PhotobyPeterZajcZerjav

Kearney,Toronto

Readiness

forthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport

Executivesummary

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReportexplorestheacutechallengesanduncertaintiesfacingmanyoftheworld’smostconnectedandinfluentialurbancenters.Thetentativerecoveryfromthecoronaviruspandemic—aprimarythemeofthe2021report—hasmetwithaseriesofharshrealitiesoverrecentmonths.Thesehaveincluded

higher-than-expectedinflation

worldwide

;aworse-than-anticipatedslowdowninChina;theongoingeconomicandpoliticalreverberationsoftheconflictinUkraine;andtheintensifyingeffectsofclimate-relatedhazards.Theseeventstogetherhaveresultedinatimeofintensepressurethatwillrequireadaptationandproactivechange,ensuringcitiesremaincapableofofferinguniquevaluetothecompaniesandcommunitiesthatcallthemhome.

Bytheirverynature,globalcities—whichwebroadlydefineasmajormetropolitanareasthatareuniquelyinternationalintheirconnectivityandcharacter—areespeciallyvulnerabletotheglobalcrisesthataredisruptinginternationalflowsofcapital,people,andideas.Yettheyarealsovitaltoanyaspirationsforrestoredprosperity.Thesecitiesarepowerfulenginesofdynamismandinnovation,andtheirhealthisanimportantbarometerofpresentandfutureprospects—notonlyforcitydwellers,butforallofus.

ThisappreciationoftheirreplaceableroleofurbancentersistheimpetusbehindKearney’sannualGlobalCitiesReport,whichwasdesignedinconjunctionwithtopacademicandbusinessadvisorsfromaroundtheworld.Eachyear,welookatthecurrentconditionsofcitiesandtheinvestmentstheyaremakingintheirfutures,inourGlobalCitiesIndex(GCI)andGlobalCitiesOutlook(GCO).

TheGCI’srankingsofthetopcitiesin2022reflecttheself-reinforcingstrengthoftheworld’sleadingglobalcities.Thetopfourcitiesonthelist—NewYork,London,Paris,andTokyo—areunchangedfrom2021(seefigure1).

City

NewYork

London

Paris

2021rank

1

2

3

4

6

5

8

12

9

7

Figure1

Top10inthe2022GlobalCitiesIndex

Δ2021–2022

2022rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

—

—

—

—

+1

–1

+1

+4

Tokyo

Beijing

LosAngeles

Chicago

—

–3

Melbourne

Singapore

HongKong

Source:Kearney2022GlobalCitiesReport

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport1

IftheGCIisapictureofthepresent,theGCOisaforecastofthefuture.Thissectionwillhelptoidentifythecitieslikeliesttoassumeandsustainleadershiprolesintheyearstocome.WhilesomeoftheleadingcitiesintheIndex—suchasLondon,Paris,andNewYork—appearinthetop10onbothlists,theGCOisdesignedtospotlightnotonlythewell-establishedleaders,butalsothosecitiesbestpositionedtochallengetheirsupremacy.Thetop10citiesonthisyear’sGCOareshowninfigure2.

Eachyear,wealsotakeaneyetowardthefutureandofferourperspectiveonwayscityleaderscansuccessfullynavigatethenear-termoperatingenvironment.Inthe“Facinganeconomicstorm”sectionofthisyear’sreport,weidentifythechallengesthatcitiesencounterastheworldemergesfromwhatweallhopeistheworstofthecoronaviruspandemic,andheadsintowhatmanyexpecttobeanextremelychallengingeconomicperiod.Thosechallengesincludeinflation,stagnantgrowth,risingdebts,andworseninginequality.Weexaminethesechallengesandofferconcretepathwaysofactionforpolicymakerstoaddressthemhead-onwhilemaintainingandenhancingtheircity’spositionasanattractivehubfortalentand,consequently,forbusinesses.

Globalcitiesare

powerfulengines

ofdynamismand

innovation,and

theirhealth

isanimportant

barometerof

presentand

futureprospects.

City

London

Paris

2021rank

1

2

11

3

6

18

5

21

4

20

Figure2

Top10inthe2022GlobalCitiesOutlook

Δ2021–2022

2022rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

—

—

+8

–1

+1

+12

–2

+13

–5

+10

Luxembourg

Munich

Stockholm

NewYork

Dublin

Copenhagen

AbuDhabi

Amsterdam

Source:Kearney2022GlobalCitiesReport

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport2

Introduction

The2022GlobalCitiesReportcomesatatimeofextremepressureforcities,whichfaceintenseeconomicchallengesanduncertaintyaboutwhatliesahead.Lastyear’sreportfocusedonthetentativerecoveryfromthecoronaviruspandemic,butwenowhavetocontendwiththeharshrealitiesthathaveariseninrecentmonths—someofthemrelatedtoCOVID-19’slingeringpresence,somenot.

Theserealitieshaveincluded

higher-than-expected

inflationworldwide

;aworse-than-anticipatedslowdowninChina;theongoingeconomicandpoliticalreverberationsoftheconflictinUkraine;andtheescalatingeffectsofclimatechange,manifestingincalamitiessuchasextremeheat,historicdroughts,andincreasinglyintensestormactivity.Eachoneofthesefactorshaspotentiallyseveresecondaryeffects.

Totakeoneexample,theeconomiceffectsoftheconflictinUkrainecontinuetoreverberatearoundtheworld.Highercommodityprices,supplychaindisruptions,andworseningconsumersentimentare

likelytoimpaireconomies

inseveralpartsoftheworld,particularlyEurope;theCaucasusandCentralAsia;theMiddleEastandNorthAfrica;andsub-SaharanAfrica.Evenbeyondthisalreadyexpansivemapofpotentialdeprivationandsuffering,priceincreasesforfoodandfuelwillhurtlower-incomehouseholdsthroughouttheworld,includingintheAmericasandAsia.

Globalcitiesserve

asamicrocosmof

thedynamicsthat

shapeourworld,

fromsupplychains

toimmigration

networkstotrends

inpopularculture.

Bytheirverynature,globalcities—majormetropolitanareasthatareuniquelyinternationalintheirconnectivityandcharacter—areespeciallyvulnerabletosuchdisruptions.Yetthesecitiesarealsovitaltoanyaspirationsforrestoredglobalandnationalprosperity.Theyarepowerfulenginesofdynamismandinnovation,andtheirhealthisanimportantbarometerofpresentandfutureprospects—notonlyforcitydwellers,butforallofus.Whiletheyaresingularintheircharacterandidentity—distinctfromtheruralareasandsmallermunicipalitiesthatsurroundthem—thesecitiesnonethelessserveasamicrocosmofthedynamicsthatshapeourworld,fromsupplychainstoimmigrationnetworkstotrendsinpopularculture.

ThisappreciationoftheirreplaceableroleofurbancentersistheimpetusbehindKearney’sannualGlobalCitiesReport,whichwasdesignedinconjunctionwithtopacademicandbusinessadvisorsfromaroundtheworld.Onedistinguishingfeatureofthisreportisthesupplementationoftheassessmentofcurrentmetropolitanperformancewithananalysisofeachcity’spotentialperformance.Thisdualmissionisreflectedinthereportstructure.Thefirstpart,theGCI,isasnapshotofthecurrentstatusoftheworld’sleadingurbanareas,whiletheGCOisaforecastoftheirfuturepossibilities.

FollowingtheGCIandtheGCO,weprovideourperspectiveonthechallengesfacingcityleadersinthenearterm,includinginflation,stagnantgrowth,risingdebts,andworseninginequality.Weofferpathwaysofactionthatcitiescanfollowtosuccessfullyadaptandpreemptivelyrespondtothosechallenges,includingnovelapproachesthatopenupnewrevenuestreams,newsourcesofsavings,andnewwaysofprovidingnecessaryservicesunderchallengingeconomicconditions.

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport3

PhotobyTomaszSzykulski

KearneyAlum

The2022GlobalCitiesIndex

TheGCIisametricthatseekstoquantifytheextenttowhichacitycanattract,retain,andgenerateglobalflowsofcapital,people,andideas.Theseglobalcitiesaremicrocosmsoftheworld,eachwithitsownuniqueflavor.Theyserveascentersofsocial,political,andeconomicvibrancythatreflectthedynamicglobalenvironment.

Thisyear’sGCImeasurestheperformanceof156citiesaroundtheworldacrossourstandardfivedimensions:businessactivity,humancapital,informationexchange,culturalexperience,andpoliticalengagement.

Powerfuleventshaveshapedcities’performanceacrossthesecriteriasinceourlastreport.BeforeFebruary2022,theglobaleconomyappearedtobeonapathtogradualrecovery,eventhoughthepandemicwasstillfarfromconquered.Thenanattemptedconquestofadifferentkindshockedtheglobaleconomy—andtheglobalorder—intonewuncertaintywiththeconflictinUkraine.

Overthefollowingmonths,additionalshocksrattledworldmarkets,notablytheinflationaryeffectsofcommodityandsupplychaindisruptions.Inaddition,thepandemicshowednewversatilityandtenacity,withdiseasevariantsliftingcasenumbersonceagain.Inanattempttosustaina“zero-COVIDpolicy,”Chinaembarkedonacourseofstrictshutdownsthatcausedupheavalintheworld’ssecond-largestnationaleconomyandfurthercomplicatedeffortstomendtheglobalsupplynetwork.

Thetimelineofdatareportingandcollectionmeansthatthefullimpactoftheserecenteventsisstilltobecaptured,butthevolatilityofthepastyearhasproducedclearshiftsintheIndexthatcomeasnosurprise.DeclinesinscoreshavebeenpronouncedandconsistentacrosstheGCIdimensionsofbusinessactivityandhumancapital,reflectingthecontinueddisruptionoftheglobaleconomyanddiminishedinternationaltravel.

Itisnoteworthythatthismovementextendsanexistingtrend.Viewedtogether,ourlong-termcitieshaveshowndecliningoverallscoresoverthepastsixyears—anindicationofde-globalizationthatpredatesthepandemic.Someindicators,suchastheflowofgoodsandtheexchangeofinternationalstudents,mayreturntotheirpreviouslevelsinthe2023GlobalCitiesReport,butsomechangesmayhavebecomeentrenchedbyrecentglobalevents.

Thisyear’sGCIshowedanotabledeclineininternationalconferenceswithamajordecreaseformanyleadingcities.Withthebroaduptakeofvirtual-conferencetechnologies,andthesavingsrealizedfromhostingmoreeventsonline,thenumberofin-personconferencesmayremaindepressedwellintothefuture.

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport4

PhotobyTomaszSzykulski

KearneyAlum

Thechallengesofthepastyearhavenotaffectedallcitiesequally.Inlastyear’sGlobalCitiesReport,wenotedthatcitiesinhigher-incomeregionssawbiggerdropsintheirGCIscoresthanthoseinlessaffluentemergingmarkets.Weattributedthisphenomenontothewealthiercities’higherlevelsofconnectivityto,andrelianceon,globalizedmarkets.

AverageIndex

scoreshavefallen

acrossallregions,

andnotonlyfor

themostglobally

connectedcities.

Inthatreport,wepositedthatthelessgloballyconnectedcitieswouldseetheirscoresdeclinein2022astheimpactofthepandemicbegantoregistermorefully.Indeed,averageIndexscoreshavefallenacrossallregions,andnotonlyforthemostgloballyconnectedcities.Infact,themagnitudeofdeclineinGCIscoresisnowsteeperformanycitiesinlower-incomeregionsthanforthoseinNorthAmericaorEurope.ThisislikelyduetothedelayedeffectsofCOVID-19andtheinitialrapidrecoveryofmanywealthiercities.

Wearenowseeingasignificantdivergencebetweentheeconomicrecoveriesofcitiesinmoreaffluentnationsandthoseinlessaffluentones,withoneinterestingpartialexception.ManyAfricancitieshaveexperiencedonlymoderatedeclinesinratings,possiblyduetotheirrelativelackofconnectednesstoworldwidemarkets.

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport5

The2022GlobalCitiesIndexrankings

TheGCI’srankingsofthetopglobalcitiestendtobequitestablefromyeartoyear,and2022isnoexception.Thetopcitiescontinuetoprovetheirstayingpower,eveninthefaceofadversity(seefigure3onpage7).

Belowisaslightlycloserlookatthetopfiveglobalcities.Theleadingfourhavebecomeseeminglyentrenched,holdingthesepositionsforthesixthyearinarow.However,certainchangesreflecttheshiftingglobalenvironmentandtherespectivestrengthsandshortcomingsofglobalcities.

1.NewYorkretainedthetopspotintheGCI,despitedecreasingscoresoverthepastyearinbusinessactivityandhumancapitalthatreflectthebatteringthecitytookduringtheworstofthepandemic.Atthepeakofthepandemic,NewYorkCitylostthe

greatestshareofjobsamongthe20largestcities

intheUnitedStates

(US),anditsrecoveryhasbeenslowerthanthatofothercities.Evenso,theBigAppleremainstheworldleaderinbothdimensions,andhasseenimprovementsinitsratingsforinformationexchange,culturalexperience,andpoliticalengagement.

2.Londonalsoretaineditsranking,butsimilarlyexhibitedadeclineinscoresacrossbusinessactivityandhumancapital.Thecityisnotonlycontendingwiththerecoveryfromthepandemic,butalsowiththeconsiderablefalloutfromBrexit.Thisisreflectedinthecity’sinternationalstudentpopulation.ThenumberofstudentsfromtheEUattendingBritishuniversitiesstoodatonly

halfitspre-COVID-19number

.Londonpostedminorimprovementsinculturalexperienceandpoliticalengagement.

3.Parishelditsspotdespiteasharpfallinitsbusinessactivityscore,whichwasdrivenbyadeclineinthecity’srankingforinternationalconferences.Paris’shumancapitalscorealsoslipped,butitsinformationexchangeandculturalexperiencescoresshowedimprovementasthecity’sworld-classrestaurants,museums,andotherculturalattractionsbegantorecover.

4.Tokyoalsomaintaineditslong-heldstanding,dueinparttoachievingtherelativelyrarefeatofpostinganimprovementinbusinessactivityover2021,albeitbyamodestmargin.This

gainhelpedoffsetdeclinesinhumancapital,informationexchange,andculturalexperience.

Thetopcitiesin

theIndexcontinue

toprovetheir

stayingpower,

evenintheface

ofadversity.

5.Beijingrosebyoneplacefrom2021tore-enterthetopfive,tradingplaceswiththisyear’ssixth-placecity,LosAngeles.TheChinesecapitalsawminorincreasesininformationexchangeandpoliticalengagementscores,butexhibiteddeclinesintheotherthreedimensions,alongsidethemajorityoftheotherleadingcities.

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport6

Figure3

Thetop30citiesintheGlobalCitiesIndex

City2022rank2021rank2020rank2019rank2018rank2017rankΔ’21–’22

NewYork

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

London

2

2

2

2

2

2

0

Paris

3

3

3

3

3

3

0

Tokyo

4

4

4

4

4

4

0

Beijing

5

6

5

9

9

9

+1

LosAngeles

6

5

7

7

6

8

?1

Chicago

7

8

8

8

8

7

+1

Melbourne

8

12

18

16

17

15

+4

Singapore9996760

HongKong

10

7

6

5

5

5

?3

Brussels

11

16

14

12

10

11

+5

Washington,D.C.

12

14

10

10

11

10

+2

Seoul

13

17

17

13

12

12

+4

Berlin

14

13

15

14

16

14

?1

SanFrancisco

15

11

13

22

20

23

?4

Shanghai

16

10

12

19

19

19

?6

Sydney

17

15

11

11

15

17

?2

Toronto

18

20

19

17

18

16

+2

Madrid

19

19

16

15

13

13

0

Boston

20

21

21

21

24

21

+1

Moscow

21

18

20

18

14

18

?3

Dubai

22

23

27

27

28

28

+1

Amsterdam

23

22

23

20

22

22

?1

Frankfurt

24

24

28

28

29

29

0

BuenosAires

25

32

25

24

25

26

+7

Barcelona262826232324+2

Munich272624323236?1

Istanbul282734262625?1

Montreal2929292927270

Vienna

30

25

22

25

21

20

?5

Source:Kearney2022GlobalCitiesReport

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport7

PhotobyTomaszSzykulski

KearneyAlum

WhiletheuppermosttieroftheGCIrankingswasvirtuallyunchanged,thereweresomenoteworthyshiftsfurtherdownthelist.HongKongcontinueditsmultiyeardecline,slidingthreespotsfromseventhto10thplaceduetosharpdeclinesinitsculturalexperienceandinformationexchangescoresandmoregradualonesinbusinessactivityandhumancapital.Thecity’sfallcanbeattributedlargelytotheongoingpoliticalturmoilaffectingitsrankingoneverydimensionoftheIndex.Theculturalexperiencedimensionshowedthesteepestdecline,partiallydrivenbya67-placedropininternationaltravelers.ThesetravelersweredeterredbytheunrestplaguingthecityandbyCOVID-19regulations,whichwereonly

liftedinlateSeptember

thisyear.

Shanghaialsofellinthisyear’sGCIfrom10thplaceto16th.Thecity’sdeclinesinthebusinessactivityandculturalexperiencedimensionswillbenosurprise,giventheaggressivemeasurestocounterCOVID-19implementedearlierthisyear.Theeconomicstandstillnotonlyslowedthecommercialhub,butalsoimpededsupplychainsaroundtheworld.WecanexpecttoseealaggingperformanceforShanghaionnextyear’sIndexasthedatacapturedduringthecity’slockdownwillbleedintonextyear’sresults.ThisyearprovedchallengingformanyChinesecitiesandisreflectedinsubduedperformanceacrosstheGCI.Nevertheless,asthecountryhasmadestronginvestmentsinitscitiesandisexpectedtocontinuedoingso,thereisreasontoremainoptimisticaboutthefutureperformanceofChinesecities.

FurthersouthalongthePacificRim,Melbournegainedfourplacesbetween2021and2022,risingfrom12thplacetoeighth.Thismarkedacontinuedrisesincethe2021report,whentheAustraliancitynotchedasix-spotascent.Businessactivityscoresincreasedbymorethanafifth(22percent),drivenbyimprovementsinthenumberofinternationalconferencesheld,withMelbournegaining20placesinthatmetricoverthepastyear.Humancapital,culturalexperience,andpoliticalengagementscoresincreasedmarginally.AcrucialcatalystofMelbourne’ssustainedriseintotheGCItop10isitspopularityasanacademicdestinationforstudentsfromabroad.Evenasthecitystruggles,asdoallothers,toregainitspre-pandemicstudentnumbers,itisthenumber-onecityinourinternationalstudentpopulationsubcategoryrankings.

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport8

GCIindividual-metricleaders

Eachyear,wealsoreviewthe29subcategorymetricsoftheIndex.Thisyear,theresilienceoftheleadersacrosstheboardisnotable.Ofthe29subcategories,onlysixhadnewmetricleaders,reflectingthecontinueddominanceoftheleadingcitiesintheirareasofexcellence.

Ofthesesixsubcategorieswithnewleaders,halfwerewithinjustoneofthefivedimensions—culturalexperience,arguablythemostfluidanddifficulttoquantify.Inourrankings,LondonhassupplantedLosAngelesasthetopcityinthesportingeventssubcategory;IstanbulreplacedDubaiininternationaltravelers;andBostonhasoustedlongtimerivalNewYorkforthetopspotinvisualandperformingarts.

Theverybestqualitiesofmetropolitanlivingaredistributedacrossmanycitiesworldwide(seefigure4).Inourincreasinglyurbanized21stcentury,nocityisasdominantacrossasmanysectorsastheforemostcitiesofthepastmighthavebeen—think,forexample,ofRomeattheheightofitspower;orBeijingduringlongstretchesofhistorywhenChinawasarguablytheworld’smostadvancedcivilization;

orVictorian-eraLondon.

Bycontrast,21widelyscatteredcitiesmaynow

layclaimtoatleastasliceoftheultimatein

urbanexperience.

Thisisatributetohowbroadlydiffusedthebenefitsofurbanizationandglobalconnectivityhavebecome.Asournextsectionwillshow,plentyofadditionalcitiesarebuildingtheresourcesandcapabilitiesnecessarytoentertheseranks.

Twenty-onewidely

scatteredcities

maynowlayclaim

toatleastaslice

oftheultimatein

urbanexperience.

Figure4

LeadingcitiesacrosstheGCImetrics

2022GlobalCitiesIndexleadersbydimensions

Humancapital

NewYork

2022GlobalCitiesIndexleadersbymetric

—Fortune500Beijing

—Topglobalservices

firmsLondon,Hong

Kong

—Capitalmarkets

NewYork

—AirfreightHongKong

—SeafreightShanghai

—ICCAconferences

Lisbon*

—Unicorncompanies

SanFrancisco

—Foreign-bornpopulationNewYork

—Topuniversities

Boston

—PopulationwithtertiarydegreeTokyo

—InternationalstudentpopulationMelbourne

—Numberofinternationalschools

HongKong

—MedicalUniversities

London

—MuseumsMoscow

—VisualandperformingartsBoston*

—Sportingevents

London*

—Internationaltravelers

Istanbul*

—Culinaryoferings

London

—Sistercities

SaintPetersburg

—EmbassiesandconsulatesBrussels

—Thinktanks

Washington,D.C.

—International

organizationsGeneva

—Politicalconferences

Brussels

—LocalinstitutionswithglobalreachParis

—AccesstoTVnews

Berlin*,Munich*,Frankfurt*,Düsseldorf*

—Newsagencybureaus

NewYork

—Broadband

subscribersParis*

—Freedomofexpression

Oslo

—Onlinepresence

Singapore

Politicalengagement

Brussels

Informationexchange

Paris

Culturalexperience

London

Businessactivity

NewYork

*Indicatesnewleadersin2022.

Source:Kearney2022GlobalCitiesReport

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport9

PhotobyTomaszSzykulski

KearneyAlum

The2022GlobalCitiesOutlook

ThesecondpartoftheGlobalCitiesReportistheGCO.IftheGCIisaimedatquantifyingthedegreetowhichleadingcitiestrulyqualifyasglobal,theGCOisameasureofhowthesesamecitiesareensuringthattheycanretainoraugmentthatstatusinthefuture.Itisawayofforecastingthecitieslikeliesttoassumeleadershiprolesintheyearstocome.

ThereisacertaindegreeofoverlapbetweentheGCIandtheGCO.Theworld’smostdynamicanddesirablecitiesarepotentmagnetsoftalentandactivity,soitstandstoreasonthattheyshouldrankhighinpredictionsoffuturemetropolitanpreeminence.Putmorebluntly,London,Paris,andNewYorkattractambitiousandinnovativepeoplefromthroughouttheirownnationsandaroundtheworld.Theyhavedonesoforcenturiesandareunlikelytostopdoingso.

TheGCOisdesignedtospotlightnotonlythe

well-establishedleaders,butalsothosecitiesthatmaybebestpositionedtochallengetheirsupremacy.Thisyear,weagaintrackedfourbroadindicatorsofurbanpromise:personalwell-being,economics,innovation,andgovernance.

Thesecriteriaaredesignedtoindicatedevelopmentsandtrendsexpectedtoshapethefutureurbanenvironment.Theyarealsointendedtoshedlightonfactorsthatcaninformnear-termdecisionsonpublicandprivateinvestmentinmajormetropolitanareas.

Inthepast,theGCOhasidentifiedimportantemergingfactorsinurbanprosperity.Forexample,whenwelookedatthefoundationalqualitiesofcitiesthathaddevelopedstrongstart-upcultures,wefoundthatallofthemhadpostedhighratingsintwodimensions:personalwell-beingandgovernance.

Readinessforthestorm:the2022GlobalCitiesReport10

PhotobyArneJunker

Kearney,Zurich

The2022GlobalCitiesOutlookrankings

WhiletheGCOlistincludesmanyofthesamenamesatthetopastheGCI,italsofeaturesamuchhigherdegreeoffluxovertime.Thetop30citiesoftheGCOshowgreatdynamismoverthepastfiveyears(seefigure5onpage12).

AswiththeGCI,wewilltakeaquicktouroftheGCOtopfivebeforemovingontobroaderobservationsaboutthelist:

1.Londonretainsitsnumberonespotforthefourthyearinarow,despiteasteepdeclineinitsgovernanceranking.Increasesinpersonalwell-beingandinnovat