中醫基礎理論（中英文對照）/index/TCM/index.htmPartOne:RADITIONAL-CHINESEMEDICINEWITHALONGHISTORY第一部分:歷史悠久的中國傳統醫學TraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)hasahistoryofseveralyears.Itsorigincanbetracedbacktoremoteantiquity.Inalongcourseofstrugglingagainstdiseases,TCMevolvedintoauniqueandintegratedtheoreticalsystcmofTCM.ItisanimportantpartofChineseculture.Morethan2,000yearsago,cameoutHuangdi'sClassiconMedicine(HuangDiNeijing),whichistheearliestmedicalclassicextantinChina.Itconsistsoftwoparts—BasicQuestions(SuWen)andMiraculousPivot(LingShu),eachcomprising)ninevolumes,eachofwhich,inturn,containsninechapters,totalingupto162chapters.Thebookgivesacompleteandsystematicexpositiontothefollowingvarioussubjects:therelationshipbetweenmanandnature,thephysiologyandpathologyofthehumanbody,andthediagnosis,treatmentandpreventionotdiseases.Italsousesthetheoriesofyin-yangandthefiveelementstodealfullywiththeprinciplesoftreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)accordingtotheclimatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution.Hence(givingexpression)totheholisticconceptoftakingthehumanbodyasanorganicwholeandtakingthehumanbodywiththesurroundingenvironmentastheintegrity.ItlaidapreliminaryfoundationforthetheoreticalformationofTCM.AfterHuangdi'sClassiconMedicineanotherclassicofmedicine,ClassiconMedicalProblems(NanJing),wasgivenbirthtotheworldbeforetheEasternHanDynasty.ThebookdealsmainlywiththebasictheoryofTCM,suchasphysiology,pathology,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseasesandsoon.ItsupplementedwhatHuangdi'sClassiconMedicinelacked.Fromthenon,manymedicalschoolsandvariousclassicsonmedicinewerebroughtintobeinginsuccession,eachhavingitsownstrongpoints.中醫有著幾千年的歷史,起源可追溯至遠古時代。在長期與疾病的斗爭中，中醫演化200099章，總計162章。該書對人和自然的關系、人體的生理及病理、疾病的預防和診治等方面進行了ShenNong'sHerbal(ShenNongBenCaoJing),alsoknownasClassicontheHerbal(BenCaoJing)orTheHerbal(BenCao),istheearliestbookonmateriamedicainChina,whichappearedinabouttheQin-HanPeriodwithitsauthorshipunknown.Notonlydoesitlist365medicinalitem—amongwhich252areherbs,67areanimals,and46areminerals,butalsodividesthemintothree gradesaccordingtotheirdifferentpropertiesandeffects.Thebookalsogivesabriefaccountofpharmacologicaltheories—principal(jun),adjuvant(chenassistant(zuo)andguide(shi);harmonyinsevenemotions(qiqinghehe),fourpropertiesofmedicinalherbs(siqi)andfivetastesofmedicinalherbs(wuwei).《神農本草》(亦稱“本草經”或“本草”)是中國最早的藥物學專著。它出現于秦漢365種藥物(25267種，礦物類46種)本原則(君、臣、佐、使)和七情與藥物的四氣五味相和的原則。IntheHanDynasty(3rdcenturyAD),ZhangZhongjing,anoutstandingphysician,wroteTreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases(ShangHanZaBingLun),whichisdividedintotwobooksbylatergenerations,oneisentitled"TreatiseonFebrileDiseases",(ShangHanLun),theotherSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenCabinet(JinKuiYaoLue).ThebookestablishedthepnricipleofTDS(TreatmentofDifferentiationSyndromes；TechnicalDataSystem技術數據系統),therebylayingafoundationforthedevelopmentofclinicalmedicine.漢朝(3世紀)的張仲景是一位著名的醫家，著有《傷寒雜病論IntheWesternJinDynasty.HuangFumi,afamousphysician,compiledA-BClassicofAcupunctureandMoxibustion(ZhenJiuJiaYiJing)Thebookconsistsof12volumeswith128chapters,including349acupoints.Itistheearliestextantworkdealingexclusivelywithacupunctureandmoxibustionandoneofthemostinfluentialworksinthehistoryofacupunctureandmoxibustion.12128349穴位。它是現存最早的針灸學專著，也是針灸史上最具影響力的著作之一。TheSuiandTangDynastiescameintotheirowninfeudaleconomyandculture.In610ChaoYpiledGeneralTreatiseontheEtiologyandSymptomology.Thebookgaveanextensiveandminutedescriptionoftheetiologyandsymptomsofvariousdiseases.ItistheearliestextantclassiconetiologyandsymptomsinChina.In657AD,SuJingtogetherwith20otherscholars,compiledNewly-RevisedMateriaMedica(XinXiuBenCao),whichis the first pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in ancient China, and the earliestpharmacopoeiaintheworldaswell.SunSimiao(581-682AD)devotedallhislifetowritingoutthetwobooks:ValuablePrescriptionsforEmergencies(BeiJiQianJinYaoFang)andSupplementtoValuablePrescriptions(QianJinYiFang).Thehooksdealwithgeneralmedicaltheory,materiamedica,gynecologyandobstetrics,pediatrics,acupunctureandmoxibustion,diet,healthpreservationandprescriptionsforvariousbranchesofmedicine.BothbooksarerecognizedasrepresentativeworksofmedicineintheTangDynasty.SunSimiaowashonoredbylatergenerationsas"thekingofherbalmedicine".610年，巢元方編輯的《諸病源候65720名醫家學者編輯了《新修本草581-682年).書中涉及了醫IntheSongDynasty,moreattentionwaspaidtotheeducationofTCM.Thegovermentsetup"theImperialMedicalBureau"fortrainingandbringingupqualifiedTCMworkers.1057AD,aspecialorgannamed"BureauforRevisingMeidicalBooks"wassetupinordertoproofreadandcorrectthemedicalbooksfromprecedingages,andtopublishthemoneafteranother.ThebooksrevisedhavebeenhandeddowntillnowandarestilltheimportantclassicsforChinaandothercountriestostudyTCM.年，一個特殊的組織-校正醫書局成立了，其目的是為了對從前的醫書進行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改過的醫書流傳至今并仍是現今中國和全世界學習中醫的重要經典著作。IntheJinandYuanDynasties,thereappearedfourmedicalschoolsrepresentedbyLiuWansu(1120-1200AD),ZhangCongzheng(1156-1228AD),LiGao(l180-1251AD)andZhuZhenheng(1281-1358AD).Amongthem,LiuWansubelievedthat"fireandheat"werethemaincausesofavarietyofdiseases, andthatthediseasesshouldbetreatedwithdrugscoldandcoolinnature.Sohewasknownas"theschoolofcoldandcool"bylaterZhangCongzhengbelievedthatalldiseaseswerecausedbyexogenouspathogenicfactorsinvadingthebody,andadvocatedthatpathogenicfactorsshouldbedrivenoutbymethodsofdiaphoresis,emesisandpurgation.Sohewasknownasthe"schoolofpurgation".ThethirdschoolrepresentedbyLiGaoheldthat"Internalinjuriesofthespleenandstomachwillbringaboutvariousdiseases".Therefore,heemphasizeedthatthemostimportantthing,clinically,shouldbetowarmandinvigoratethespleenandstomachbecausethespleenisattributedtotheearthinthefiveelements.Sohewasregardedasthefounderofthe"schoolofreinforcingtheearth".Andthefourthschool wasknownasthe"school ofnourishingyin"byZhuZhenheng.Hebelieved:"Yangisusuallyredundant,whileyiniseverdeficient".Thatiswhythebody"oftenhasenoughyangbutnotenoughyin".Soheusuallyusedthemethodtonourishyinandpurgefireinclinicalpractice.(1120-1200)(公1156-1228)、李杲(1180-1251)、朱震亨(1281-1358)。他們中，劉完LiShizhen(1518-1593AD),afamousphysicianandpharmacologistintheMingDynasty,wroteTheCompendiumofMateriaMedica(BenCaoGangMu).Thebookconsistsof52volumes with 1,892 medicinal herbs, including over 10,000 prescriptions and 1,000illustrationsofmedicinalitems.Inaddition,hisbookalsodealswithbotany,zoology,mineralogy,physics,astronomy,meteorology,etc.ItisreallyamonumentalworkinMateriaMedica.ItisagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofpharmacologybothinChinaandallovertheworld.Duringthesameperiod,acupunctureandmoxibustionreachedtheirclimax.Manyliteratureconcerningacupunctureandmoxibustionfortheagesweresummarizedanddeveloped.李時珍(1518-1593年)是漢朝著名的內科醫生及藥師，撰寫了《本草綱目5218921000了發展的高潮，許多歷代的涉及針灸的文化得到了總結和發展。SincethefoundingofNewChina,ourgovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontoinheritinganddevelopingtheheritageofTCMandMateriaMedica.AseriesofpoliciesandmeasureshavebeentakenfordevelopingTCM.In1986,theStateAdministrativeBureauofTCMandMateriaMedicawasestablished.ThisleadingbodyistheguaranteeofdevelopingTCMandMateriaMedicasmoothly.NeverbeforehasTCMbeenasprosperousasitistoday.TCMhasexperiencedmanyvicissitudesoftimesbutalwaysremainsevergreen.ThereisnodoubtthatTCMwilltakeitsplaceinmedicalcirclesoftheworldasacompletelynewmedicine.1986貌聳立于世界之林。PartTwo:SPECIFICANDPROFOUNDTCM第二部分:中醫的獨特性與深刻意義TCM, oneof China's splendid culturalheritages,is the science dealingwith physiology,pathology,diagnosis,treatmentandpreventionofdiseases.TCMsummeduptheexperienceoftheChinesepeopleintheirlongstruggleagainstdiseasesand,underinfluenceofancientnaivematerialismanddialectics,evolvedintoaunique,integralsystemofmedicaltheorythroughlongclinicalpractice.Duringseveralthousandyearsithasmadegreatcontributionstothepromotionofhealth,theproliferationandprosperityoftheChinesenation,andtheenrichmentanddevelopmentofworldmedicineaswell.TheformationofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMwasgreatlyinfluencedbyancientChinesematerialismanddialectics.Thetheoreticalsystemtakesthephysiologyandpathologyofzang-fuorgansandmeridiansasitsbasis,andTDSasitsdiagnosticandtherapeuticfeatures.這套理論系統以臟腑經絡的生理病理為基礎，以辨證論治為其診斷特色。TCM has its own specific understanding both in the physiological functions andpathologicalchangesofthehumanbodyandinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdisease.TCMregardsthehumanbodyitselfasanorganicwholeinterconnectedbyzang-fuorgans,meridiansandcollaterals.AndTCMalsoholdsthatthehumanbodyiscloselyrelatedtotheoutsideworld.Inregardtotheonsetanddevelopmentofadisease,TCMattachesgreatimportancetotheendogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesevenemotion,butitbynomeansexcludestheexogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesixpathogens.Indiagnosis,TCMtakesthefourdiagnosticmethods(inspection,auscultationantolfaction,inquiry,pulse-takingandpalpationasitsprincipaltcchniques,eightprincipalsyndromesasitsgeneralguideline,anddifferentiationofsyndromeaccordingtothezang-futheory,differentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothesix-meridiantheory,anddifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothetheoryofwei,qi,yingandxueasitsbasictheoriesofthedifferentiationofsyndromes.Italsostressesthepreventionandpreventivetreatmentofdisease,andputsforwardsuchtherapeuticprinciplesas"treatmentaidingattherootcauseofdisease"."strengtheningvitalqianddispellingpathogens,regulatingyinandyangandtreatingdiseasesinaccordancewiththreeconditions"(i.e.theclimaticandseasonalconditiont,geographiclocalitiesandthepatient'sconstitution).中醫在對人體的生理功能、病理改變和診治疾病方面有其獨特的見解。它把人體看作(望、聞、問、切)(因時、因地、因人制宜)的重要性。Thesecharacteristicts,however,canbegeneralizedastheholisticconceptandtreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)然而，對以上的中醫特點可以用“整體觀念”和“辨證論治”加以概括。l.TheHolisticConcept1.整體觀念By"theholisticconcept"ismeantageneralideaof,ontheonehand,theunity)andintegritywithinthehumanbodyand,ontheother,itscloserelationshipwiththeouterworld.Thehumanbodyiscomposedofvariousorgansandtissues,eachhavingitsowndistinctfunction,whichisacomponentpartofthelifeactivitiesofthewholebody.AndinTCMthehumanbodyisregardedasanorganicwholeinwhichitsconstituentpartsareinseparableinstructure,interrelatedandinterdependentinphysiology,andmutuallyinfluentialinpathology.Meanwhile,manlivesinnature,andnatureprovidestheconditionsindispensibletoman'ssurvival.Soitfollowsthatthehumanbodyisboundtobeaffecteddirectlyorindirectlybythechangesofnature,towhichthehumanbody,inturn,makescorrespondingresponses.TCMsays:"Physicianshavetoknowthelawofnatureandgeographicalconditionswhendiagnosingandtreatingdiseases."That'swhyTCMnotonlystressestheunityofthehumanbodyitselfbutalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheinterrelationshipbetweenthebodyandnatureindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases.整體觀念的總思想是一方面認為人體是一個統一的整體，另一方面認為人體與其外界環境密切相關。人體由不同的臟腑組織組成，每個臟腑組織都有其獨特的功能并都是整個人體進行生命活動的組成部分。中醫把人體看作一個有機人體認為人體的各部分在生理上相互聯系和相互獨立，在病理上相互影響。同時，因為人類生活在自然中，自然提供給人類賴以生存的環境，所以人體就會直接或間接的受到自然環境變化的影響并產生相應的反應。中醫認為醫生在診治疾病時應該熟悉自然規律和地理環境。這便是中醫為何在診治疾病時既強調人體為一整體也重視人體與自然環境相互作用的關系。2.TreatmentbyDifferentiationofSyndromes2.辨證論治TCM,ontheotherhand,ischaracterizedbyTDS.Differentiationmeanscomprehensiveanalysis,whilesyndromereferetosymptomsandsigns.Sodifferentiationofsyndromesimpliesthatthepatient'ssymptomsandsignscollectedbythefourdiagnosticmethodsareanalyzedandsummarizedsoastoidentifytheetiology,natureandlocationofadisease,andtherelationbetweenvitalqiandpathogens,therebydeterminingwhatsyndromethediseasebelongsto.Bytreatmentismeantselectingthecorrespondingtherapyaccordingtotheoutcomeofdifferentiatingsyndromes.Takenasawhole,TDSmeansdiagnosisandtreatmentbasedonoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns.Asconcernstherelationshipbetween"disease"and"treatment",TCMtakestwodifferentclinicalwaysonthebasisofTDS.Oneis"treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies",bywhichismeantthatthesamediseasemaymanifestitselfindifferentsyndromesatdifferentstagesorunderdifferentconditions.Therefore,thetherapiesofthesamedieaseshouldbeadoptedtowardsdifferenttherapiesaccordingtothepatient'sconstitution,thegeographicalenvironment,theclimaticandseasonalchanges.Takefluforexample,itmaybecausedbywind-cold，wind-heat,summer-heatanddampnessorotherpathogens.Soisadvisabletoadoptdispersingwind-cold, eliminatingwind-heat,clearingawaysummer-heatanddampnessrespectively.Theotheriscalled"treatingdifferentdiseaseswiththesametherapy",bywhichismeantthatdifferentdiseasesmanifestingthemselvesinthesamesyndromemaybetreatedwiththesametherapy.Forexampleprolapseoftherectumduetoprotracteddiarrheaandhysteroptosisaretwodifferentdiseases.However,iftheyarebothmarkedbythemselvesinthesamesyndromeofqiofsinkingofthemiddleenergizer,theycanbetreatedinthesametherapybyliftingqiofthemiddieenergizer.FromtheaboveitobviousthatTCMdoesnotfocusitsattentiononsimilaritiesordissimilaritiesbetweendiseasesbutonthedifferencesbetweenthesyndromes.Generallyspeaking,thesamesyndromesaretreatedwithbasicallysametherapies,whiledifferentsyndromeswithdifferentones.言之，相同的證候采取相同的治療方法，不同的證候采取不同的治療方法。Tosumup,theprinciplethatdifferent contradictionsinessencearehandledbydifferentmethodsinthecourseofdevelopmentofadiseaseisthecoreofTDS.總之，原則是在疾病的發展過程中不同的本質矛盾應采取不同的方法，這就是辨證論治的核心。PartFour:THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEYIN-YANGTHEORY第四部分:陰陽學說的應用Theyin-yangtheorypermeatesallaspectsofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.Thetheoryisusedtoexplaintheorganicstructure,physiologicalfunctionandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbody.Italsoservesasaprincipletoguideclinicaldiagnosis陰陽理論滲透于中醫理論系統的各個方面。該理論可用于解釋人體的組織結構、生理功能和病理改變，也是指導臨床診斷的原則之一。l.ExplainingtheTissuesandStructureoftheHumanBody1.解釋人體組織結構Thehumanbodyisanintegratedwhole.Allitstissuesandstructuresareorganicallyconnectedandmaybeclassifiedastwooppositeaspects-yinandyang.ThatiswhySuwenstates,"Man,havingaform,cannotdeviatefromyinandyang."Intermsoftheanatomicallocations,theupperpartofthebodyisyangandthelowerpartisyin;theexteriorisyangandtheinterior,yin;thebackisyangandtheabdomen,yin;thelateralaspectsoftheextremitiesareyangandthemedicalaspects,yin.Concerningthezang-fuorgans,thezang-organsstorebutnotdischargeessence-qiand,therefore,theyareyin;whilethefu-organstransmitandtransformfoodintoessence-qi butnotstore it,and,forthis reason,they are yang.Furthermore,eachofthezang-orfu-organscanberedividedintoyinandyang.Forexample,heart-yinandheart-yang,kidney-yinandkidney-yang,stomach-yinandstomach-yang,etc.Asconcernsyinandyangofthemeridian-collateralsystem,therearetwocategories:yinmeridiansandyangmeridians;yincollateralsandyangcollaterals.Allofthemareoppositepairs.Thus,inlinewiththeyin-yangtheory,theunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyangintheupperandlower, internalandexternal,frontandbackpartsofthehumanbody, andwithinalltheinternalorgansaswell.,論貫穿存在于人體的上下、內外、前后部分和內部組織之間。ExplainingthePhysiologicalFunctionsoftheHumanBody2.解釋人體的生理功能Theyin-yangtheorybelievesthatthenormallifeactivitiesofthehumanbodyresulttheharmoniousrelationoftheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang.Taketherelationshipbetweenfunctionandmatterforexample,functionpertainstoyangwhilematter,toyin.Physiologicalactivitiesofthebodyarebasedonmatter.Withoutmatter,therewouldbenosustentationforfunctionactivities.Andfunctionalactivitiesarethemotivepowerforproducingmatter.Inotherwords,withoutfunctionalactivities,themetabolismofmatterwouldnotbeperformed.Inthisway,yinandyangwithinthehumanbodydependoneachotherforexistence.Ifyinandyangcan'tcomplementeachotherandbecomeseparatedfromeachother,lifewillcometoanend.SoSuWensays:"Theequilibriumofyinandyangmakesthevitalitywell-conserved;thedivorceofyinandyangessence-qiexhausted."陰陽理論認為人體的正常生命活動來自于陰陽對立統一關系的協調。以功能和物質的關系為例，功能屬陽，物質屬陰。人體的生理活動以物質為基礎。沒有物質，功能活動就無法維持。功能活動是物質形成的動力。換言之，沒有功能活動，物質形態就無法形成。因此，人體陰陽是相互依存的。如果陰陽不能相互補充而是相互分離，生命就將告終。故《素問》曰：陰平陽秘，精神乃治；陰陽離決，精氣乃絕。ExplainingthePathologicalChanges3.解釋病理改變TCMconsidersthattheimbalancebetweenyinandyangisoneofthebasicpathogenesisofadisease.Theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadiseasearerelatedtoboththevital-qiandpathogenic factors. Although the pathologlical changes which occur in diseases complicatedandchangeable,theycanstillbesummarizedasexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang.Tobemoreconcrete,"yangexcessleadstoheatsyndromewhileyinexcesscausescoldsyndrome";"yangdeficiencyresultsincoldsyndromewhileyindeficiencycausesheatsyndromes";"yangdeficiencyaffectsyinwhileyindeficiencyaffectsyang."ServingastheGuidetoDiagnosisandTreatment指導診斷與治療Astheimbalancebetweenyinandyangistherootcausefortheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadisease,allclinicalmanifestations,nomatterhowcomplicatedandchangeabletheyare,canbeexplainedwiththeaidofyin-yangtheory.SoTCMholds,"Askilleddiagnostician,firstofall,differentiatesbetweenyinandyangwhenobservingthecomplexionandfeelingthepulse."Indifferentiatingsyndromes,althoughtherearetheeightprincipalsyndromes,namely,yin,yang,interior,exterior,cold,heat,deficiencyandexcess.Yinandyangareregardedasthegeneralprinciplesamongtheeightones.Accordingtotheyin-yangtheory,exterior,heatandexcesspertaintoyang;whileinterior,coldanddeficiencypertaintoyin.Whentreatingadisease,TCMfirstdeterminesthetherapeuticprinciples,andthenpreponderanceofyangbelongstoexcess-heatsyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedcold-natureddrugsinordertoinhibitexcessiveyang,i.e,tocooltheheat.Coldsyndromecausedbypreponderanceofyinbelongstocold-excesssyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedwithhot-natureddrugssoastorestrainexcessiveyin,i.e.,toheatthecold.Asbothsyndromesaboveareexcesssyndromes,thistherapeuticprincipleiscalled"treatingexcesssyndromeswiththepurgation".Deficiency-coldsyndromecausedbyyangdeficiency,shouldbetreatedwiththedrugswarmandtonicinnaturetorelieveexcessiveyin.ThisissaidinTCM,"restrainingpredominantyinbyreinforcingyang,"alsoknownas"treatingyangforyindiseases." The interior heat syndrome resulting from yin deficiency belongs toDeficiency-heatsyndrome,whichshouldbetreatedwiththedrugsofnourishingyinandreplenishingfluidssoastorestrictexcessiveyang,thisiswhatisknowninTCM,"restrainingpredominantyangbystrengthening(renal腎)yin,"alsocalled"treatingyinfordiseases."由于陰陽不調是疾病發生和發展的根源，所有的臨床癥狀，無論其有多么變幻復雜,熱、實屬于陽，里、寒、虛屬于陰。中醫治療疾病時首先確定治療原則。陽盛則產生實熱證，應投以寒性藥以抑亢陽，如熱者寒之。陰盛導致的寒證屬于實寒證，應投以熱性ZhangJingyuethoughtthat,intreatingdeficiencyofyinoryang,drugstonifyingbothyinandyangshouldbeused,becauseyinandyangareinterdependent.Therefore,reducingtheexcessiveandreplenishthedeficientcanadjustexcessordeficiencybetweenyinoryangandrestorethebalancebetweenthem.張景岳認為，治療陰虛或陽虛應該同時應用滋陰和扶陽的藥物，因為陰陽是相互依存的。因此，補虛瀉實適用于陰虛或陽虛之證，從而使陰陽重新建立平衡。Theyin-yangtheoryisusedinnotonlydeterminingdiagnosticprinciplesbutsummarizingthenature,flavorandactionofmedicinalherbs.Thusprovidingatheoreticalbasisfortheclinicalapplicationofherbs.從而為臨床用藥提供理論基礎。Intermsofthemedicinalnature,herbswithcoldnaturebelongtoyinandthosewithwarmandhotnaturepertaintoyang.Asconcernstheflavors,herbsthataresour,bitterandsaltybelongtoyinandthosethatareacrid,sweetandblandpertaintoyang.Intermsofactions,herbswithastringent,descendingandsinkingactionsbelongtoyin,whilethosewithdispersing,ascendingandfloatingactionspertaintoyang.就藥物的性質而言，寒性藥屬于陰，溫熱藥屬于陽。就氣味而言，酸、苦、咸味藥屬具有發散、升浮功效的藥物屬陽。Tosumup,theprincipleoftreatmentshouldbeestablishedinthelightoftheexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang,andthenrelevant(相關的)herbsshouldbeselectedaccordingtotheattribution(歸因)ofyinoryangandtheirfunctions.Soandsoonlycanimbalanceofyinandyangbeputright,andeventually,theaimofcuringdiseasesisattained.總而言之，治療原則的確立必須以陰陽虛實為根據，相應藥物的選擇也必須依其陰陽歸屬及功效而定。所以，只有明確陰陽不調，才能最終達到治愈疾病的目的。Specialphrases特殊詞組treating...with...“治法+證名”＝“……者……之”treatingexcesssyndromewithpurgationpurgingexcess實者泄之treatingdeficiencysyndromewithinvigoration，(orinvigoratingdeficiency)treatingcoldsyndromewithhot-natureddrugs，(orheatingthecold)寒者熱之treatingheatsyndromewithcold-natureddrugs，(orcoolingtheheat)熱者寒之PartFive:THEFIVE－ELEMENTTHEORY—NATURALPHILOSOPHYANCIENTCHINA第五部分:五行學說-中國古代自然哲學觀Thefiveelementsrefertowood,fire,earth,metal,andwaterandtheirmotions.ThefiveelementtheoryresultedfromtheobservationsandstudiesofthenaturalworldbytheancientChinesepeopleinthecourseoftheirlivesandproductivelabor.Sinceancienttime,wood,earth,metalandwaterhavebeenconsideredasbasicsubstancestoconstitutetheuniverseandtheyarealsoindispensableforlife.Zuo'sInterpretationoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals(ZuoZhuan)says:"Thefivekindsofmaterialsinnatureareallusedbypeople.Noneofthemcannotbedispensedwith".AnotherclassicalworkShangshustates:"waterandfireareusedforcooking,metalandwoodareusedforcultivatingandearthgivesbirthtoallthings,whichareusedbypeople."Thesefivekindsofsubstancesareoftherelationshipsofgenerationandrestrictionandareinconstantmotionandchange.InTCMthefive-elementtheory,asatheoreticaltool,isusedtoexplainandexpounddifferentkindsofmedicalproblemsbyanalogizinganddeducingtheirpropertiesandinterrelations.Italsousedtoguideclinicaldiagnosisandtreatment.Thetheory,likethetheoryofyin-yang,hasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.五行指的是木、火、土、金、水和它們的運動。五行理論來自于古代中國人民在生活和生產勞動中對自然界的觀察和學習。自古代以來，木、火、土、金《左傳》曰：天生五材，民并用之，廢一不可。另一部經典著作《尚書》曰：水火用于炊煮，金木用于耕耘，土壤用于孕育萬物，一切皆為民所用。這五種物質存在相生相克的關系，并處于持續的運動變化之中。中醫的五行理論，作為一種理論工具，通過分析和推理用于詳細說明五種不同醫學問題的性質和它們之間的關系。它也用于指導臨床的診斷與治療。該理論如陰陽理論一般已稱為中醫理論系統的重要組成部分。ClassificationofThingsinLightoftheFive-ElementTheory.根據五行理論進行歸類InancientChina,thefive-elementtheorywasunceasinglydevelopedandgraduallybecameperfected.Intimeitcametorecognizethateverythinginnaturemightberespectivelyattributedtooneofthefiveelements.Forinstance,woodhasthenatureofgrowingfreelyandunfolding.So,anythingthatissimilartothecharacteristicsisattributedtothecategoryofwood.Firehasthenatureofflaringup.Therebythethingssimilartothenatureoffireareclassifiedintotheattributeoffire.Earthhasthenatureofgivingbirthtoallthings.Thus,thosethatpossessthenatureofearthareattributedtoearth.Metalhasthenatureofpurifyinganddescending.Hence,thosewiththenatureofmetalcanbeattributedtometalcategory.Waterhasthenatureofmoisteningandflowingdownwards.Forthisreason,thethingsthathavemoistening,downwardmovementandcoldnesscorrespondtowater.Thefollowingtableshowstheclassificationofpartialthingsaccordingtothefive-elementtheory.(SeeTab.1) 在古代中國，五行理論不斷發展漸致完善。后來，人們認識到自然界中的所有事物都能歸屬于五行中的一種。例如，木有生發伸展的性質，所以，任何有相似特性的物質都歸屬于木。火性炎上，因此，任何有相似特性的物質都歸屬于火。土有孕育萬物的性質，因此，具有該性質的物質都屬于土。金有凈化和沉降的性質，因此，有金的性質的物質都歸于金。水曰潤下，因此，具有濕潤、向下、寒冷性質的物質都屬于水。以下的表格根據五行理論將部分物質進行了歸類。(見表1)Amongthefive-elements,thereexisttherelationshipsofgeneration,subjugationandcounterrestriction,andmutualaffectionbetweenmother-organchild-organ.Generationimpliesthatonekindofthingcanpromote,aidorbringforthanother,e.,woodgeneratesfire,firegeneratesearth,earthgeneratesmetal,metalgenerateswater,andwater,inturn,generateswood.Eachofthefiveelementscontainsthedualnature-"beinggenerated" and "generating". This relationship of the five elements is called the"mother-child"relationship.Theelementthatgeneratesiscalledthe"mother",whiletheelementthatisgeneratediscalledthe"child".Takewoodforexample,becausewoodproducesfire,itisthemotheroffire;butitisproducedbywater,soit'swater'schild. 五行當我生者為“子”。以木為例，因為木生火，故木為火之母；但是它由水所生，故又為水之子。Tab.1theClassificationofThingsAccordingtotheFiveElements1.事物的五行歸類Restrictionmeansbringingundercontrolorrestraint.Theorderofrestrictiongoesfollows:woodrestrictsearth,earthdoeswater,waterdoesfire,firedoesmetal,andmetal,inturn,doeswood.Anyoneofthefiveelementshastwoaspects-beingrestrictedandForexample,theelementrestrictingwoodismetal,andtheelementthatisrestrictedbywoodisearth.金克木。五行中的任何之一都有克我和我克兩方面性質。例如，克木者為金，被木克者為土。Generationandrestrictionhavethecorrelationsinseparableinthefiveelements.Andtheyopposeeachotherandyetalsocomplementeachother.Withoutgeneration,therewouldbenogrowthanddevelopmentofthings;withoutinterrestrictio