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專四必備語法基本句型和句式剖析1.簡樸句/并列句/復合句2.五種基本句型3.統轄與約束:用這個方法分析更方便,特別是并列和修飾關系,可以更好的講清楚。Mywholelife,briefasitwas,hadbeenspentinthatbigoldhouse,gracefullytouchedwiththelaughterandtearsoffourgenerations.分清主干mywholelifehadbeenspent和修飾關系gracefullytouchedwiththelaughterandtearsoffourgenerations非限制性是定語從句,修飾thatbigoldhouseIseesuchadifferenceinNewYorkCity,forexample,fromwhenIfirstmovedheremorethan20yearsago:peoplerushingintoelevatorswithoutgivingthoseinsideachancetogetofffirst,neversaying“Thankyou.”whenothersholdadooropenforthem,or“Please.”whentheywantacoworkertohandthemsomething,nevergivingawaveornodofappreciationwhenanothermotoristletsthempulloutintotraffic.分清層次never與never并列,saying的賓語有兩個,由or連接,而people統轄的內容有三個rushinginto…,neversaying…,nevergiving…,并與此三個部分構成動名詞復合結構,相稱于說Isawasceneofpeoplerushing…
Itaddspricelesspanache(n.)toyourunderstandingofthewaypeoplebehave.注意addsth.to分割的狀況II.詞法部分名詞與代詞不可數名詞的量化表達修飾可數名詞復數:many,agood/greatmany,agood/great/largenumberof修飾不可數名詞:much,agreatdealof,alargeamountof兩者都可修飾:alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat/largequantityof,quantitiesof,alargesumof2)在漢語中可數,但在英語中為不可數名詞的某些詞advice,baggage(luggage),damage,equipment,furniture,homework,information,news...3)與所指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致如:Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.
4)that,one的指代作用that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞(如是復數,用those),后面通常跟有修飾語,如出現在比較結構中的thatof。如:Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.
one指代不確指的單數可數名詞,復數為ones。theone指代確指的單數可數名詞。如:Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.
合成不定代詞的習慣用語5)–thing代詞somethingof若干、多少、有些anythingbut并不,主線不nothingbut只但是,只有somethinglike有點像orsomething類似Mr.Smithisanengineerorsomething.Sheisnothingbutadancer.Hewasanythingbutpleasedwhenheheardthis.Noonevs.none6)noone只能指人,none可用于指人或物。noone=nobody,語氣比none強,后面不接of構成的短語;none通常與of連用作主語noone作主語時,謂語動詞用單數;none后接不可數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數;后接復數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞單復數均可。Noonewasintheclassroom.Noneofthemoneyonthedeskismine.Noneofusspeaks/speakJapanese.用于簡短回答時,none用來回答howmany或howmuch問句;noone或nobody用來回答who問句;而nothing則用來回答what問句;–Howmanyfishdidyoucatch??–None.–Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?–None.–Whowillgototheparty? ? –Noone./Nobody.–What’sinyourhand? –Nothing.2.冠詞1)定冠詞theManistheonlyanimalthatcantalk.Sheistheprettierofthetwo.Theyarepaidbythemonth.Hegrabbedmebythearmandpulledmeontothebus.Thericharenotalwayshappierthanthepoor.Thebeautifullivesforever.the+最高級/序數詞/only/same+名詞the+比較級+ofthetwobythe+計量單位(“按;以……計”)the+身體部位(表達身體某部位接受外來的動作)the+形容詞=復數普通名詞/抽象名詞3.介詞1)“排除”的表達法besides=inadditiontoexcept=but=otherthanexceptfor表達不同項目類別的對比和限制?Ypositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.?Themoviewasgoodexceptfortheending.exceptthat后接從句,“除…之外” Iknownothingabouthiscareerexceptthatheisagraduateofthisschool.apartfrom=asidefrom(AmE) 有時=besides,有時=except(for)此外,butfor“若不是,要不是”,一般使用虛擬語氣,與“排除”無關2)固定搭配tosb’sadvantage對某人有利findfaultwithsb.?挑某人的刺,找某人的碴兒putemphasison把重點放在compensationfor?對于……的補償beparticularabout?對……挑剔,過度講究bepopularwith受……歡迎inthelightof? 根據、按照withtheexceptionof?除……以外byvirtueof 由于、依靠regardlessof 不管、不顧4.形容詞1)修飾詞的詞序“限定詞+形容詞+名詞”詞組中限定詞+形容詞的排列順序。限定詞+一般描述性形容詞+表達大小、形狀的形容詞+表達年齡、新舊的形容詞+表達顏色的形容詞+表達國籍、地區、出處的形容詞+表達物質材料的形容詞+表達用途、類別的形容詞或名詞ExamplesWhenshegotherfirstmonthsalary,Dianaboughtherself___dress.A.acotton,blueexpensiveB.ablue,expensivecottonC.anexpensiveblue,cottonD.acotton,expensiveblue2)用連字號構成的形容詞中的名詞一般不用復數形式。Athree-dayjourney=athreedays’journeyAtwo-hourmeeting=atwohours’meeting3)Daily,weekly,yearly,monthly等一些以ly結尾的詞即可以是形容詞也可是副詞。AdailynewspaperGotovisitaplaceweeklyYearlyproduction(annual)ChangeyearlyAtamonthlyintervalGotoseeadoctor/adentistmonthly4)fast、long、well、enough等一些形容詞自身也可以做副詞用,不能再加ly。Thetrainisfast.Thetrainrunsfast.Thereisenoughwater.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.5)late,lately;hard,hardly有些形容詞加ly后意義不同,發生變化(late,lately;hard,hardly等)。SorryIamlate.Ihaven’tseenhimlately.Itishardtopredictwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Ifyouworkhard,chancesarethatyouwillachievesuccessinyourcareer.Itishardlytoomuchtosaythatwebenefitfromdoingsomepart-timejobs.6)表語形容詞有些形容詞只能做表語。(如表健康的ill、well和以前綴a開頭的形容詞alone,awake,aware,astir,ashore,asleep,alike,alive)Areyouawarethatyouareheadingfordanger?MymotherwasstillawakewhenIcameback.Iamliabletofallasleepduringboringlectures.下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞,注意用做系動詞時,規定形容詞做表語:remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。過去分詞用much修飾過去分詞充當的形容詞用much修飾/與very+adj的區別。Hewasmuchrespected.Thestorywasveryfunny.Iwasmuchexcited.Itisveryinteresting.7)too…to的兩種含義too...to表否認含義a.Itwastoocoldforustogoshopping.(=Itwassocoldthatwecouldn't...)(all/only)too…to表達肯定意義He‘sonlytoopleasedtohelpus.非常樂意/快樂幫助我們。Ishallbeonlytoohappytogowithyouthere.8)特殊形容詞有些形容詞(表達形狀)只有原級,不能用比較級和最高級形式(round、square)。尚有一些形容詞自身就表達“最佳,完美,獨一無二,最抱負的”等最高級意義,只有原級,不能用比較級和最高級形式(perfect,ideal,excellent,unique,favorite)。特殊形容詞少數的外來詞自身就有比較的含義,不能再加er或more…than,一般用介詞to引出比較對象。inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan。如:Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.Thisismuchsuperiorinqualitytothepreviousone.Sheisseniortomeinrank/inage.Priortothemeeting,Iattendedalecture.9)NoMore/lessVs.NotMore/lessHeisnomoreintelligentthanIam.Impliedmeaning:wetwoarenotveryclever.Wetwoarebothquitestupid.(cf.HeisnotmoreintelligentthanIam.)Impliedmeaning:Iwasmoreintelligentthanheis.HeislessintelligentthanIam.Iamquiteintelligentbutheisnot.Thisfilmisnomoreinterestingthantheonewesawlastweek.(cf.Thisfilmisnotmoreinterestingthantheonewesawlastweek.)no/notanymore…than…兩者同樣都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.no/notanyless…than…兩者同樣都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.10)enough的用法Ihavehadenoughwater.Ihavehadenough.Itisenough.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Doyouhaveenoughmoneytobuythebook?11)So,suchSo+adj.+a+noun.Such+a+adj.+noun.Eg.Itissointerestingastory.Itissuchaninterestingstory.不可數名詞只能用such修飾。SuchfineweatherSofineweather(X)12)so、too和enough的區別ThebookiserestingthatIreadittwice.Itistoohardformetounderstand.Heistoooldtobeaqualifiedsoldier.Thetextbookistooeasyforouruse.AmIqualifiedenoughtodothejob?Arethereenoughbooksavailable?13)比較級的形式注意事項形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞相應出現,即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結構。如:Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如:Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.比較級的修飾語如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,尚有表達倍數比較的詞等,他們的位置是:修飾語+as…as…,或修飾語+more…than…。如:Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”14)最高級形式應注意的問題比較級形式表達最高級意義時,比較對象的范圍應用:anyother+單數名詞theother+復數名詞
theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來將比較級結構轉變成最高級意義的關鍵詞語,切不可漏掉,否則會導致邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說:Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。
15)notsomuch…as…與其說……不如說……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.justas…so….正如……,……也……(用倒裝結構)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.16)AistoBwhatCistoDWateristofishwhatairistoman.17)muchtoo和toomuch的區別——Muchtoo+adj./adv.——Toomuch+noun.或用做代詞Thecoatismuchtooexpensive.Itcausedtoomuchpain.Ihavealreadyhadtoomuch.18)the+比較級,the+比較級
(越…越…)Absolutesecrecyisessential.Consequently,thefewerwhoareawareoftheplan,thebetter.Themore,thebetter.Themorequickly,thebetter.Themorehelearned,themoreeagerlyhewantedtolearn.Chancesarethatthemoreyoupractice,themoreyouperfect.(themorepracticeyoumake,themoreskillfulyouare.)19)the+最高級+in(of/among)Byfar,sheisthemostambitiousgirlamongallthestudentsIhaveevertaught.Tome,physicsisthemostdifficultsubjectinallthecoursesofferedinthecollege.Asfarasmanypeopleareconcerned(asfarasoccupationsareconcerned),teachingisthemostnobleprofessionofall.比較級+than+anyother/alltheotherSheismoreintelligentthanalltheotherstudentsinherclass.Heismoremischievousthananyotherboyintheneighborhood.Themanismoreknowledgeablethanalltheothermeninhiscompany.20)Nothing+is+形比較級+than再沒有比…更…Nothingismoreenjoyablethangoingoutforawalkafterabigsupper.Nothingismorevaluablethangoodhealth.Nothinggivestheoldmanmorehappinessthanraisingbirds.Nothingbenefitscollegestudentsmorethanconstantlytakingpartinsocialpracticetoadaptthemselvestothesociety(togainsomesocialexperience).21)倍數+as+原級+as+被比對象Theirnewhouseistwiceaslargeastheirpreviousone.Theelectricalbicyclerunstwiceasfast/quicklyascommonbikes.倍數+比較級+than+被比對象Thefactoryproducesthreetimesmorecarsthantheotherone.Thepassageistwicelongerthantheonewediscussedlastweek.倍數+the+表數量大小的名詞+of+被比對象或that/thoseofThesizeoftheapartmentisthreetimesthatofthehousetheyusedtolivein/inhabit.Thenumberofstudentswhofailedinthefinalexamthistermistwicethatofthestudentslastterm.Theroomsinthishotelaresixtimesthoseofthesmallinn.22)連詞than引導比較狀語從句,有時省去部分謂語,保存了主語和助動詞,此時助動詞可以移到主語前。如: Johndrivesmuchmorecarefullythandoeshisfather.(=thanhisfatherdrives)連詞than引導比較狀語從句,常省去主語,保存謂語部分,這種結構多見于正式文體中。如:?Don’teatmorethanisgoodforyou.23)同根形容詞ConsiderableConsiderateHistoric(歷史上重要的)HistoricalConfidentConfidentialFavorableFavoriteIndustrialIndustriousComparativeComparable(可比的)IncredibleIncredulous(不輕信的)Continual(連續不斷的)Continuous(連續的)EconomicEconomical5.副詞1)頻率副詞的位置always,often,frequently,seldom,never,ever,usually,rarely,occasionally,nosooner,hardly,scarcely等以及just,shortly等其他副詞必須放在助動詞、情態動詞或be動詞與實義動詞之間。在省略結構中,這些副詞必須放在助動詞、情態動詞或be動詞之前。ExamplesWe___ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.A.justhavehadB.havejusthadC.justhadhadD.hadjusthadSanFranciscoisusuallycoolinthesummer,butLosAngeles____.A.israrelyB.rarelyisC.hardlyisD.isscarcely2)限度副詞的位置限度副詞的位置通常放在所修飾的詞前面,如very,much,almost,hardly,nearly,awfully,fairly,rather等。但enough必須放在所修飾詞的后面。HowIwishJohnrecognizedthefactthathe___inthewrong.A.isalwaysnearlyB.alwaysisnearlyC.isnearlyalwaysD.nearlyisalways3)評注性副詞的位置對全句進行修飾的評注性副詞如actually,fortunately,surely,certainly,briefly通常放在句首,并用逗號隔開。Not____,theprocessofchoosingnamesvarieswidelyfromculturetoculture.(93.6)A.obviouslyB.particularlyC.surprisinglyD.normally6.時態、語態
時態、語態需要掌握的要點:1)表達將來時的形式:
(1)在時間、條件、讓步從句中,一般現在時代替將來時,但要注意區別從句的類型,如:I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句)比較:I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中,謂語動詞用一般現在時代替將來時,如:Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)2)完畢時是時態測試的重點,注意與完畢時連用的句型和時間狀語:
(1)by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+表達過去發生情況的從句,主句用過去完畢時。如:Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表達192023時已發生的情況)
(2)by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現在時的從句,主句用將來完畢時。如:BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數字)years/days/months,主句用現在完畢時,但在itis+具體時間since/before這一句型中,主句更多的時候不用完畢時。如:Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中,謂語動詞常用現在完畢時。如:
Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…句型中,主句常用過去完畢時。
3)完畢進行時指動作在完畢時的基礎上還要繼續下去。如:
Thecompanyhasmisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.
時態、語態答題思緒:(1)先根據選項的區別點擬定考題要點為時態,然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語,縮小選擇范圍,進而選出對的答案;(2)根據謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關系,擬定句子是積極語態還是被動語態。
7.不定式
1)不定式做主語(1)引導邏輯主語的介詞:不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導,但下列表達人的性格行為特性的形容詞做表語時,不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導:absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如:Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(2)不定式做主語補足語:掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表達的動作發生的時間,并采用相應形式。如:besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.
2)不定式做賓語掌握規定接不定式做賓語的動詞:afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。如:Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.
3)不定式做定語(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數詞、形容詞最高級或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定詞時,該名詞用不定式做定語。如:thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個登上月球的女性(2)假如其動詞規定不定式做賓語,相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如:tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.
(3)假如其形容詞形式規定接不定式做補語,相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如:ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”curiositytodo
“對……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“對……好奇”abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.
(4)表達方式、因素、時間、機會、權利等名詞用不定式做定語,這些名詞涉及:way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運動),effort等。如:IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習慣上用不定式做定語。如:Thoughwehavemadegrgress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.
4)不定式做狀語不定式做狀語重要表達目的、限度、結果、方式。(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結構引導目的狀語,soasto不能置于句首。如:(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to結構做限度狀語。如:Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做結果狀語只能出現在句子的末尾,表達不快樂的結果,有時用only加強語氣。常見的不定式動詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如:Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表達肯定意義。如:Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息,我太快樂了。8.動名詞
1)必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞牢記下列規定接動名詞做賓語的動詞:acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如:Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.
2)動名詞做介詞短語考生特別要辨認下列短語中的to是介詞,不是不定式符號:objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如:9.分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應清楚:●現在分詞表達積極,表達動作在進行。●過去分詞表達被動,表達動作結束了的狀態或結果。
1)分詞做定語,弄清現在分詞與過去分詞的區別分詞短語做定語相稱于省略了的定語從句,考生應掌握:(1)現在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有積極意義。如:It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相稱于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相稱于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相稱于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如:Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.
(相稱于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.
(相稱于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.
(相稱于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義:deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如:anescapedprisoner一個逃犯??aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一個褪了色的窗簾?anewlyarrivedstudent一個新來的學生
2)分詞做狀語,注意區分分詞的一般式與完畢式
(1)表達時間,多置于句首,注意假如分詞表達的動作的時間先于謂語動詞,要用完畢式。如:Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.
(complete先于start之前發生)
(2)表達因素,置于句首句尾均可,根據情況有時要用完畢式,有時用一般式。如:Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表達隨著、方式,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylost
totheoutsideworld.(4)表達結果,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表達補充說明(同位),置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.
3)分詞的獨立主格結構分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語,否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語,稱為分詞獨立主格結構。分詞獨立主格結構只是句子的一個部分。如:Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.
10.非謂語動詞的其他考點
1)接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以,但在意思上有區別的動詞的用法meantodo想要(做某事)
proposetodo打算(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)
proposedoing建議(做某事)forgettodo忘掉(要做的事)
remembertodo記得(要做某事)forgetdoing忘掉(已做的事)
rememberdoing記得(已做過的事)goontodo繼而(做另一件事)
stoptodo停下來去做另一件事goondoing繼續(做本來的事)
stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo(對將要做的事)遺憾
regretdoing(對已做過的事)后悔
2)不定式的習慣用法句型:cannothelpbutdo
cannotbutdocannotchoosebutdo
candonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如:Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.
3)動名詞的習慣用法句型:bebusy/activedoingsth.
havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.
haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.
Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.
Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
4)therebe非謂語動詞的用法(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的連續規定。如:Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect規定接不定式做賓語)(2)做目的狀語或限度狀語時用fortheretobe,做其他狀語用therebeing。如:Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.?? ? ? ???(fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語)Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做限度狀語)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做因素狀語)(3)引導主語用fortheretobe。如:Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語,用therebeing。如:Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.
11.虛擬語氣
1)主從句謂語動詞的時態(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規范搭配:
主句從句與現在事實相反would/情態動詞過去式+dowere(不分人稱)/did與過去事實相反would/情態動詞過去式+havedonehaddone與將來事實相反would/情態動詞過去式+doshoulddo/weretodo如:Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.(2)區分主從句表達的不同時間概念:主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同,這叫做錯綜時間條件句,動詞形式應根據實際情況來調整。如:Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句與現在事實相反,從句與過去事實相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句與現在事實相反,從句與過去事實相反)(3)辨認事實和假設混合句:Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.? ???(句子前半部分為假設情況,而“父母病了”是事實)
Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek. ? ?(前半部分為假設,后半部分是事實)
2)名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表達虛擬。考生應熟悉:
(1)下列動詞做謂語時,that賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式:desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如:Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時,that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式:advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如:Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時,從句中動詞用虛擬形式:insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如:JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.
3)含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設條件不通過if從句表達,而是暗含在其他結構中。考生應熟悉:(1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse;副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表達轉折假設。如:Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介詞短語暗含假設條件,常用的有:without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如:ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完畢式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如:Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態動詞完畢式暗示虛擬語氣。如:Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.
4)常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完畢式表達虛擬的句型:wouldrather
wouldassoon
asthough
suppose…hadrather
wouldsooner
asif
supposing…Ifonly…
Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動詞只用過去式)如:Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與現在事實相反)
Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實相反)相稱于butfor。如:Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…謂語動詞視情況選用適當的形式。如:Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如:Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be的原形,引導讓步虛擬從句,這種用法經常采用倒裝結構。如:Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.
12.情態動詞注意情態動詞完畢式的用法有兩方面的含義:
1)表達已經發生的情況(1)musthave+過去分詞,表達對已發生情況的肯定推測,譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如:MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)can’t/couldn’thave+過去分詞,表達對已發生情況的否認推測,譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。如:Marycouldn’thav
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