Review:Identifythetypeofwordformation:1.information,commercialsInformercials2.Babysitter babysit3.Demi+godDemigod4.Do+abledoable5.Acatalogue tocatalogue6.Drama+comedydramedy7.Game+padgamepad8.mikemicrophone9.super+structuresuperstructure10.p.c.postcard=Blending=Back-formation=Prefixation=Suffixation=Conversion=Blending=Compound=Clipping=affixation=initialismLecture3

Semantics:SenseRelationsPolysemyHomonymySynonymyAntonymyHyponymySemanticFieldByPsyche一詞多義關系同形同音異義關系同義關系反義關系上下義關系語義場PolysemyP135Polesemymeansthatonesinglewordhastwoormoresensesatthesametime.ThebulkofEnglishwordsarepolysemantic;TheentrywiththelargestnumberofmeaningsintheOEDisverb“get〞,withmorethan150meanings.one-meaningwordsarerare,likepropernames,scientificterms.Radiation輔射型theprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilederivative/secondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.ProcesstoPolysemy:18910131210823456711

(1)thatpartofmanoranimaljoiningtheheadtothebody;

(2)thatpartofthegarment;

(3)theneckofananimalusedasfood;

(4)anarrowpartbetweentheheadandbodyorbaseofanyobject;

(5)thenarrowestpartofanything:bottle,land,straitofchannel;

neck

Concatenation

連鎖型

themeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsoriginalsenseasaresultofsuccessivesemanticchangestill,inmanycases,thereisnotatraceofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarysense.ProcesstoPolysemy:A→A+B→B+C

A:apersoninwhite

A+B:awhite-robedseekerforoffice

B+C:anapplicantforofficeorapersontakinganexam.

Forexample:candidatetreacleA:concerningwildbeastsA+B:remedyforawildbeast’sbiteB+C:antidoteorremedyforpoisonC+D:remedyintheformofsyrupD+E:syrupHomonymy:BrainstormWhatmonthdosoldiershate?Whyisanemptypursealwaysthesame?Howdoweknowtheoceanisfriendly?HomonymyP138Wordsarecalledhomonymsbecausetheyaredifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.Mostofthehomonymsaremonosyllabic.TypesofHomonymsPerfectHomonyms(同音同形異義詞)Bank:n.theedgeoftheriver,lake,etc.Bank:n.anestablishmentformoneybusinessBear:n.alargeheavyanimalBear:v.toputupwithDate:n.akindoffruitDate:n.aboyorgirlfriendSOUND:healthy,ingoodconditionSOUND:thatwhichisorcanbeheardSOUND:ducesoundSOUND:testthedepthof(thesea,etc)bylettingdownaweightedlineSOUND:narrowpassageofwaterjoiningtwolargerareasofwater,straitSoundTypesofHomonymshomophone〔同音異形異義詞〕flowerflourmeetmetemeatrightwritewrightriteHomograph〔同形異音異義詞〕TEAR:

n.dropofsaltywatercomingfromtheeyeTEAR:

v.pullsharplyapartortopiecesMINUTE:thesixtiethpartofanhourMINUTE:

verysmallStylisticFeaturesofHomonymsAshomomymsareconsideredinsoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones,theyareoftenemployedtocreatedpunsfordesiredeffectof,say,humour,sarcasmorridicule."'Mineisalongandsadtale!'saidtheMouse,turningtoAlice,andsighing."'Itisalongtail,certainly,'saidAlice,lookingdownwithwonderattheMouse'stail;'butwhydoyoucallitsad?'"

--Alice'sAdventuresinWonderlandExamples:RiddlesWhattreescomeintwo’s?

Key:Pear/Pairtrees.Whyisthebellthemostobedientthingintheworld?

Key:Becauseitneverspeakstillitistold/tolled.Whyisabookasnobleasalord?

Key:Ithasatitleandmanypages,too.Practice:studythepassagesandexplaintherhetoricuseofhomonyms.1)Thefollowingconversationtakesplacebetweenabutcherandcustomer. “Howcomeyoursausagestastelikemeatatoneend,butlikebreadattheother?〞thewomanasked. Themanreplied:“Madam,intimeslikethesenobutchercanmakebothendsmeat.〞2)Oneswallowdoesn’tmakeasummer,butitsurelywarmsyouonacold,hungryday.Practise:studythepassagesandexplaintherhetoricuseofhomonyms.3)“WhyisSundaythestrongestday?〞“Becausealltheothersareweekdays.〞4)“Whatarethecoloursofthesunandthewind?〞“Thesunroseandwindblue〞.HyponymyP195Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthesuperordinate(上義詞).Thespecificwordsareknownashyponyms(下義詞).HyponymyliteratureprosefictiondramashortstorynovelettenovelpoetryHyponymyswimmingboxingrunningracewrestlingweight-liftinghurdleracerunningrelaysprintinglong-distanceracegymnasticsathleticsballgamessportsPractice:ArrangethethingsinBEDROOMintoatreediagram.Bed,carpet,dressingtable,wardrobe,mattress,dressinggown,slippers,mirror,comb,clothes,pyjamas,pillows,rug,hairbrush,sheets,blankets,besidetable,lamp,alarmclockHyponymsinwritingMakeyouwritingcoherent Therewasafine-chairthathisfatherusedtositin,adeskwherehewroteletters,anestofsmalltablesandadark,imposingbookcase.Nowallthisfurniturewastobesold,andwithithisownpast.HyponymsinwritingUsemorehyponyms 1)Treessurroundthewaternearoursummerplace. 2)Oldelmssurroundthelakenearoursummercabin.Practice:RewritingHegotapieceoffurniturerecently.Heboughtacupboardthreedaysago.Itissaidthatamagnificentbuildingwasdestroyedyesterday.ThenewssaysthattheRoyalHotelwasburntdownlastnight.I

metawriterwhoistherelationofapolitician.ImetanewspaperreporterwhoisthebrotherofSenatorBuckley.SynonymyP163Lexicalitemswhichhavethesamemeaningbutdifferinmorphemicstructure,phonologicalformandusagearesynonyms.Therelationshipbetweenthemisoneofsynonymy.Practice:Findthemostsuitablesynonymsfromtheright-handlist.Courteously:polite,pleasant,rude,politelyEmancipate:setfree,setoff,avoid,comefromcustomary:usual,usually,use,habituallyWidth:wide,broad,depth,breadth,lengthAdversary:opposite,enemies,foes,opponentInnocent:unusual,harmless,sinless,childishObstacle:objection,fence,obstruction,delaySourcesofsynonymsBorrowing

NativeFrenchLatinfastfirmsecurebellystomachabdomenkinglyroyalregalholysacredconcecratedSourcesofsynonymsDialectsandregionalEnglishBritishEAmericanEliftelevatortubesubwaycoachbuscallboxtelephoneboothPetrolgasolineSourcesofsynonymsFigurativeandeuphemisticofwordsoccupationwalkoflifedreamerstar-gazerdrunkelevatedliedistortthefactSourcesofsynonymsCoincidencewithidiomaticexpressionspickupchoosegiveupabandongoonwithcontinueputoffpostponewingaintheupperhandhesitatebeintwomindsAbsoluteorperfectsynonyms:wordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,i.e.bothingrammaticalandlexicalmeaning.Spoundingandcomposition;wordbuildingandword-formation;malnutritionandundernourishmentPartialsynonymslook:stare,gaze,glimpse,peep,glancelaugh:grin,chortle,chuckle,giggle,guffaw,snicker/snigger,roar,makeone’sway:threadone’sway,digone’sway,breakone’sway,pushone’sway,shoulderone’sway,elbowone’sway,wormone’swayDifferenceinrangeandintensityofmeaningExtend,increase,expand Thecompanyhasdecidedto________itssalesbytenpercentnextyear. Theowneroftherestaurantisgoingto__________thekitchenbytenfeetthisyear. Themetalwill__________ifheated.extendincreaseexpandincreaseextendexpandPractice:Arrangethesynonymsaccordingtothedegreeofintensity.genius,ability,talentTerror-stricken,frightened,alarmedSurprise,amaze,astonishIrritate,annoy,exasperatePleasure,delight,raptureSadness,grief,sorrowPardon,forgive,excuseZealous,eager,enthusiasticFear,horror,panicAbuse,insult,slanderDifferenceinemotionalandstylisticcolouringSomewordsmaydifferonlyintheiremotiveorevaluativemeanings,thoughthesuperficialmeaningsremainthesame.

statesmanvspoliticianPoliceman,constable,bobby,copLookatthatlittleboy.Lookatthatsmallboy.Lookatthattinyboy.DifferenceincollocationEmpty,vacant,blankBox,street,bottle,seat,chair,apartment,check,sheetofpaper,position,job,desert,sky,wallemptyvacantblankboxstreetdesertbottlevacantvacantseatchairapartmentchecksheetofpaperpositionjobskywallPractice:rebuke,reproach,accuse,chargeWe'llnever________youofhavingdoneanythingforgetfulorunmanly.Thepolice_________thedriverwithspeeding.When_________forrudeness,Peterturnedpolitewithavengeance.Youarequitewrongto___________mefordoingso. accusesbofsthchargesbwithsthberebukedforsthreproachsbwith/forsthaccusechargerebukedreproachPractise:Chooseasuitablewordtofinishthesentences.Thecornsareheavyand(ripe,mature).Sheisinsomeway(ripe,mature)andsomewaysratherachild.Aftersustainedeffort,theyhavefound(effective,efficient)waysofreduingpolution.Torunthebizmoreprofitably,youneedan(effective,efficient)productivemanager.Whenheaskedmetodance,I(declined,refused)politely.He(declined,refused)toacceptthepoliticaladvicewhichwasoffered.√√√√√√Practise:Chooseasuitablewordtofinishthesentences.7)Thefridgesmelledstronglyof(addled,rancid)butter.8)An(addled,rancid)eggisonethathasgonebad.9)Themusedoesnot(inspire,encourage)allpoetsequally.

10)Astowriting,wedonot(inspire,encourage)kidstoscrawltooearly.

√√√√AntonymyP182Antonymyisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.Theyareavarietyof“oppositeness〞.Theycanbeclassifiedintothreemajorgroups.TypesofantonymsContradictoryterms絕對反義詞Contraryterms分級反義詞Relationalterms關系反義詞ABMale/femalePresent/absenthuge/verybig/big/quitebig/medium-sized/quitesmall/small/tinyhusband/wifesell/buyemployer/employeeAntonymyhot,warm,cool,coldbeautiful,pretty,good-looking,plain,uglyold-young,open-close,big-small,poor-richdead-alive,present-absent,male-femaletrue-false,approval-disapprovalcapable-incapablefiancé-fiancée,employer-employee,debtor-creditorAbove-below,infrontof-behind,up-downBuy-sell,give-receive,go-come,gain-loseSemanticincompatibles(多項不相容詞)North,south,east,westSpring,summer,autumn,winterJanuary,February,March,……DecemberSunday,Monday,….SaturdayFeaturesofAntonymyAwordcanhavemorethanoneantonymsFreshbreadstalebreadFreshairstuffyairFreshflowersfadedflowersFreshlooktiredlookPractise:giveanantonymtotheword“clear〞ineachcontext.Thediscussionsenabledthemtohaveaclearideaofthenatureoftheproblem.Theyarefacedwithclearalternatives.Hisgrandfather’smindwasnotclearduringthetimehemadethewill.I’dliketogetaclearplasticbagtocarrythis.Washthesubstancewi