2015考研英語一試題 UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”ascousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenome-wideysisconducted31,932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“MostpeopledonoteventheircousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeopleourThestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexin,fornow.10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13“functionalkinship”ofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexinpeople’s18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesame1.A.B.C.D.2.A.B.C.D.3.A.B.C.D.4.A.B.C.D.5.A.B.C.D.6.A.B.C.D.7.A.B.C.D.8.A.B.C.D.9.A.B.C.D.10.A.B.C.D.11.A.B.C.D.12.A.B.C.D.13.A.accordingB.ratherC.regardlessD.along14.A.B.C.D.15.A.B.C.D.16.A.B.C.D.17.A.B.C.D.18.A.B.C.D.19.A.B.C.D.20.A.B.C.D. ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshavedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.publicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalItisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexinsmonarchs’continuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory–andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday–embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightWhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsomeItisonlytheQueenwhohasp themonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice–asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notwhoarethemonarchy’sworstAccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofusedtoenjoyhighpublicwasunpopularamongEuropeanendedhisreignineasedhisrelationshipwithhisMonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropeowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectabletoachieveabalancebetweentraditionandtogivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupduetotheireverlastingpoliticalWhichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraphAristocrats'excessiverelianceoninheritedTheroleofthenobilityinmodernThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticThenobility'sadherencetotheirTheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becausetakesaroughlineonpoliticalfailstochangehislifestyleastakesrepublicansashispotentialfailstoadapthimselftohisfutureWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheCarlos,GloryandDisgraceCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingJusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhethercansearchthecontentsofaphonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonorarounda duringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweeruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychanging.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinesto,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone–avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation–issimilarto,say,goingthrougha’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatdon’tviolatetheAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeesensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivate storemainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution’sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn’teasethechallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyburdensomefor toobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhilewaitingforawarrant.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfortocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoredom.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautouseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthe alofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatesearch Theauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneTheauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparablegettingintoone'shandingone'shistoricalscanningone'sgoingthroughone'sInParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernprinciplesarehardtobeclearlythecourtisgivinglessroomforphonesareusedtostoresensitivecitizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyOrinKerr’scomparisonisquotedtoindicatetheConstitutionshouldbeimplementednewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheCalifornia'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheprinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbeThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thefollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal’sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:“Thecreationofthe‘statisticsboard’wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience’soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“yprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingcesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthattheis“amost estepforward”and“longoverdue.”“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,”hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliteandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.”VauxsaysthatScience’sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify‘thepapersthatneedscrutiny’inthefirstItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1Scienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalfewjournalsareblamedformistakesindatalackof ysisiscommoninresearchThephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningGiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREposeathreattoallitsmeetwithstrongincreaseScience’ssetanexampleforotherDavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisngaddstoresearchers’diminishestheroleofhasroomforfurtheristofailintheforeseeableWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMore ysisFindsItsWayontoEditors’StatisticiansAreComingBackwithTwoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions.”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,she:“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithinernment,mediaorbusiness eoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismanddom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegalephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes–findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge–thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepoint forphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookce.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,ithas enormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions–norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsettheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingcompanies’financiallossduetoimmoralernmentalineffectivenessonmoralthewidemisuseofintegrityamongItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasamorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphoneAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthephonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainTheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks’srevealeda centeredontrivialwashardlywaspartofaTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrinegenerallydistortedunfairwealthamarginalizedarigidmoralWhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastThequalityofwritingisofprimaryCommonhumanityiscentraltonewsMoralawarenessmattersineditingaJournalistsneedstricterindustrialPartBInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41–45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA–Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrr.Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:Whoismakingtheutnce,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.Thisdoesn’t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,cesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage–includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns–debatesabouttextscanyanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandHowwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit. Suchofreadingsuggest–asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo–thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn’tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroveralllicy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywill later,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity–inferencesthatformthebasisofaalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessInys,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinctionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext’sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext. Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration–oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory–sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.(47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipals–theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransnttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.(48)Butthe ofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinteryofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.(49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.(50)Thevirginwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores. PartYouaregoingtohostaclubreadingsession.Writeanofabout100 mendingabooktotheclubmembers.Youshouldstatereasonsforyour YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”Donotwritetheaddress.(10PartWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethepictureinterpretitsintendedmeaning,giveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20時代的聚會2015考研英語一試題答案Section UseofDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）【答案及解析】【答案】 【考點】從句連接詞（考頻10次【解析】根據該句的結構和選項的特點，可以判斷出空格處應填從屬連詞引導從句，Whatastudy…hasconcluded.這個句型是由what引導的名詞性從句，表示“所……的內容/事情”也是考點之一。再根據句意，可推知該從句表達的是“該研究的內容”，所以該題的答案為what。【空格設置】該空的設置是對名詞性從句連接詞的知識掌握，即what的常用用法。所給選項貌似都是疑問詞，且均含有各自的意思，這個空所在的句子并不是表達疑問句的句意，所以最笨的方法就是把每個詞代入到句中。【干擾項排除】其他幾個所給單詞其實嚴格意義上不常作為連接詞，都是疑問詞，分別表示時間(when)，原因(why)和方式(ho)，結合句意，就知道這幾項都不是作者要表達的意思。【答案】 【考點】動詞辨析題（考頻53次【解析】從該空所在句子的前后內容可判斷出，thatisthatwhat如果分析正確，第【干擾項排除】其他幾個選項的詞意放入該空中均無法跟句意相符合。因為該句出現在段落開頭，“研究”剛剛提出來，不會有defend,withdrawadvse也不符合該“研究”所表達的主旨內容。【答案】 【考點】固定搭配題（考頻27次“1932個獨特的受試者的情況進行分析所做出的”，由此可知，這里是實驗的對象該搭配什么樣的介詞。conductysisonsb…是固定表達，所以只有on是正確的。【空格設置】這是一個固定搭配的辨析題，主要是該搭配中的介詞選擇的 【干擾項排除】其他幾個介詞均不能和conduct構成該句要表達的正確意思。最有可能影響選擇的干擾項就是by，但是by是指該研究的執行者，而不是1932位受試者。【答案】 【考點】動詞辨析題（考頻53次【解析】該空格后面是兩個不同的項目，且該句是whch引導的定語從句修飾tudy，意思是對幾對不相關的朋友和陌生人進行。因為“研究”的內容是關于朋友間上的相關性問題所以完整的意思應該是對幾對不相關的朋友和陌生人進行比對。所以最佳答案為compared。【空格設置】該空格的是which引導的定語從句中關鍵謂語動詞的辨析。動詞的選擇就需要顧及前后文，特別是它后面的賓語成分pairsof…friendsand…strangers，也就是，該空格的是動賓搭配問題【干擾項排除】知曉另外三個選項eparae(分離，)eek(尋求，搜尋)connec(聯系，連接)的詞意，該研究是針對受試者的，而且動詞后的賓語是“朋友和陌生人”，所以不可能是上述三項的意思，應該不難排除他們。【答案】 【考點】名詞辨析題（考頻38次【解析】根據空格的前后內容判斷，文章從開始一直在講實驗的過程和實驗對象，該空格所在句子的大意是：相同的人們都用于實驗中的這兩類。所以應該選與“實驗對象”相對應的ampes(樣本，抽樣)。因此答案是samples。【空格設置】該空要上下文的邏輯關系和名詞的詞意辨析。名詞辨析題通常都是需要【答案】 【考點】形容詞辨析題（考頻30次【解析】whie很明顯是個表“轉折/對比”的關聯詞。段首提到的朋友之間可能存在1%“盡管不那么重要”的snototoagenetcist.也就是說，雖然在普通人看來1%的關聯并不太重要，但遺傳學家可不是認為。而且從后文列舉的例子中可知遺傳學家aesFower對這1%的態度是肯定的，故答案為A。【空格設置】該空的是形容詞的辨析以及上下文的邏輯關系。特別是句首的（表轉折）一詞是關鍵提示詞，后句也是關鍵的線索【干擾項排除】B選項的 D選項的incredible(難以置信的)，結合后句的專家的觀點，此詞也可排除。【答案】 【考點】動詞辨析題（考頻53次【空格設置】該空的是動詞的詞意和動賓搭配。謂語動詞是句子的關鍵所在，結合前【干擾項排除】根據文章的講述，第四代表親的聯系已經很疏遠了，就不會去“拜訪”，也不可能“想念”，可排除A，B兩項；D選項的eek(尋找，搜尋)和后半句的句意不相符合，也是錯誤的。【答案】 【考點】動詞辨析題（考頻53次【解析】不按照血緣或擇友，那么“血統的相似度”則最大程度宰人們的選擇resemble是相同，相似之意，其他幾個選項均不能放在kin前表達有意義的意思【空格設置】空格的是動詞的辨析和動賓搭配關系。esembe一詞就是“相同，相似”，賓語kin（血統，血親，這樣的動賓搭配是該空的目的。【干擾項排除】A選項surpass，“，超出”之意，跟kin搭配不符合句意；B選項influence“影響”，該項的干擾項較大，但是如果知道kin的詞意，應該不會；C選項【答案】 【考點】副詞辨析題（考頻30次【解析】該空所在的句子開頭用的是“hetudy……”顯然這是對上文話題的繼續闡述，后段表達的是“該研究的另一發現”，前后之間是順接關系，所以also是正確答案。應注意副詞的詞意及放入句中后的上下文邏輯關系的銜接【干擾項排除】A選項的again，一般不會放置在這個位置，詞意也不對，所以排除；C選項的instead和D選項的thus，就不符合上下文的邏輯關系銜接，都沒有“轉折”和【答案】 【考點】副詞辨析題（考頻30次【解析】從選項和文中句子結構可以判斷，該空要填入一個能夠體現前后兩個句子邏輯關系的副詞，之前的句子談到“為什么在嗅覺方面存在相似性還很難解釋”，后面卻緊接著對此得出一個相關結論，很明顯是的，也就是說，該研究的另一發現至今尚未能解釋清楚之原因(difficulttoexin)，所以此結論只能是一種不確定的推測，故答案為D后句和前句并不是這樣的邏輯關系，可排除；以此類推，Bfurthermore“而且”【答案 【考點】介詞辨析題（考頻13次【解析】該題為對介詞的題。后半句出現，可見是和前文形成比較關系，因此和上半句介詞保持一致，用介詞o。該句翻譯：它(這種相似性)吸引我們到相同的環境，并且使我們更為相似。因此答案為to。【空格設置】該空的是介詞的搭配。關鍵的線索還是該句中的drawsb.to…“吸引到”以及前句的similarity一詞，搭配的介詞都是tolike“像…it沒有一個所知，就不可能是likeit.【答案】 【考點】固定搭配題（考頻27次【解析】根據上下文可知，此處所填入動詞需符合結構sb.inngsth.，符合該結構只有Adrive(驅使)和D選項limit(限制)。根據上下文可知：這些機制驅使我們選擇相似的朋友。因此答案為drive。【空格設置】此空是的固定搭配題，此類題目就依據結合上下文的句意，再觀察所給【干擾項排除B選項observe(觀察遵守)和C選項confuse(困惑)均“sb.inngsth.”的用法。D項limit【答案】 【考點】常用短語題（考頻16次【解析】ratherthan是個非常常用的邏輯關系短語，也是考頻較高的一個詞，表示“而不是”，該句就是典型的ratherthan連接的范例。該空格前面說，選擇相似的朋友，空后說具有“實用關系”的朋友，可知前后為對立關系，并且根據文章，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可鎖Bratherthan。【空格設置】該空設置的是常用短語的以及邏輯關系的判斷【干擾項除】A項acodngo(根)沒體現對立及取關系，此排除；C選項regardes of(不管)表讓步關系，干擾性較強，但文章更強調取前舍后，因此排除；D選項aong wih(伴隨)排除較他選擇。【答案】 【考點】名詞辨析題（考頻38次【解析】該空表達的是選擇朋友時人們普遍是根據中的關聯而不是因為“益”在擇友。根據functionalkinship(實用關系)Dbenefits(利益)，前后形成Achances(機會)、Bresponses(反應)、C)【答案】 【考點】形容詞辨析題（考頻30次【解析】根據該空所在的句子意思可知：evolvingthanothergenes(比其他進化得)。該段第二句話中有：humanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years(人類進化在過去30000提速)。C選項faster與下文pickedpace(加速)是同意重現，故答案為【空格設置】此空是對形容詞詞意辨析的。結合上下文的句意和所給選項的形容詞詞意，難度不大。而且后面的一句話中的pickpace（提速）是關鍵線索提示詞。【干擾項排除】其他三個選項均和pickpace說表達的意思不相符合，可【答案】 【考點】動詞辨析題（考頻53次【解析】該空后面是一個由why引導的從句，再結合空格前面的主句部分“研究這一點有助于……”，可推知，此處是考查動詞和其后從句的搭配用法。根據語意。why引導的賓語從句，意為“人類進化在過去三萬得以加速的原因”，表示這一研究的結果和意義。能與這一賓語從句構成搭配的只有C選項undersand。其他幾個選項均不符合文意。【空格設置】該空的是動詞的詞意辨析和動詞后從句的搭配判斷【干擾項排除】A選項forecast是“預測，預示”之意why引導的從句無法搭配，從句說明的是人類在過去的進化，所以“預測”是不對的；B選項的remember是“記起”的意思，也排除；D選項的express是“表達”的意思，也不對。【答案】 【考點】形容詞辨析題（考頻30次factor(因素)所起到的作用。hep，pckpace這兩個詞表達的都是積極的含義，因此此處是一個褒義詞，因此正確答案為B選項conribuory“促成的；促進的；起作用的”。【空格設置】此空格的設置是為了形容詞的詞意辨析的。該形容詞修飾的名詞factor（因素，所以也要結合所給選項和句意來判斷【干擾項排除】Aunpredictable“不可預測的”Ddisruptive“破壞性的”都是貶義詞，不符合該句的邏輯關系，可排除；而C選項controllable“可控的”，與語意無關，【答案】 【考點】名詞辨析題（考頻38次D。【空格設置】該空需要填入一個名詞，前后的搭配如下：exinpeople’s tobefriend排”，都不能代入句中，來說明人們擇友時的行為特點，都可排除。【答案】 【考點】形容詞辨析題（考頻30次【解析】該空格應該是填入一個形容詞，修飾background，表示“人們擇友時的趨勢是選擇那些有著背景的人們”，結合文意，人們普遍希望和有相似背景的人。C選項ethnc意為“種族的，民族的”，是對上文中多次重復出現的genes，以及下文的theaepopulation的同意替換，所以ethncbackground(種族，血緣背景)才是正確答案；另外，后面一句話中的extraction一詞，也正是表示“血統，家世，出身”之意。【空格設置】該空是形容詞的詞意和搭配關系。其后的background是關鍵提示詞【干擾項排除】其他幾個選項political“政治的 的 經濟的文中均未提及到，也均不符合原文文意【答案】 【考點】固定搭配題（考頻27次【解析】eetha…是固定詞組，表示“確保，保證，務必……”，即該研究中所抽取的實驗都都擁有歐洲血統，(研究者們)仍然悉心確保所有的受訪者、朋友和陌生人都來自于同一生物群體(人群)。選項B“展示”,選項C“證明”，選項D“辨別”均無此含義，且不符合文意。【空格設置】該空格設置的是seethat的固定搭配用法，若不知道該詞組的用法，【干擾項排除】show(顯示，表明)，prove（證明，證實），l（告知，告訴，雖然這三個詞后面都可以接that引導的賓語從句，但是卻不能跟后面的句意銜接，形成通順的句SectionⅡReadingText【答案及解析】根據文章前兩段，西班牙國王胡安·卡洛 曾經擁有高公眾支持率在歐洲皇室中不受歡迎尷尬地與對手的關系緩解【答案】embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshavedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.”(在最近的歐洲中，令人尷尬的和共和黨的受歡迎程度，均迫使卡洛斯收回他的話并)。C選項中的“end…reign”是該句中“standdown”的同義置換詞組，且“embarrassment與導致卡洛斯退位的原因“embarrassingscandals”相呼應。故C是正確答案。【干擾項排除】A、B、 均屬于無中生有的信息，文中并沒有提及相應的內容歐洲君主得以繼續擔當國家首腦主要