November2011IntroductiontoMaterials材料學院《材料概論》IntroductiontoMaterialsContent

－Definition 材料的定義

－Types

材料的類型 －Structure

材料的結構

–Structure–properties–processing

結構－性能－工藝之間的關系Chapter1IntroductiontoMaterials1

MaterialsandMaterialScience材料的發展史，就是人類社會的發展史。石器時代陶器時代青銅器時代鐵器時代材料的重要性無機非金屬材料復合材料高分子材料金屬材料木材皮革纖維紙青銅鐵鋼金皮膠橡膠賽璐珞陶玻璃水泥火石合金鋼耐熱合金先進功能陶瓷各種基體復合材料功能高分子高溫高分子高強高模高分子通用高分子韌性工程陶瓷金屬陶瓷耐火材料時間/年相對占有量玻璃態金屬5000公元前0公元1000150018001900194019601980199020002010纖維增強塑料稻草桿磚微合金鋼骨瓷材料的發展歷史（１）石器時代：舊石器時代－－原始人采用天然的石、木、竹、骨等材料作為狩獵工具；新石器時代－－公元前6000年，人類發明了火，掌握了鉆木取火技術，用以燒制陶瓷。瓷器的出現已成為中華民族文化的象征之一，對世界文化產生過深遠的影響。原始人打造的石器印地安人用的石斧（２）青銅器時代：這是人類社會出現最早的金屬材料，中國歷史上曾有過燦爛的青銅文化。青銅鼎青銅寶劍青銅編鐘(chimes)（3）鐵器時代：用鐵作為材料來制造農具，鐵在農業上的廣泛應用，推動了以農業為中心的科學技術日益進步；以鋼鐵為中心的金屬材料大規模發展，有力地摧毀了封建社會的生產方式，萌發了資本主義。hoe鐵斧鐵梨plow

（4）聚合物時代二戰后各國致力于恢復經濟，發展工農業生產，對材料提出了質量輕、強度高、價格低等一系列要求。具有優良性能的工程塑料部分地代替了金屬材料。合成高分子材料的問世是材料發展的重大突破，從此以金屬材料、陶瓷材料、高分子材料為主體，建立了完整的材料體系，形成了材料科學。PolymericBiomaterials人工心臟：聚酯、聚氨酯、環氧樹脂人工肺：硅橡膠半透膜關節(肩、髖、膝):

聚四氟乙烯人工腎(kidney)：透析膜……AtrificalHeart聚醚型聚氨酯聚酯編織管環氧樹脂聚酯硅油ArtificalBoneResomer?ResorbablePolyester：Polylactide,Polyglycolideorthecopolymers—Boehringer

IngelheimKG1

MaterialsandMaterialScience

影響材料使用的因素materialsbehavioravailabilitycostsynthesisandproductionmethodprocessingtechniquesenvironmentalacceptability

1.1.1Definition

Constitute: Thematerialsmakingupthesurroundingworldconsistofdiscreteparticles,havingasubmicroscopicsize.

組成:構成物質世界的材料由具有亞微觀尺度的各種微粒子組成。

1

MaterialsandMaterialScienceMaterials:definedassolidsusedbymantoproduceitemswhichconstitutethesupportforhislivingenvironment.Character:materials

havecertaincompositions;canbeformed;withcertainshapeandcolor;canbeusedandreusedorrecycled.

特點:具有一定的成分和配比；可成型加工；保持一定形狀和外觀；具有使用價值并可回收再利用。可成型加工保持一定形狀和外觀具有使用價值Essentialroleofmaterials: indispensabletooursocietyas food,energyandinformation.substance~material:differences材料的應用領域戰機艦船導彈火箭人造衛星戰車高速列車汽車高層建筑1.1.2Classification

Basisofclassification:

atomicstructuresnatureofchemicalbonds:

金屬鍵

Metallicbond

離子鍵

Ionicbond

共價鍵

Covalentbond

次價鍵secondarybond

范德華力

VanderWaalsbond

氫鍵

Hydrogenbond

Classification:

metalsandtheiralloys: -metallicbonding

Classification:organicpolymers -covalentbonding&secondarybonding

Classification:ceramics -ionicbonding&covalentbondingTypesofmaterials

Metalsandtheiralloys:aregoodconductorsofheatandelectricity;areopaquetovisiblelight;arehard,rigid;canundergoplasticdeformationhaveahighmeltingtemperature(Tm).

Organicpolymers:madeupoflong-chainmolecules;areelectricalandthermalinsulators;arelightandeasilyformable;andthebest-knownorganicpolymersare:－poly(vinylchloride)(PVC);－polyethylene(PE);－polystyrene(PS).

Ceramics/inorganicnonmetallicmaterials:thecombinationofmetallicelements(Mg,Al,Ti,...)withnon-metallicelements(o);havehighmechanicalandthermalresistanceathightemperature;areveryhardandusedasabrasives;areelectricalandthermalinsulators;butsomearethermalconductors,or

semiconductors.Compositematerials:areconstitutedbytwoormoredifferentmaterials,havespecificproperties.glassfiberreinforcedresins:lightweightcompositeswithhighmechanicalstrengthconcrete:anagglomerationofcement,sandandgravel1.1.3Properties

Mechanicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialsdeformedbyasetofforces.

彈性 Elasticity

塑性 Plasticity

強度 Strength

硬度 Hardness

韌性 Toughness

疲勞特性Fatiguebehaviour

耐磨性Abrasionresistance

Physicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialssubjectedtotheactionoftemperature,electricormagneticfields,orlight.

電性能

Electricproperties

磁性能

Magneticproperties

熱性能

Thermalproperties

光性能

Opticalproperties

Chemicalproperties:thebehaviorofmaterialinareactiveenvironment.

抗腐蝕能力

Corrosionresistance：

atmospherically,chemically(salts, sour,alkali)1.1.4UseofmaterialsFactorsrelatedtotheuseofamaterialare:

Quality:propertiesandfunctions

Economy:costsrelatedtomaterials,processingandenergy

Environment:environmentalbehaviorofthematerial

Resources&Recycling:resourcesandpossiblerecycling1.1.5MaterialsScienceMaterialsScience:toestablishtherelationbetweencomposition,atomicormolecularorganization,themicrostructureandthemacroscopicpropertiesofmaterials.

MaterialsScience

studies:

化學組成、化學鍵、合成方法:chemicalcomposition,chemicalbondsandsynthesis

methods

特性:

natureofmaterials

結構與性能的關系:describetherelationshipbetweenstructureandpropertiesbasedoncrystalphysicsandsolidphysics材料科學:

基于現代科學技術，一方面，利用化學手段研究材料的化學成分、化學鍵和合成方法；另一方面，借助物理學方法，研究材料性質,主要根據晶體物理和固體物理描述材料結構和性能的關系。ThefourbasicaspectsofmaterialsscienceandtechnologyMaterialsEngineering:concernedwithmanufacturing,transformationandshapingprocesses.ResearchFields

研究領域MaterialsScienceScientificAspectsTechnicalAspectsSubstanceSynthesisPhenomenaDescriptionNature&PropertiesPreparation/FabricationPropertiesDeterminationsApplicationsForms

ofsolids:

crystalline&amorphous

1.3StructuralCharacteristicofMaterialsdifference:

crystallinestateofsolidmorestablethanamorphousstate

1.3StructuralCharacteristicofMaterialsCrystalline:anorderedarrangementoftheelementaryparticles(ions,

atomsormolecules).

晶體結構:晶體中原子（或離子）在空間規則排列的方式。PropertiesofcrystalsDependon:theelectronicstructureofatomsthenatureoftheinteractionsinthecrystalthespatialarrangementofelementaryparticles,

andthecomposition,

sizeandshapeofcrystals.1.3.1CrystalLattice

晶格Arrangementofelementaryparticlesinacrystal

(a):three-dimensionalview(b):schemeMorphologyofPbScrystalwithNaClstructure假設:(1)elementaryparticles(ions,

atoms

ormolecules)arespheres;(2)Inasimpler

model,

spheres

are

replacedbypoints

晶格

(lattice)：假想的格架

晶胞anelementarycell:thesmallestofparallelepipeds

晶體、晶格和晶胞示意圖

晶體(b)晶格

(c)晶胞

Anelementarycell:

describedbythreesectionsa,

b,andc,andthreeanglesmadebyeachtwoofthesesections,α,

β,andγ.

晶格常數

latticeconstant/latticespacings:

晶胞的三條棱邊長a、b、c.

Typesofelementarycell:

simple

three-dimensionallattice

body-centredcell

face

centredcell

Coordinationnumber:determines

thequantityofthenearestequidistant

elementaryparticles.

配位數：晶格中與任一原子處于相等距離并相距最近的原子數目。配位數：

-body-centredcubic(BCC)

lattice:

foreachatomiseight(C8)-simplecubiclattice(SC):six(C6)-face-centredcubic(FCC)

lattice:

12

(C12)

金屬三種典型晶格配位數示意圖體心立方晶胞

配位數8面心立方晶胞

配位數12密排六方晶胞

配位數12Packingfactor(填充因子)：Thepackingfactorisdeterminedastheratioofthevolumeofallelementaryparticlesperelementarycelltothetotalvolumeoftheelementarycell.

Packingfactor(填充因子)：Octahedral(a)andtetrahedral(b)voidsinFCClatticemetalsPackingfactor(填充因子)：ClosepackingofatomsincrystalABAABCAATOMICPACKINGPackingmode1(ABCABC…)Packingmode2(ABCABC…)Packingmode3(AaBbCcAaBbCc…)1.3.2CrystallographicIndicescoordinate:同等的、并列的（pl.）坐標originofcoordinates坐標原點Indices:index的復數形式Reciprocal：互惠的,相應的,倒數的,彼此相反的n.倒數,互相起作用的事物Parenthese:圓括號,插入語,插曲slipplane:滑移面,滑動面,滑面,側滑面Prism:棱柱Term:1.3.2CrystallographicIndicesHCPcrystalsABAcGraphite1.3.2CrystallographicIndicesCrystallographicindicesof(a):directions(b):planesAnisotropy:

Thepropertiesofcrystalsaredifferentinvariouscrystallographicdirections,

whichareassociatedwithanorderedarrangementofatoms(ions,

molecules)

inspace.

Thisphenomenoniscalledanisotropy.1.3.3AnisotropyVirtuallyallpropertiesofcrystalsareanisot