UNIT4republicn.共和國，共和政體newlyindependentrepublics新獨立的共和國malarian.瘧疾deadlyadj.致命的；十足的，徹底的adeadlyweapon/disease致命的武器/疾病deadlypoison劇毒deadlyserious/dull極其嚴肅認真/乏味survivaln.生存，存活；殘存物，幸存事物Lifebecameastruggleforsurvival.survivevt.&vi.幸免遇難，幸存；生存，存活；比…活的時間長survivorn.生存者；殘存者；幸存者surviveon...依靠……生活survivesb.by... 比某人多活……Luckily,vincen.省，省份broadadj.廣泛的；寬闊的，廣闊的；概括的；開闊的inbroadterms大體上說broadandwide全部；全體abroadstreet/river寬廣的街道/河流abroadsmile咧嘴笑intendvt.&vi.想要，計劃；意指intendtodo/doingsth.打算做某事intendsbtodo打算讓某人做某事Heintendstostudy/studyingabroadnextyear.他打算明年去國外留學。hadintendedtodosth./intendedtohavedone本打算做某事intendedadj.打算的，計劃的beintendedfor為……打算(或設計)的beintendedtodo...打算做……Tentionn.[U,C]意圖;目的;企圖havetheintentiontodosth./ofdoingsth.有……目的/打算withtheintentionof抱有……目的/打算byintention故意地extractn.提取物；選錄vt.提取；選錄；取出；設法得到Thefollowingextractistakenfromhernewnovel.下面一段摘自她的新小說。Heextractedasmallnotebookfromhishippocket.他從屁股兜里摸出一個小筆記本。herbn.藥草，香草；草本referto（referred-referred,referring）查閱，參考；提到，談及Hermotherneverreferredtohimagain.Thisparagraphreferstotheeventsoflastyear.refertoadictionary=looksth.upinthedictionaryreferto...as把……看作/稱作...refer...to....把…提交給...referencen.提及；查閱，參考；推薦信；介紹人make(a)referenceto查閱，參考；提到，談及in/withreferenceto關于forreference以備查閱；以供參考experimentn.實驗，試驗；嘗試，實踐vi.做實驗，進行試驗；嘗試do/perform/conductanexperiment做實驗experimenton對...進行試驗；試用trialn.試用，試驗；審訊，審判；考驗vi.&vt.測試，試驗Sheagreedtoemploymeforatrialperiod.她同意我試用一段時間。ontrial在試驗中；在受審stand/goontrial 受到審判trialanderror 反復試驗limitedadj.有限的Wearedoingourbestwiththelimitedresourcesavailable.limitvt./n.[C]限制limit...to...把……限定在……belimitedto局限于……Theteacherlimitedhisstudentsto500wordsfortheircompositions.beyondthelimit超過限度withoutlimit無限制地setalimitto設...的限度thereisa/nolimitto... ……是有/沒有限度的limitlessadj.無限制的，無止境的householdadj.家庭的，家用的，家務的n.一家人，家庭householdgoods家庭用品；日用商品ahouseholdname/word家喻戶曉（十分出名）的名字/詞containern.容器；集裝箱；貨柜Thiscontainercanholdacanoffruit.這個容器能裝一罐水果。containvt.包含；容納；容忍；控制，克制containoneself克制自己Thegirlwenttopickupthebagcontainingmuchmoney.postponevt.延遲，延期postponesth(to/untilsth)將某物推遲到...postponedoingsth推遲做某事Wewillhavetopostponethemeetingto/untilnextweek.Let’spostponemakingadecisionuntilwehavemoreinformation.sufficientadj.足夠的，充足的Insufficientadj.sufficientcondition充分條件havesufficientknowledgeforthework有足夠的知識應付工作besufficienttodosth/forsthIs￡100sufficientforyourexpenses?Themoneyisnotsufficienttocovereverythingthatneedsdoing.datan.數據，資料，材料dataprocessing數據處理dataanalysis數據分析speedup（使）加速ataspeedof...以……的速度atlow/high/full/topspeed以低/高/全/最高速pickupspeed加速Ihadalreadytakenstepstospeedupasolutiontotheproblem.我已經采取措施加快解決這個問題。payoff成功，奏效，達到目的payoff得到好結果，取得成功；償清，還清;付清工資后解雇，遣散payoff表示“得到回報”時，無被動語態，且一般用表示事物的名詞作主語；表示“償清”時，用人作主語。Itwilltakehimtherestofhislifetopayoffthatloan.那筆貸款將需要他的余生才能還清。Theireffortspaidoffintheend.他們的努力最終有了回報。payfor為……付錢；為……付出代價payback還錢；報復；回報errorn.錯誤，差錯throughtrialanderror反復試驗Mostinventionsaremadethroughtrialanderror.大部分發明都要經過反復的實驗才能成功.wisdomn.智慧，知識，學問；才智；明智wiseadj.明智的→wiselyadv.明智地inone’swisdom以某人的智慧Thegovernmentinitswisdomhasdecidedtosupporttheban.Thereceivedwisdomisthattheycannotwin.beneficialadj.有益的，有用的Beingexposedtoaforeigncultureisbeneficialforustolearnthelocallanguage.在外國文化環境中熏陶有利于我們學習當地語言。benefitv.對……有用，使受益n.益處benefitfrom/by得益于，得利于beofbenefitto=bebeneficialto對……有益，對……有用forsb.'sbenefit＝forthebenefitofsb.為了某人的利益conductvi.&vt.組織，實施；指揮；引導；舉止conductasurvey/anexperiment進行調查/實驗conductoneselfwell/badly（行為）表現好/差TheconcertconductedbyAndrewturnedouttobeverysuccessful.Heconductedaudiencetotheirseats.conductn.[U]行為，舉止；管理方法Therewasgrowingcriticismofthegovernment'sconductofthewar.illustratevt.說明，解釋；加插圖于illustratethat說明...illustrate...with...用...詮釋...illustrationn.圖表，插圖；示例penicillinn.青霉素，盤尼西林mould(AmEmold)n.霉菌；模具；類型vt.澆鑄；塑造bacterian.(sing.bacterium)細菌surroundvt.圍繞，環繞；包圍；與...緊密相關surround...with...使……包圍……besurroundedby/with...被……包圍surroundingadj.周圍的surroundingsn.環境,周圍的事物indicatevt.表明；暗示；提及；指出indicationn.表明；標示；顯示；象征indicatetosbthat向某人暗示...accidentn.意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇haveanaccident出事故trafficaccidents交通事故Itisnoaccidentthat...絕非偶然byaccident偶然，意外地intelligentadj.有才智的，聰明的；有智力的intelligencen.智力；聰明intelligentsoftware/systems智能軟件/系統apersonofhighintelligence智力高的人favour(AmEfavor)vt.較喜歡；偏袒；有助于n.幫助，好事；贊同；偏袒Thewarmclimatefavoursmanytypesoftropicalplants.溫暖的氣候對多種熱帶植物生長有利。asksb.afavour(＝askafavourofsb.)求某人幫一個忙doafavourforsb.(＝dosb.afavour)幫某人一個忙infavourof贊成，支持；主張inone’sfavour對某人有利Wouldanyonesaythatdevelopmentshouldbestoppedinfavourofnature?有人說為了保護自然就應該停止經濟發展嗎?favourableadj.有利的；贊許的；給人好印象的politiciann.政治家，從政者；投機鉆營者politicsn.政治politicaladj.政治的;政黨的lightningn.閃電electricityn.電，電能theelectricitysupply電力供應electricadj.電的；發電的；電動的electricaladj.用電的;與電有關的anelectriccurrent/charge電流/電荷electricalequipment電氣設備theoryn.學說，論；原理；看法，意見intheory從理論上說;照理說thunderstormn.雷雨，雷暴ribbonn.帶子，絲帶；帶狀物metaln.金屬chargevi.&vt.充電；收費；控告；譴責；使...承擔責任；使充滿n.收費；控告；譴責；掌管chargesbforsth為某物向某人收取費用Wewon'tchargeyoufordelivery.chargesbwith(doing)sth=accusesbof（doing）sth控告某人做某事Hewaschargedwithmurder.takechargeof掌管；負責inchargeof控制；管理inthechargeof=inone’scharge被...所管理Theteacherisinchargeoftheclass.=Theclassisinthechargeoftheteacher.freeofcharge=forfree免費electricadj.電的，發電的，電動的bangn.突然的巨響；猛敲，猛擊vi.&vt.砸；砰地關上；猛摔；碰撞bangsthdown猛摔某物bangsthon/againststh把..摔到...上withabang很成功；引人注目，有強烈影響Thepartywentwithabang.聚會十分圓滿。standoutadj.突出的n.突出的人（或物）outstandingadj.杰出的，優秀的，出色的anstandout/outstandingplayer杰出的運動員standout突出Sheisthesortofpersonwhostandsoutinacrowd.atomicadj.原子能的；原子的bombn.炸彈；核武器vt.轟炸abombgoesoff/explodes炸彈爆炸abombattack/explosion轟炸/炸彈爆炸eviln.罪惡，罪行；害處，壞處adj.惡毒的；有害的；惡魔的involvevt.包含；牽涉，影響；（使）參加involvementn.參與；卷入be/getinvolvedin牽涉，牽連，卷入Howmanyvehicleswereinvolvedinthecrash?這次撞車事故涉及多少輛汽車？involvesbin(doing)sth使某人參與（做）某事Parentsshouldinvolvethemselvesintheirchild'seducation.父母應當參與孩子的教育。scientificadj.科學的，關于科學的；細致嚴謹的creditn.[U]贊揚，認可；信用vt.存入金額；把..歸于toone’scredit某人值得贊揚/欽佩beacredittosb/sth為某人/某物爭光/贏得了榮譽dosbacredit=docredittosb使某人值得表揚acreditcard信用卡oncredit賒賬becreditedwith因為...有功勞becreditedto應歸功于...moraladj.道德的；道義上的；品行端正的n.品行，道德；寓意moralityn.道德；道德準則traditionalmoralvalues傳統的道德觀念mattersofpublic/privatemorality公眾/個人道德問題Thedeclineinstandardsofpersonalmorality個人道德標準的下降applyvi.&vt.應用；申請；涂；有關appliedadj.應用的applicationn.申請(書);應用applicantn.申請人apply...to...把...應用于/將...涂抹在...上applyto...for...向……申請Applythecreamsparinglytoyourfaceandneck.Hisprojectisconcernedwithapplyingthetechnologytopracticalbusinessproblems.applyoneselfto(=beappliedto)致力于/專心于……applyto...適用于...negatevt.取消，使無效；否認，否定intellectualadj.腦力的；有才智的，智力發達的n.知識分子，腦力勞動者intellectualcuriosity求知欲anintellectualnovel推理小說mysteryn.神秘；神秘的人（或事物）’懸疑作品mysteriousadj.神秘的;難以理解的remainamystery仍然是個謎letsbdown使某人失望letout發出（聲音）Iamafraidshewillletusdownbadly.恐怕她會讓我們大失所望。ignorancen.無知inignoranceofsth不知道某事outofignorance出于無知Childrenoftenbehavebadlyoutof/throughignorance.兒童往往出于無知而不守規矩。ignorantadj.無知的；愚昧的beignorantof/aboutsth不知道某事asto關于，至于asfor=withregardto=withrespectto至于，關于I'minapuzzleastowhattodonext.對于下一步該做什么我也不知道.takeitforgranted想當然地認為；認為...是理所應當的takesthforgranted=takeitforgrantedthat...Don'ttakeitforgrantedthatyourparentswillexcuseyou.不要認為父母原諒你是理所當然的事.freedomn.自由freeadj.自由的；免費的；空閑的v.擺脫；使自由havethefreedomtodosth有做某事的自由freedomofspeech言論自由befreetodosth隨心所欲做某事freesbfrom/ofsth使某人擺脫...authorityn.權威，權力；官方peopleinpositionsofauthority當權者havetheauthoritytodosth有權做某事Thelocalauthority地方政府部門under/ontheauthorityofsb在某人的授權下permitvi.&vt.(permitted-permitted,permitting)允許，準許，許可；使有可能n.許可證permitsb.（todo）sth...允許某人（做）某事permitdoingsth.允許做某事permitsb.sth.允許某人做某事applyforapermit申請許可證permissionn.準許；許可askforpermission請求許可withoutpermission未經許可Weather/Timepermitting,...天氣/時間允許,……responsibilityn.責任，負責；職責，義務responsibleadj.有責任的，應負責的irresponsi