Skimming&ScanningDiggingWarmingupFurtherreadingCulturepointsWarmingupWatchavideoclipaboutplaceboeffectmagicanddiscussthequestions.Haveyoueverexperiencedany“placeboeffect”inyourlife?Doesitworkafteryouknowthatit’sjusttheplacebo??Lookatthebeginningofthepassageandanswerthequestion.WarmingupMichaelwasaregularvisitortohislocalhospital,oftenappearingaroundmidnight,complainingofsevereheadachesandrequestinganinjectionofadrugwhichhadhelpedinthepast.Onenight,thedutydoctorgavehimaninjectionofsaline–saltwater–instead,anditworked.WarmingupIfyouwereMichael,wouldyou_____?(a)beangrywhenyoufoundoutwhatthedoctorhaddone(b)askforthesametreatmentnexttime(c)concludethatyourproblemwaspsychological,notphysical(d)thinkthattherewasnoconnectionbetweentheinjectionandtheheadachedisappearingNowreadthepassageandfindoutmoreaboutMichaelandtheplaceboeffect.Task

Browsethepassagewithin8minutesandfindoutwhichquestionsonthepreviouspagethepassageanswersinfull.

Answerthequestions

ofActivity2and3onpage124.Skimming&Scanning?

Check(?)thetruestatements.Skimming&ScanningThetruestatementsare1,3,4,6

and

8.?1Michaelusedtogetbadheadaches.?2Hewouldgotohislocalhospitalaroundmiddaytogettreatment.?3Onenightthedoctorgavehimaninjectionofsaltwater.?4TheinjectionmadeMichaelfeelbetter.?5Thedoctorgavetheinjectionbymistake.?6ThedoctortoldMichaelwhatshehaddone.?7Michaeldidn’tbelievethedoctor.?8Michael’scaseprovidesanexampleofthe“placeboeffect”.1Whatistheplaceboeffect?Answer:(c)Skimming&Scanning③Choosethebestanswertothequestions.(a)Thedeterminationofapatienttogetbetterevenwithoutmedicine.(b)Theuseofdrugstoreducepainbutnottocuretheillness.(c)Whatcanhappenwhenapatientbelievesanon-medicineisrealmedicine.(d)Theuseofdrugswhichaffectthepatient’sconsciousness.2.Whatisthe“Mind-Bodyeffect”?Answer:(a)Skimming&Scanning(a)Theeffectoftheemotionsonphysicalhealth.(b)Atypeofmedicinewhichwasdevelopedhundredsofyearsago.(c)Therelationshipbetweenstressandillness.(d)Thefearthatpeopletraditionallyhaveofdoctorsandmedicine.3Whatismysteriousabouttheplaceboeffect?Answer:(a)Skimming&Scanning(a)Itismodifiedbyfactorswhichseemtoberelatedtoculture.(b)Itonlyworkswithacertaintypeofpatients.(c)Thelessyouspendonit,themoreeffectiveitis.(d)Ithasmorebenefitsthanwerealize.4Whydopillshavedifferentcolours?Answer:(d)Skimming&Scanning(a)Toensurethatpeopledonotmixthemup.(b)Becausedifferentcoloursareassociatedwithdifferentbrands.(c)Tomakepatientsfeelmorecheerful.(d)Becauseoftheplaceboeffect.5Whatistheethicalproblemfordoctors?Answer:(a)Skimming&Scanning(a)Whetherornottotelltheirpatientstheyareusingplacebos.(b)Thefactthattheydon’tbelieveplacebosareuseful.(c)Thefactthatplacebosmaydomoreharmthangood.(d)Thefactthatplaceboscanbemoreexpensivethanrealmedicine.

6Whatdoesthewriterthinkabouttheplaceboeffect?Answer:(d)Skimming&Scanning(a)Notenoughpatientsrespondtotreatmentwithplacebos.(b)Placebosaremoreimportantthantraditionalmedicine.(c)Doctorsshouldbemorecarefulintheiruseofplacebos.(d)Itteachesusaboutthehumandimensionofthedoctor-patientrelationship.1Michaelwasaregularvisitortohislocalhospital,oftenappearingaroundmidnight,complainingof

severeheadachesandrequestinganinjectionofadrugwhichhadhelpedinthepast.Onenight,thedutydoctorgavehimaninjectionofsaline–saltwater–instead,anditworked.Thedoctorexplainedwhatshehaddone,andthoughtthiswouldconvincehimthattheproblemwaspsychological.ButMichaelthensaid,“CanIgetthatnewmedicinenexttime,it’sreallyeffective!”譯文Mindoverbody—theplaceboeffectDigging2ThephenomenonwhichMichaelexperiencedisknownastheplaceboeffect,wheresomethingfake–inthiscasethesaline–becomessomethingrealseeminglybecausesomeonebelievesinit.Onthisoccasion,theplaceboeffectwasworkingintwoways.First,thedoctorwasusingittohighlightthepowerofthemindoverthebodytoMichael.Secondly,despitethedoctor’sexplanation,andeventhoughitseffectwasimaginary,Michaelstillbelievedinthenewmedicinesomuchthatthephysicalpainfadedaway.譯文Digging3ButtheplaceboeffectismerelypartofamuchmoreextensivephenomenoncalledtheMind-Bodyeffect.Thetermreferstotheeffectofbeliefsandfearsonphysicalhealth,andhasbeendescribedasaspecialformofhope.Forcenturiesphysiciansandmostmembersofthegeneralpublichavebeenawareoftheimportanceofgoodemotionalhealth.Weknoweitherconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhowourthoughts,feelingsandbehaviourcanmakeusfeelbetter,aswellashowfatigueandstresscanbetackledbydevelopingcertainstrategies,suchashowtobreatheandtorelax.譯文Digging4YettheplaceboeffectremainsoneofthemostmysteriousaspectsoftheMind-Bodyphenomenon.Infact,itcoversacomplexscaleofbenefits.Itgoeslikethis:Theplaceboeffectofawhitesugarpill,whichofcoursehasnoqualitiesfortreatingillnessorinjury,isinferiortothatofagreenone.Capsulesaremoreeffectivethantablets.Onepilladayisnotasgoodasthree.Expensivepillsintensifytheeffectmorethanthecheaperones.Aninjectionpresentsastrongerimagethanpills,tabletsorcapsules,andworksbetterthanplacebopills.Andplacebosurgery,wherethesurgeonactuallymakesacutinthepatientbutgoesnofurther,isthebestplacebotreatmentofall.譯文Digging5Patients’responsestotheplaceboeffecttakeusbeyondtheworldofemotionalandphysicalwell-beingintoareassuchasbrandingorculturalassociation.Thereisresearchthatshowswhenapatientisgivenaspirinineitherabrand-namebottleorabottlewithnolabel,itworkedbetterifitwasabrandtheyrecognized,eventhoughtheactiveingredientisexactlythesame.譯文Digging譯文DiggingPillstotreatanxietyareusuallycolouredgreenbecauseofitsassociationwithcalmandpeace;painkillersareoftenpackagedinredandorangeboxes.Theplaceboeffectliesbeyondthechemicaleffect:It’stheceremonyandculturalmeaningofthetreatmentwhichismoreimportant.譯文Digging6

Furthermore,sincetheplaceboisineffectsomethingfake,itraisesanethicaldilemma:Shouldadoctordeceivetheirpatients?Surelythiswouldundermineourbeliefinmedicine,andchallengethedoctors’codeofconduct.AtleastMichael’sdoctorrevealedherdeceitafterthetreatment.Butshouldshehavepractiseditinthefirstplace?譯文Digging7ThisrecentinsightintotheMind-Bodyeffect

hastaughtbothdoctorsandpatientsthattheirrelationshiphasundergoneachange.It’snolongeronewhichisrestrictedsimplybythereactionsofthebodytochemicals.Ithasbecomeahumanrelationshipwherethedoctorinteractswithus,thepatients.Thedoctorissomeonewhoiscaringforus,andofferingtohelp.It’sarelationshipwhichmayexplaintouswhywefeelsickandwhatwecandotogetbetter.譯文DiggingWegethope,supportandhumanwarmth.Themeaningofthetreatmentbecomesmoreimportantthanitschemicaleffects,andthismayleadtoagenuinereaction,whereourpulseratedrops,werelax,andourstresslevelsdecrease.8

Oncedoctorsbegintomakeuseoftheplaceboeffectandpatientsrespondtoit,societybecomesmoreawareofthegreaterextentoftheMind-Bodyeffect.It’sasocietywhereordinarypeoplebecomemoreawareoftheiremotionalhealthanditsconsequencesontheirphysicalhealth.Allthisbecomespartofacollectivecommonsense,andsocietyasawholebecomesmorehealthy.譯文DiggingEndDifficultsentencesAstheexampleswhichfollowshow,patientsfeelevenbetteriftheshammedicinetheyaregivenappearstocomefromawell-knowndrugcompanyandisthepsychologically“correct”colour.Althoughthepassagedoesnotgointoit,evenethnicbackgroundcanaffectwhichsortofplaceboworksforyou.1.Patients’responsestotheplaceboeffecttakeusbeyondtheworldofemotionalandphysicalwell-beingintoareassuchasbrandingorculturalassociation.(Line1,Para5)Text2.Theplaceboeffectliesbeyondthechemicaleffect:It’stheceremonyandculturalmeaningofthetreatmentwhichismoreimportant.(Line12,Para5)DifficultsentencesHavinganursecomeandgiveoneaninjectionisanexampleofamedicalritualorceremony.Inotherculturesyoumightexpectsomeonetomovetheirhandsoveryouandsingancientsongs–theexpectedtreatmentdiffers,buttheeffectisthesame.Text例句翻譯釋義n.[C]asubstancethatisnotmedicinebutthata

patientwhoistakingitbelievesismedicine,so

theygetbetter安慰劑placebo

如果病人知道是安慰劑的話，那它就沒有效果了。WordsTheplacebowillnotworkifthepatientknowsitisaplacebo.例句翻譯Itisnotyetknownjusthowtheplaceboworkstohealthebody.我們仍然不清楚安慰劑到底是如何治病的。Text釋義1a.

seriousandunpleasant(病痛)劇烈的；(傷勢或病情)嚴重的severeThisdrugrelievedtheseverepaininmychest.Words例句翻譯這個藥減輕了我胸部的劇痛。Ihaveaseveretoothache.我的牙疼很嚴重。例句翻譯例句翻譯釋義2a.

veryseriousandworrying

(問題)嚴重的有些地方專業人員嚴重短缺。WordsShortagesofprofessionalstaffareverysevereinsomeplaces.改革使貧困人口遇到了嚴重的經濟困難。Thereformshavecausedsevereeconomichardshipforthepoorestmembersofthepopulation.例句翻譯severeAssoonasthedangerfromenemyaction,peoplehadtocopewithasevereshortageoffood,clothing,fuel,andalmosteverything.(Jun.2003,CET4,VocabularyandStructure)真題Text例句翻譯釋義vt.

tomakesomeonebelievethatsomethingistrue

使確信；使信服這樣的解釋無法使我信服。WordsSuchexplanationdoesn’tconvinceme.Thewastedisposalindustryisfindingitdifficulttoconvincethepublicthatitsoperationsaresafe.例句翻譯垃圾處理業發現很難讓公眾相信其操作是安全的。convinceWeareconvincedthatyoumeantodousgoodbyyourproposal;andwethankyouheartily.(Jan.1989,CET4,Readingcomprehension)真題Text例句翻譯釋義n.[C](plphenomena)aneventorsituationthatcanbeseentohappenorexist

現象有些人將“真人秀”節目視作一個令人不安的新現象。WordsSomepeoplesee‘realityTV’showsasadisturbingnewphenomenon.phenomenon例句翻譯公路暴力似乎是最近才有的現象。Roadrageseemstobeafairlyrecentphenomenon.Text例句翻譯釋義a.madetolooklikesomethingrealinordertotrickpeople

假的；偽造的；冒充的fake

Itisfilledwithfamousworksofart,andeveryoneofthemisafake.市場有很多假名牌。WordsOnthemarketyoucanfindmanyfakebrands.例句翻譯這里滿是藝術名品，但每一件都是贗品。Text例句翻譯釋義vt.toreportordescribesomethinginawaythatmakespeoplenoticeitandthinkaboutit

使突出；使強調；使注意力集中于用對比色會突出你房間的形狀和尺寸。WordsUsingcontrastingcolourswillhighlighttheshapeanddimensionsofyourroom.例句翻譯你的簡歷應突出你的技能和成績。Yourresuméshouldhighlightyourskillsandachievements.highlightText例句翻譯釋義a.notrealbutonlycreatedbyyourmind想象中的；假想的該劇中的人物都是虛構的。WordsAllthecharactersinthisplayareimaginary.例句翻譯赤道只是一條假想的線。TheEquatorisjustanimaginaryline.imaginaryText例句翻譯釋義vi.tograduallybecomelessclearornoticeableuntilitfinallydisappears

逐漸消失fade他們聽見有人經過房門的腳步聲，后來聲音逐漸在遠處消失。WordsTheyheardfootstepsgopasttheroom,thenfadeintothedistance.例句翻譯噴氣式飛機的聲音逐漸消失了。Thesoundofthejetplanefadedaway.Text例句翻譯釋義a.anunconsciousfeelingorthoughtisonethatyoudonotrealizeyouhave(感情或想法)無意識的，不自覺的父母很多時都沒有意識到自己在各方面影響著孩子。WordsParentsareoftenquiteunconsciousofthewaysinwhichtheyinfluencetheirchildren.例句翻譯這些沖動通常是完全潛意識的。Theseimpulsesareoftentotallyunconscious.unconsciousText例句翻譯釋義vt.tomakeanorganizedanddeterminedattempttodealwithaproblem解決；應付；處理tackle毒品問題必須毫不回避地解決處理。WordsThedrugsproblemhastobetackledhead-on.例句翻譯果斷處理這些問題的首要原因是為了挽救孩子們的生命。Thefirstreasontotackletheseproblemsistosavechildren’slives.Text例句翻譯釋義n.[C]aparticularpart,feature,orqualityofsomething

方面；特色；特點aspect

Wheneverythingturnsgreen,thecountrysidepresentsatrulybeautifulaspect.因特網影響著我們生活的方方面面。WordsTheInternetaffectseveryaspectofourlives.例句翻譯當一切都變綠后，鄉間呈現出一派美麗宜人的景色。TextThemostimportantaspectsofthedecisionhavetodowiththeemotionalneedsofeachmemberofthefamily.

(Jun.1999,CET4,ShortAnswerQuestions)真題例句翻譯釋義n.[sing,U]thesizeofsomething,especiallywhenitisbig大小，規模scale這種布娃娃正以商業規模大量生產。WordsThedollsarenowproducedonacommercialscale.Thebreak-downoflawandordercouldresultinkillingonamassivescale.法律和秩序一旦崩潰便可能導致大規模的屠殺。例句翻譯Text例句翻譯釋義n.[C,U]physicaldamagedonetoapersonorapartoftheirbody

傷害；損害injury醫治傷害的方法便是忘卻傷害。WordsTheremedyforinjuriesisnottorememberthem.Thedoctorsaidhewouldriskseriousinjuryifheweretofallagain.醫生說如果他再次跌倒的話，會有受重傷的危險。例句翻譯Wearingaseatbeltsaveslives;itreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanhalf.

(Jan.1989,CET4,ReadingComprehension)真題Text例句翻譯釋義a.notasgoodassomethingelse次等的；較差的inferiorHepreferredthecompanyofthosewhowereintellectuallyinferiortohimself.如果讓孩子們感覺他們不如其他孩子，他們的信心就會減弱。WordsIfchildrenweremadetofeelinferiortootherchildrentheirconfidencedeclined.例句翻譯他喜歡與那些智力水平不如他的人共處。Theirproductsarefrequentlyoverpricedandinferiorinquality.

(Jun.2002,CET4,VocabularyandStructure)真題Text例句翻譯釋義n.[C,U]medicaltreatmentinwhichadoctorcutsopensomeone’sbody外科手術surgeryTruth,likesurgery,mayhurt,butitcures.

你也許根本不需要動手術。WordsYoumaynotneedsurgeryafterall.例句翻譯真理，像外科手術一樣，可能使人疼痛，但卻可治愈疾病。Text例句翻譯釋義n.[C]areaction反應；回應responseHerresponsewastoleavetheroomandslamthedoor.我留了口信，但沒有得到回復。WordsI’veleftmessages,butthere’sbeennoresponse.例句翻譯她的反應是離開房間并把門砰地關上。Text例句翻譯釋義1n.[C]aconnectionbetweentwothings關系；聯系associationMyassociationwithhimgoesbacktoourdaysinhighschool.該研究顯示飲食與多種疾病之間存在著聯系。WordsTheresearchshowedanassociationbetweendietandvariousdiseases.

例句翻譯我和他的交往可以追溯到我們的高中時代。Theyarebuildingthedaminassociationwithanotherfirm.

(Jan.1992,CET4,Vocabularyandstructure)真題例句翻譯釋義2n.[C]agroupofpeoplewhohavejoinedtogetherbecausetheyhavesimilarinterestsoraims協會；聯盟Researchassociationsareoftenlinkedtoaparticularindustry.她是牙科醫師協會的會長。WordsSheispresidentofthedentalassociation.例句翻譯研究協會經常與某個特定的行業相關。associationText例句翻譯釋義n.[U]aworriedfeelingyouhavebecauseyouthinksomethingbadmighthappen

焦慮；憂慮Therewasalotofanxietyabouttheresultsofthetalks.人們對經濟情況的憂慮在增加。WordsPeople'sanxietyabouttheeconomyisincreasing.例句翻譯對于會談的結果大家都很焦慮。anxietyInfact,theanalysisshowed,normalchildrenages9to17exhibitahigherlevelofanxietytodaythanchildrenwhoweretreatedformentalillness50yearsago.(Dec.2003,CET4,ReadingComprehension)真題Text例句翻譯釋義vt.

totricksomeonebybehavinginadishonestway

欺騙deceiveYou’rejustdeceivingyourselfifyouthinkhe’llcomebacktoyou.他們騙那個老人在文件上簽了字。WordsTheydeceivedtheoldmanintosigningthepapers.例句翻譯如果你認為他會回到你身邊，那你是在自欺欺人。名詞詞性：deceitText例句翻譯釋義n.

[C,U]dishonestbehaviourthatisintendedtotricksomeone

欺騙；欺詐deceitWords例句翻譯Heraccountoftheaffairwasshowntobefullofliesanddeceits.這則廣告的內容大都是騙人的。Thereistoomuchdeceitinthisadvertisement.她對這一事件的陳述已被證明滿是謊言與欺騙。Text例句翻譯釋義vt.tomakesomethingorsomeonebecomegraduallylesseffective,confident,orsuccessful

逐漸削弱；逐漸損害undermineHispositionwithinthegovernmenthasbeenseriouslyundermined.工作壓力損害了她的健康。WordsHerhealthwasunderminedbythestressofherjob.例句翻譯他在政府中的地位遭到嚴重削弱。Text例句翻譯釋義n.[U](fml)thewaysomeonebehaves,especiallyinrelationtoparticularrulesoracceptedwaysofbehaving行為；舉止conductEffortsweremadetoregulatetheconductofcrowdsatfootballgames.這個囚犯因品行良好而獲得提前釋放。WordsTheprisonerwasreleasedearlyforgoodconduct.例句翻譯當局作出努力規范足球比賽中球迷的行為。Text例句翻譯釋義n.[C,U](~into)achancetounderstandsomethingorlearnmoreaboutit

洞悉；深入了解；見解insight經驗豐富的專家具有專業的技術和洞察力。WordsTheexperiencedspecialisthasprofessionalskillsandinsight.真題那篇文章使我們對中國文化有了深刻的理解。ThearticlegivesusarealinsightintoChineseculture.翻譯TextThefilmprovidesadeepinsightintoawiderangeofhumanqualifiesandfeelings.

(Jan.2003,CET4,Vocabularyandstructure)真題例句翻譯釋義1vt.toexperienceaprocessofchange

經歷（變化的過程）undergo公司經歷了幾次重大變化。WordsThecompanyunderwentseveralmajorchanges.真題很多昆蟲在發育過程中身體形態會經歷幾種變化。Manyinsectsundergoseveralchangesinbodyformduringtheirdevelopment.翻譯例句翻譯釋義2vt.

toexperiencesomething,especiallysomethingthatisunpleasantbutnecessary

經受，承受(尤指不愉快的事情)那家公司正在經受著嚴重的財政危機。WordsThecompanyisundergoingseverefinancialcrises.真題戰爭發生以來，我們經歷了許多苦難。Wehaveundergonemanyhardshipssincethewar.翻譯undergoText例句翻譯釋義vi.ifonepersoninteractswithanother,theycommunicatewithoneanotherandreacttooneanother,oftenwhileperforminganactivitytogether

相互交流；互動interact做游戲是一家人互相交流的一個途徑。WordsPlayingagameisawayforafamilytointeract.真題桌子被擺成U字形，這樣老師和學生交流會很方便。DesksarearrangedinaU-shape,sotheteachercaninteracteasilywiththestudents.翻譯Text例句翻譯釋義1tosayyouhaveapainorareill

訴說(病痛)complainof老婦人總是抱怨頭疼但又不去看病。

WordsTheoldwomankeptcomplainingoftheheadachebutrefusedtogotoseethedoctor.真題他是個非常自我克制的人，從不抱怨病痛的折磨。Heisquiteaself-restraintperson,nevercomplainofthesufferingfromtheillness.

翻譯Manypeoplecomplainoftherapidpaceofmodernlife.

(Jun.1991,CET4,Vocabularyandstructure)真題例句翻譯釋義2tosaythatsomethingbadhashappened控訴年輕人有時抱怨無法與父母溝通思想。WordsYoungpeoplesometimescomplainofnotbeingabletocommunicatewiththeirparents.真題游客抱怨需要花六周時間等簽證，并且簽證官還索賄。visitorscomplainofsix-weekwaitsforvisasandofofficialsdemandingbribes.翻譯complainofText例句翻譯釋義usedforgivingasummaryofwhatyouthinkthesituationreallyis

事實上；實際上ineffect她的答復事實上是一種道歉。

WordsHerreplyisineffectanapology.真題那兩個辦法實際上是一樣的。Thetwomethodswereineffectidentical.翻譯Text例句翻譯釋義todothenecessarythingsforsomeonewhoneedshelporprotection

照看；照顧careforsb要是孩子們的父母離開的話，誰來照顧他們呢?WordsWhowillcareforthechildreniftheirparentsareaway?