AdverbialClausesofTimeUnit4Grammar(1)時間狀語從句：引導時間狀語從句的連詞有：when,while,as,before,after,till,until,since,assoonas,themoment,immediately,everytime,nexttime,thefirsttime,once等。

when,while,as表“當...時”的異同

：

相同點: 當從句的謂語是延續性動詞時，三者常 可互換i.e.

When/While/Aswewerestilllaughing,theteachercamein.

不同點: 1)when既表“時間段”又表“時間點”(=duringor atthetimethat),從句中動詞既可是終止性的， 也可是持續性的，還可表“正在這時”i.e.(1).WhenIarrivedthere,theywerewatching TV.

(2).

WhenIwasyoung,Ilikedsingingand dancing.

2)while只表“時間段”(=duringthetimethat),從句中動詞只限于持續性動詞，它有時含對照之意，表“然”而i.e. (1)Hefellasleepwhilehewasstudyinghisgrammarbook.

3)as用法與when相似，但它側重動作的同時性，表“一邊...一邊...”，還表“隨著”i.e. (1)Theytalkedastheywalked. (2)Astimegoesby,wegetwiser.1.when---正在…的時候，突然…

IwaswalkingalongthestreetwhenImethim.Oneevening,littleHanswassittingnearthefirewhen

heheardaloudknockatthedoor.Iwasabouttofallasleepwhen

mysistercamein.Hehadjustgotbackhomewhen

thetelephonerang.我正準備告訴他那個秘密，這時有人拍了拍我的肩膀。Iwasabouttotellhimthesecretwhensomeonepattedmeontheshoulder.Ihadhardlygothomewhenitbegantorain.HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.1.Hetransplantedthelittletreetothegarden______itwasthebesttimeforit.

A.whereB.whenC.that D.until2.---DidJackcomebackearlylastnight?---Yes.Itwasnotyeteighto’clock____hearrivedhome.

A.beforeB.whenC.that D.until3.Hewasabouthalfwaythroughhismeal______afamiliarvoicecametohisears.

A.why B.whereC.whenD.while1)ThecostoflivinginGlasgowisamongthelowestinBritain,______thequalityoflifeisprobablyoneofthehighest.

A.since B.whenC.as D.while2)______Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.

A.While B.SinceC.BeforeD.Unless2.連接詞while的用法小結

1)while引導的動作必須是持續性的，側重主句動作和從句動作相對比。如：Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.2)while作為并列連詞，意為“而，卻”，表示對比。3)while可表示盡管，相當于although。

While

IwaswaitingforTom,threebuseswentby.Idoeverysinglebitofhousework,whilemyhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.While

modelingbusinessisbynomeanseasytogetinto,thegoodmodelwillalwaysbeindemand.

when/whiledoing:1)When/WhileIwaslookingthroughthepaper,InoticedafewgrammaticalmistakesWhen/Whilelookingthroughthepaper,Inoticedafewgrammaticalmistakes.2)Whilehewaswanderingthroughthesquare,hecaughtsightofasnake-charmerWhilewanderingthroughthesquare,hecaughtsightofasnake-charmerwhen/whiledoneWhenweweretakenroundthecity,wewereimpressedbythecity'snewlook.Whentakenroundthecity,wewereimpressedbythecity'snewlook.3.not…until---直到……才Hedidn’tgetoffthebusuntilitstopped.Notuntilthebusstoppeddidhegetoffit.Itwasnotuntilthebusstoppedthathegotoffit.直到被送入手術間時，他才明白遵守交通規則的重要性。Hedidn'trealizetheimportanceofobservingthetrafficregulationsuntilhewassentintotheoperatingroom.1.---Washisfatherverystrictwithhimwhenhewasatschool?---Yes.Hehadneverpraisedhim___hebecameoneofthetopstudentsinhisgrade.A.after B.unlessC.until D.when2.Agoodstorytellermustbeabletoholdlisteners’curiosity___hereachestheendofthestory.A.whenB.unlessC.afterD.until3.Itwasnot___shetookoffherdarkglasses___Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when;thatB.until;that C.until;when D.when;then小結：till,until和not…until：1.until/till引導時間狀語從句用于肯定句時，主句的動詞是延續性動詞，表示動作或狀態一直持續到until/till所表示的時間，意為“某動作一直延續到某時間點才停止”。如：

Wewaiteduntilhecame.

2．用于否定句時，主句謂語動詞是非延續性動詞，從句為肯定，意為“某動作直到某時間才開始”。如：

Theboywon’tgotobedtill/untilhismumreturns.3．till不可以置于句首，而until可以。如：

UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofit.4．not…until句型中的強調和倒裝說法：

ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIhadanyideaofit.NotuntilyoutoldmedidIhaveanyideaofit.4.before---在……之前HeranoffbeforeIcouldstophim.現在就做，免得你忘記了。Doitnowbeforeyouforgetit.幾個星期過去了我才意識到那幅畫丟了。SeveralweekshadgonebybeforeIrealizedthepaintingwasmissing.ItwasnotlongbeforeIforgotitall.五年后我們才會再見面呢。Itwillbefiveyearsbeforewemeetagain.我們將作進一步的討論，然后再作出最終的結論。Wewillhaveafurtherdiscussionbeforewedraw/makeafinalconclusion.1.Hemadeamistake,butthenhecorrectedthesituation___itgotworse.

A.until B.whenC.beforeD.as2.Scientistssayitmaybefiveorsixyears____itispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.

A.since B.after C.beforeD.when3.---Whydidn’tyoutellhimaboutthemeeting?---Herushedoutoftheroom___Icouldsayaword.

A.beforeB.until C.when D.after4.Itisalmostfiveyears___wesaweachotherlasttime.

A.beforeB.sinceC.after D.because

連接詞before的小結：Wehadsailedfourdaysandfournightsbeforewesawland.Wehadn’trunamilebeforehefelttired.Pleasewriteitdownbeforeyouforgetit.BeforeIcouldgetinaword,hehadmeasuredme.Before從句中謂語不用否定式。如：Beforetheyreachedthestation,thetrainhadgone.1)句型Itwillbe/was＋段時間＋before…“還要過多久才…”

Itwillbetwoyearsbeforeheleavesthecountry.2)句型Itwillbe/wasnot＋段時間＋before…“不多久就…”Itwasn’ttwoyearsbeforeheleftthecountry.3)句型Itis＋段時間＋since…時間的計算一律從since從句的動作完成或狀態結束時算起。Itisthreeyearssinceshewasinthearmy.Itisthreeyearssinceshejoinedthearmy.1)Applyitafterwettingyourhairwithwarmwater.Youapplyitafteryouwetyourhairwithwarmwater2)Aftershampooing,squeezeouttheextrawaterandapplyconditioner.Afteryoushampoo,yousqueezeouttheextrawaterandapplyconditioner3)Afterwashingouttheshampoo,applytheconditionerandcombitintoyourhair...Afteryouwashouttheshampoo,youapplytheconditionerandcombitintoyourhair...4)Beforetheywereshownaroundit,thevisitorswatchedavideoaboutthemuseum.Beforebeingshownaroundit,thevisitorswatchedavideoaboutthemuseum.before/afterdoing/beingdone5.since---自從……,通常主句用現在完成時IhaveneverbeenthereagainsinceIgraduatedfromtheuniversity.Thecaptainhastraveledalmosteverywhereintheworldsincehebecameapilot.Itisjustaweeksincewearrivedhere.---HaveyouknownMr.Smithforalongtime?---Yes,sincehe____ourBadmintonClub.A.hasjoinedB.joinsC.hadjoinedD.joinedIhaveknownhimeversincehewasaboy.Hehadworkedheresincehehadgraduatedfromtheuniversity.Itis(hasbeen)twoyearssince hecamehere.Itwas(hadbeen)twoyearssincehehadcomehere.6.nosooner…than---一……就……Hehadnosoonerfallenasleepthanheheardaknockonthedoor.(nosooner…than…用于句首要求倒裝)Nosoonerhadhefallenasleepthanheheardaknockonthedoor.Hardly…when…Scarcely…when…他剛離開家，天就開始下雨了。(Hardly)Hardlyhadhelefthomewhenitbegantorain.7.assoonas---DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?---Yes,IgaveherthemomentIsawher.一些詞，如themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than等也可引導一個時間狀語從句，相當于assoonas的意思。Ididn’twaitamoment,butcameimmediatelyyoucalled.一些含有time的名詞短語，如everytime,eachtime,nexttime,bythetime,thefirsttime等，以及theday,theyear,themorning等，也可引導一個時間狀語從句。Thedayhereturnedhome,hisfatherwasalreadydead.Nexttimeyoucome,pleasebringyourcomposition.8.Thefirsttime等Ithoughtherniceandhonest____Imether.A.firsttimeB.forthefirsttimeC.thefirsttimeD.bythefirsttime

Unit4Grammar(2)AdverbialClausesofReason原因狀語從句because,as,since,nowthat,和consideringthat,seeingthat這六個連詞都用于表示表示原因,但在語氣上一個比一個弱.IcamebacklateyesterdaybecauseIwasonduty.Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.As

hedidn’tknowmuchEnglish,helookedupthewordinthedictionary.Hemustbeill,forheisabsentfromthemeeting.1.由于準備充分，他在面試中一點也不緊張。(not…atall)Becausehewaswell-prepared,hedidn’tfeelnervousatallduringtheinterview.2.____you'vegotachance,youmightaswellmakefulluseofit.A.NowthatB.AfterC.AlthoughD.Assoonas

3.____everybodyknowsaboutit,Idon'twanttotalkaboutitanymore.A.ForB.EvenC.SinceD.However4.Didhecome____hewantedhelp?A.sinceB.asC.becauseD.nowthat1.Itwas____itwastooexpensivethatIdidn’tbuyit.A.si