtheenvironment.Burundi’sgovernmentwantspeopletousepeatinsteadoffuels.Peatiseasytogetanditsusecansavetreesfrombeingcutdown.Burundi’sarmyisthemainuserofpeatstoves.Butthecountryplanstosellpeatstovestotoo.InCambodia,aboutonehundredthousandhomeshaveceramicwaterpurifiers.Thesedevicesmicroorganismsandothersubstances,makingwatersafetodrink.TheAmericangroupInternationalDevelopmentEnterpriseshassupportedtheuseofthelow-techpurifiers.AR_Dictation2traditional_________civilians_______,remove______non-profit_________第63頁/共133頁AR_Dictation3CambodianslikeLachEmmalyareveryShesaysshefindsthedeviceusefulbecauseshedoesnothavetoforfirewoodtomakeafiretoheatwater.Shesaysthewaterpurifiersaveshertimeandmoney,andkeepshersatisfied_______.search______healthy_______.第64頁/共133頁AR_SentenceTranslation1SentenceTranslation1.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn’tsucceed.唯一能阻止進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的辦法或許是一個(gè)壓制任何新事物的全球政府，但人類的進(jìn)取心與創(chuàng)造力如此旺盛，即便這個(gè)政府也不會(huì)成功。第65頁/共133頁AR_SentenceTranslation22.Inademocraticsociety,thismeansthatthepublicneedstohaveabasicunderstandingofscience,sothatitcanmakeinformeddecisionsandnotleavetheminthehandsofexperts.在一個(gè)民主社會(huì)里，這意味著公眾需要對(duì)科學(xué)有一個(gè)基本的了解，從而可以做出明達(dá)的決定，而不是把決定留給專家去作。

第66頁/共133頁AR_SentenceTranslation33.Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicthescientificbackgrounditneedstomakeinformeddecisionsonsubjectslikeacidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,nuclearweapons,andgeneticengineering?怎么樣才能利用這種興趣，向公眾提供所需要的科學(xué)知識(shí)，以便其在酸雨、溫室效應(yīng)、核武器以及基因工程等問題上做出明智的決定呢？第67頁/共133頁AR_SentenceTranslation44.這部電影的吸引力不僅在于它提供娛樂給觀眾,還在于它提及了人類與外星文明可能接觸的問題。Thefilm’sappealliesinnotonlytheentertainmentitprovidestotheaudiencebutalsothequestionsitraisesaboutthepossiblecontactbetweenhumanbeingsandaliencivilizations.5.

的確很難做出準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè),但信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)確保該系列產(chǎn)品是高利潤(rùn)。Trueitishardtomakeaccuratepredictions,butsteadygrowthoftheinformationindustryensuresthatthislineofproductsishighlyprofitable.第68頁/共133頁7.

要了解重大的國(guó)際事件，我們首先需要考慮其歷史與政治背景。Tounderstandthemajorinternationalevents,wefirstneedtoconsidertheirhistoricalandpoliticalbackground.Withtheimprovementofthestandardofliving,theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreasedremarkably.AR_SentenceTranslation56.

隨著生活水平的提高，人們收入中用于購(gòu)買食物的比例下降了，而在教育方面的花費(fèi)明顯增加。第69頁/共133頁AR_WritingPractice1Writeanessayofabout80wordsentitledShouldcloningofhumanbeingsbebanned?Youressayshouldcoverthefollowingpoints.WritingPractice1.Youropiniononcloningofhumanbeings.2.Givesupportingevidence.3.Usetobeginwith,

secondly,

thirdlyandfinally

toconnectalltheevidence.第70頁/共133頁AR_WritingPractice2Cloningofhumanbeingsshouldnotbebanned.To

beginwith,itisprobablyoneofthewayslikevitro(體外的)fertilization(授精)tohelpacouplehaveachildwhentheycouldnothaveanyotherway.Secondly,itwilladvanceourknowledgeofhowgenesdirectthedevelopmentofasinglecellembryo(胚胎)intoacomplexadult.Finally,theethicalproblemsconcerningcloningwillbesolvedgraduallybyhumanbeings.

ModelPaper第71頁/共133頁AR_ProverbsandQuotations1ProverbsandQuotations1.Sciencehasnoenemybuttheignorant.科學(xué)的敵人是愚昧無知。2.Sciencerestsonphenomena.科學(xué)依據(jù)自然現(xiàn)象。第72頁/共133頁AR_ProverbsandQuotations2真理沒有自己特定的時(shí)間段。它的時(shí)間永遠(yuǎn)是現(xiàn)在。——

德國(guó)醫(yī)生

A.

施威策4.Evenwhentheexpertsallagree,theymaywellbemistaken.—BertrandRussell,Britishlogician即使所有的專家都一致贊同，他們也可能錯(cuò)了。——

英國(guó)邏輯學(xué)家伯特蘭·羅素3.Truthhasnospecialtimeofitsown.Itshourisnowalways.—A.Schweitzer,Germansurgeon第73頁/共133頁AR_ProverbsandQuotations3真正的金科玉律就是世上并無金科玉律。——愛爾蘭作家蕭伯納5.TheGoldenRuleisthattherearenogoldenrules.—G.B.Shaw,Irishwriter大多無知是可以克服的。我們不知道只是因?yàn)槲覀儾幌胫馈！?guó)作家奧爾德斯·赫胥黎6.Mostignoranceisvincibleignorance.Wedon’tknowbecausewedon’twanttoknow.—AldousHuxley,Britishwriter第74頁/共133頁SR_mainCultureNotesReadingComprehensionTasks第75頁/共133頁BR_CultureNotes_listCultureNotesElNinoABriefHistoryofExplorationofMars第76頁/共133頁BR_ComprehensionTasks_listComprehensionTasksTalkaboutthePicturesListeningandDiscussion第77頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes1ElNinoElNinoisaglobalocean-atmospherephenomenon.ItisanimportanttemperaturefluctuationinsurfacewatersofthetropicalEasternPacificOcean.ThenameElNino,fromtheSpanishfor“thelittleboy”,referstotheChristchild,becausethephenomenonisusuallynoticedaroundChristmastimeinthePacificOceanoffthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.第78頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes2ABriefHistoryofExplorationofMars1.ThemoderneraofMarsexplorationbegantotakeshapeintheearly1960s.Thiserahas,sofar,consistedofaseriesofroboticprobeslaunched,primarily,bytheUnitedStates.2.Mariner4waslaunchedbyNASAinNovemberof1964.OnJuly15th,1965itpassedbyMarssuccessfullyat9,846km.3.ThetwoVikingprobeswerelaunchedfromEarthin1975andenteredMarsorbitinthesameyear.第79頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes34.MarsPathfinderwaslaunchedonDecember4th,1996andlandednearthemouthoftheAresVallesvalleyonJuly4th,1997.5.MarsOdysseywaslaunchedonApril7th,2001andenteredMarsorbitonOctober24th,2001.6.MarsExpressisthefirstsuccessfulroboticprobetoMarslaunchedandoperatedbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency.ItwaslaunchedinJuneof2003andarrivedinMarsorbitonDecember25th,2003.第80頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes_pic1第81頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes_pic2第82頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes_pic3第83頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes_pic4第84頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes_pic5第85頁/共133頁SR_CultureNotes_pic6第86頁/共133頁SR_Reading_text1DavidH.LevyWhentheseheadlinesappearedthisyear,theirstoriesbecamethesubjectsofconversationsaroundtheworld—talksspicedwithoptimismandconfusion.Imaginethehopesraisedinthemillionsbattlingcancer.Didthenewsmeanthesepeopleneverhadtoworryaboutcanceragain?NewDrugsKillCancerDevastationbyElNino─aWarning6:30p.m.October26,2028:CouldThisBetheDeadlinefortheApocalypse?HowtoMakeSenseoutofScience第87頁/共133頁SR_Reading_text2Orthatweallhadtoworryaboutacatastrophefromouterspaceor,moreimmediately,fromElNino?Unfortunately,sciencedoesn’tworkthatway.Itrarelyarrivesatfinalanswers.

PeoplebattlingcancerorvictimsofElNinomayfindthisfrustrating,butthetruthisthatNaturedoesnotyieldhersecretseasily.Scienceisdonestepbystep.Firstanideaisformed.Thenthisistestedbyanexperiment.Theoutcome,onehopes,resultsinanincreaseinknowledge.第88頁/共133頁SR_Reading_text3Scienceisnotasetofunquestionableresultsbutawayofunderstandingtheworldaroundus.Itsrealworkisslow.Thescientificmethod,asmanyofuslearnedinschool,isagradualprocessthatbeginswithapurposeoraproblemorquestiontobeanswered.Itincludesalistofmaterials,aproceduretofollow,asetofobservationstomakeand,finally,conclusionstoreach.Inmedicine,whenanewdrugisproposedthatmightcureorcontroladisease,itisfirsttestedonalargerandomgroupofpeople,andtheirreactionsarethencomparedwiththoseofanotherrandomgroupnotgiventhedrug.Allreactionsinbothgroupsarecarefullyrecordedandcompared,andthedrugisevaluated.Allofthistakestime—andpatience.第89頁/共133頁SR_Reading_text4

It’stheresultofcourse,thatmakesthebestnews

—

nottheyearsofquietworkthatcharacterizethebulkofscientificinquiry.Afteranexperimentisconcludedoranobservationismade,theresultcontinuestobeexaminedcritically.Whenitissubmittedforpublication,itgoestoagroupofthescientist’scolleagues,whoreviewthework.Iftheworkisimportantenough,justbeforethereportispublishedinaprofessionaljournalorreadataconference,apressreleaseisissuedandanannouncementismadetotheworld.第90頁/共133頁SR_Reading_text5Theworldmaythinkthattheannouncementsignifiestheendoftheprocess,butitdoesn’t.Apublicationisreallyachallenge:“Hereismyresult.Provemewrong!”O(jiān)therresearcherswilltrytorepeattheexperiment,andthemoreoftenitworks,thebetterthechancesthattheresultissound.Einsteinwasrightwhenhesaid:“Noamountofexperimentationcaneverprovemeright;asingleexperimentcanatanytimeprovemewrong.”第91頁/共133頁InAugust1996,NASAannouncedthediscoveryinAntarcticaofameteoritefromMarsthatmightcontainevidenceofancientlifeonanotherworld.AsPresidentClintonsaidthatday,thepossibilitythatlifeexistedonMarsbillionsofyears