Chapter12Stress,coping&healthChapter12Stress,coping&hea疾病/健康病源學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)變Contagiousdiseases(傳染病）：由傳染源引起的疾病，如天花、傷寒、瘧疾、白喉、黃熱病、霍亂、腦灰質(zhì)炎、肺結(jié)合等—20世紀(jì)之前的致命疾病；與nutrition,publichygiene,sanitationandmedicaltreatment等有密切關(guān)系.Chronicdiseases(慢性病):heartdisease、cancer、stroke(中風(fēng)）等，生活壓力（應(yīng)激）、生活方式等因素是慢性病形成的主要原因。疾病/健康病源學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)變Contagiousdiseases普通心理學(xué)13心理壓力與健康課件心身病（蔡能等，1985)心理因素在疾病的發(fā)生和病程演變中起主導(dǎo)作用的軀體疾病。例如情緒，通過植物神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)、皮膚及免疫系統(tǒng)等受累而引起的癥狀群及疾病。心身病（蔡能等，1985)心理因素在疾病的發(fā)生和病程演變中起病源分析（蔡能等，1985）身心分離觀點(diǎn)（傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)觀點(diǎn)）：細(xì)胞疾病--》組織結(jié)構(gòu)改變---》功能障礙；身心統(tǒng)一觀點(diǎn)：情緒（心理）因素---》功能障礙（？？）---》細(xì)胞疾病---》組織結(jié)構(gòu)改變。病源分析（蔡能等，1985）身心分離觀點(diǎn)（傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)觀點(diǎn)）：細(xì)HealthpsychologyHealthpsychologyDiscoveryofcausation,prevention,andtreatment（病因、預(yù)防及治療）Healthpromotionandmaintenance（健康的促進(jìn)和保持）Bio-psychosocialmodel（生物心理社會(huì)模型）:身體疾病由生物、心理及社會(huì)文化等因素相互作用引起。HealthpsychologyHealthpsycho普通心理學(xué)13心理壓力與健康課件NatureofstressDefinationofstress（應(yīng)激、緊張）Stressors(應(yīng)激源):eventsorcircumstance(what?)Threatenorperceivedthreatenone’swell-being:(why?)Cognitiveappraisal：whataffectappraisal？Needtocoping:how?NatureofstressDefinationof普通心理學(xué)13心理壓力與健康課件FrustrationFrustration（挫折、打擊）

-blockedgoal（與目標(biāo)不一致）

-Trafficjams-failure-loss;情緒：憤怒、恐懼、悲傷；心境：抑郁、焦慮；生理：血壓（Novaco,etal.1990)；FrustrationFrustration（挫折、打擊）Conflict——

twoormoreincompatiblemotivations沖突的三種類型（Lewin,andMiller(1944)Approach-approach(雙趨性沖突）：魚與熊掌；Avoidance-avoidance（雙避沖突）：approach-avoidance（趨避沖突）：進(jìn)退兩難、猶豫不決、舉棋不定；NealMiller(1944)的實(shí)驗(yàn)：趨（食物+電擊）避（無食物+無電擊）沖突；---LauraKingandRobertEmmons(1991):以問卷調(diào)查內(nèi)心沖突與焦慮、抑郁、及生理癥狀的關(guān)系；Conflict——

twoormoreincompaconflictsconflictsconflictsconflictsChange:havetochangeTwoissues:Whatchangesledtostress?Degree?Whatconsequence?HolmesandRahe:SocialReadjustmentRatingScale(SRRS)—耗費(fèi)更多的能量。。。。肺結(jié)核的心理因素調(diào)查：結(jié)婚、晉升、有小孩等；消極刺激；生活變化大，生理疾病和心理問題也多一些（Creed,1993)；----疾病與生活應(yīng)激的相關(guān)研究；Change:havetochangeTwoissuSocialreadjustmentratingscaleDeathofspouse100Divorce73Jailterm63Marriage50Firedatwork47Retirement45Changeinschool20Vacation15Socialreadjustmentratingsca學(xué)生壓力量表(HolmesandRaber)學(xué)生壓力量表(HolmesandRaber)Pressure:expectationtobehaveincertainwaysPerformancepressureSalespeopleProfessorActorStudentConformpressure（相符）。來源于關(guān)系期望的壓力（工作、學(xué)校、家庭、朋友等）；與自我期望有關(guān)（ideaself&realself);壓力與心理問題、生理疾病。Pressure:expectationtobehav國內(nèi)研究戀愛婚姻與家庭內(nèi)部問題；戀愛婚姻；子女與父母關(guān)系；家庭關(guān)系變遷；學(xué)校與職業(yè)場所的問題；失學(xué)；失業(yè)；社會(huì)生活變化與個(gè)人特殊遭遇災(zāi)難性事件；《生活事件量表》國內(nèi)研究戀愛婚姻與家庭內(nèi)部問題；RespondingtostressEmotionalrespondingPhysiologicalrespondingBehavioralrespondingRespondingtostressEmotionalFigure13.4Overviewofthestressprocess.

Apotentiallystressfulevent,suchasamajorexam,elicitsasubjectiveappraisalofhowthreateningtheeventis.Iftheeventisviewedwithalarm,thestressmaytriggeremotional,psychological,andbehavioralreactions,aspeople’sresponsetostressismultidimensional.Figure13.4Respondingtostress:emotionalresponsesStress-》specificcognitivereaction—》specificemotion(SmithandLazarus,1991)Selfblame自責(zé)--》Guilt內(nèi)疚；Helplessness無助---》sadness悲傷；Commonemotionalresponse:annoyance(煩惱）,anger,andrage;apprehension（憂慮）；anxiety（焦慮）,andfear;dejection（沮喪）,sadnessandgrief（悲痛）；Respondingtostress:emotionaEmotionalresponsesCasper,etal.(1987)的研究被試：96女性，時(shí)間28天任務(wù)：報(bào)告她們每天生活中緊張事件與心情；結(jié)果：stressledtonegativemood;

EmotionalresponsesCasper,etaEmotionalresponsetostress研究：253Care-givingpartnersofmenwithAIDs’copingpattern（Folkman，1997)存在一定的正情緒；Positiveemotions:interestandjoy;Promotecreativityandflexibility;加速信息加工過程；減弱不良的生理反應(yīng)；情緒反應(yīng)的作用/功能？

Emotionalresponsetostress研究EffectsofemotionalarousalEmotionalarousalandperformance(成績/績效）Theinverted-U-hypothesis（倒U曲線）

--簡單任務(wù)需要較高喚醒水平；

--中等難度任務(wù)在中等喚醒狀態(tài)下成績最好；

--復(fù)雜任務(wù)在較低喚醒狀態(tài)下才有較好成績。情緒與認(rèn)知關(guān)系；EffectsofemotionalarousalEmFigure13.5Arousalandperformance.GraphsoftherelationshipbetweenemotionalarousalandtaskperformancetendtoresembleaninvertedU,asincreasedarousalisassociatedwithimprovedperformanceuptoapoint,afterwhichhigherarousalleadstopoorerperformance.Theoptimallevelofarousalforataskdependsonthecomplexityofthetask.Oncomplextasks,arelativelylowlevelofarousaltendstobeoptimal.Onsimpletasks,however,performancemaypeakatamuchhigherlevelofarousal.Figure13.5PhysiologicalResponsesFight-or-flightresponse。W.Cannon(1932):cats與dogs的實(shí)驗(yàn)；result:increasedinbreathingandheartrateanddecreasedindigestiveprocesses。現(xiàn)代生活與應(yīng)激的生理反應(yīng)；RespondingtoStressPhysiologicallyPhysiologicalResponsesRespondHansSelye：GeneralAdaptationSyndromePhysicalandpsychologicalstress:cold,heat,pain,mildshock,restraint,et.Al.Stressfulresponse:nonspecificreactions.Generaladaptationsyndrome:Alarm（警覺）:fightorflightresponse,Resistance（抵抗、堅(jiān)持）:prolongedstress,Exhaustion（疲乏，衰竭）:diseaseofadaptation(適應(yīng)疾病）；HansSelye：GeneralAdaptation

一般適應(yīng)癥候群和慢性應(yīng)激長期壓力帶來的生理反應(yīng)是什么?一般適應(yīng)癥候群報(bào)警階段抵抗期疲憊期心身失調(diào)一般適應(yīng)癥候群和慢性應(yīng)激長期壓力帶來的生理反應(yīng)是什么?一般

一般適應(yīng)癥候群的三個(gè)階段一般適應(yīng)癥候群的三個(gè)階段Brain-bodypathways（Felker&Hubbard,1998)Pathway(I):Stress-hypothalamus(下丘腦）-ANS-adrenalmedulla(腎上腺髓質(zhì)）-catechizations(兒茶酚胺）--增強(qiáng)活動(dòng)（心血管、呼吸、運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)激活）。Pathway(II):Stress-hypothalamus-Pituitarygland(腦垂體)-ACTH腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素-adrenalcortex-corticosteroids(皮質(zhì)類固醇素/可的松）--增強(qiáng)能量消耗（proteinandfat）。Effectofstressonimmunesystem(免疫系統(tǒng)）;Brain-bodypathways（Felker&HFigure13.6Brain-bodypathwaysinstress.

Intimesofstress,thebrainsendssignalsalongtwopathways.Thepathwaythroughtheautonomicnervoussystemcontrolsthereleaseofcatecholaminehormonesthathelpmobilizethebodyforaction.Thepathwaythroughthepituitaryglandandtheendocrinesystemcontrolsthereleaseofcorticosteroidhormonesthatincreaseenergyandwardofftissueinflammation(Felker&Hubbard,1998).Figure13.6

應(yīng)激中的軀體反應(yīng)應(yīng)激中的軀體反應(yīng)

拖沓的健康成本研究者鑒別了拖沓和不拖沓者后要求被試在學(xué)期初和學(xué)期末報(bào)告體驗(yàn)軀體疾病的癥狀.拖沓的健康成本研究者鑒別了拖沓和不拖沓者后要求被試在學(xué)期初Coping應(yīng)對:Activeeffortstomaster,reduce,ortoleratethedemandscreatedbystress.Adaptive&maladaptivecoping;Problem-focusedcoping&emotionalfocusedcoping;DifferencefromconceptofEmotionregulation(?)Copingstyles：consistentacrosssituations；RespondingtoStressBehaviorallyLaunchVideoCoping應(yīng)對:Activeeffortstoma

幾種應(yīng)對反應(yīng)

應(yīng)激預(yù)應(yīng)付可控制的應(yīng)激源不可控的應(yīng)激源

幾種應(yīng)對反應(yīng)

應(yīng)激預(yù)應(yīng)付GivingupandblamingoneselfGivingup適當(dāng)放棄：簡單放棄：Learnedhelplessness(習(xí)得無助);Behavioraldisengagement(行動(dòng)脫離);StressincreasedandledtodepressionSelfblame適當(dāng)?shù)淖晕遗校贿^分的自責(zé)——導(dǎo)致焦慮上升;Catastrophicthinking(自責(zé)思維/悲觀思維/悲慘思維）Developmentofdepression;GivingupandblamingoneselfGStrikingoutatotherAggression（攻擊）:Frustration-aggressionhypothesis（Dollard,etal.，1939).Displacement（轉(zhuǎn)移）：將攻擊目標(biāo)（挫折引起）轉(zhuǎn)移到其它無關(guān)的對象，例如，家庭成員;Catharsis(宣泄）-釋放發(fā)泄緊張情緒，宣泄與抑制對心理/生理適應(yīng)的作用。StrikingoutatotherAggressioIndulgingoneself（縱容自己）Indulgingoneself:在其它方面獲得替代滿足。Smoking,Drinking，Drugsusing,Overeating,Spendmoney,Internetaddiction（網(wǎng)迷).Indulgingoneself（縱容自己）IndulgiDefensemechanisms（防御機(jī)制）Repression（壓抑）Projection（投射）Displacement（轉(zhuǎn)移/遷怒）Reactionformation（反向形成）Regression（倒退）Rationalization（合理化）Identification（認(rèn)同）Intellectualization(isolation)智力化,升華。Overcompensation(過度補(bǔ)償）;Undoing（取消）；Denialofreality（否認(rèn)）;Fantasy（幻想）；Defensemechanisms（防御機(jī)制）RepresConstructivecoping（Epstein,1989,1990)

----更有效、更加健康的應(yīng)付方式直接面對問題，積極解決問題；對引起應(yīng)激環(huán)境和應(yīng)付資源理性現(xiàn)實(shí)的評價(jià)；學(xué)習(xí)對可能引起的破壞性情緒反應(yīng)進(jìn)行重新組織，或者抑制；努力確保自身不受可能的傷害；----與IQ關(guān)系較弱，與社會(huì)關(guān)系、愛情及成功的工作有較大相關(guān)。Constructivecoping（Epstein,1TheEffectsofStressOnPsychologicalFunctioningOnPhysicalHealthTheEffectsofStressOnPsychoFactorsinEffectsofstressStress:High&mediate&low,whichisoptimallevel?Effect:Positive&Negativeshort&term;Personality:howtraitsmodulatetheinteraction?Forwhat?Why?How?FactorsinEffectsofstressStStressImpairedtaskperformance

Baumeister(1984)的研究：hypothesis:Pressure—>selfconsciousincrease—>performancedecreaseX:PressureY:PerformanceonthetaskofperceptionHome-team(主場）wouldbeundergreaterpressurethanthevisitingteam（客場）??Earlygames:home-teamwinsLastgame:hometeamwinsEffectsofstressonpsychologicalfunctioningStressImpairedtaskperformanBurnout（崩潰）Burnoutinvolvesphysical,mental,andemotionalexhaustionthatisattributabletolong-terminvolvementinemotionaldemandingsituation(長期情緒緊張導(dǎo)致生理、心理及情緒上的衰竭）.Pines(1993)concluded,eventsundermineimportantandheroicbeliefsgraduallybyheavy,chronicwork-relatedstress.Eg.Retirefromanimportantposition.Burnout（崩潰）BurnoutinvolvesphAntecedentscomponentsconsequencesWorkoverloadLackofsocialsupportLackofcontrol,Inadequaterecognition,rewardsExhaustion疲憊不堪Cynicism牢騷Loweredself-efficacy低自我效能IncreasedphysiologicalillnessIncreasedabsenteeism,turnoverDecreasedcommitmenttojobReducedproductivityAntecedentscomPosttraumatic創(chuàng)傷stressdisorders(PTSD）災(zāi)難經(jīng)歷：Mele:81.3%;women:74.2%。PTSD：toogreatfear；9%,or45%。Psychologicalproblemsanddisorders：depression,anxiety,schizophrenia,andeatingdisorder；災(zāi)難后精神安撫；Socialsupport.Posttraumatic創(chuàng)傷stressdisordePositiveeffectsoftraumaPromotepersonalgrowthorself-improvement;Forcetodevelopnewskills,reevaluatepriorities,learnnewinsights,andacquirenewstrengths.Positivepsychology:researchonwellbeing,hope,courage,perseverance,tolerance,andotherhumanstrengthsandvirtues.PositiveeffectsoftraumaPromPsychosomaticdiseases（心身病）:由心理因素，尤其是情緒因素引起的，生理上的健康問題（有器質(zhì)性兵病變）；

hypertension,ulcer（潰瘍）,asthma（哮喘）,skindisorder,migraineandtensionheadaches(偏頭痛），stroke（中風(fēng)）,tuberculosis（肺結(jié)合）,multiplesclerosis（硬化病）,arthritis（關(guān)節(jié)炎）,diabetes（糖尿病）,leukemia（白血病）,cancer,varioustypesofinfectiousdisease（傳染病）,andthecommoncold（感冒）(Elliott,1989)。EffectsofStress:PhysicalPsychosomaticdiseases（心身病）:由心TypeAandcoronaryheartdisease（MayerFriedman&RayRosenman,1974)TypeA:strongcompetitiveness爭強(qiáng)好勝,impatience沒耐心andtimeurgency，angerandhostility；TypeB:relaxed,patient,easygoing（隨和）,amicable(友善）TypeA:更容易得冠心病。TypeAandcoronaryheartdise普通心理學(xué)13心理壓力與健康課件AngerandhostilityMoreanger,andhigherriskofcoronaryeventsAngerandhostilityMoreanger,情緒反應(yīng)與心臟病情緒反應(yīng)增加心血管系統(tǒng)負(fù)擔(dān)；負(fù)情緒反應(yīng)（anger,stress)——》心血管病人--》myocardialischemia（心肌缺血）、chestpain（胸疼）等癥狀。心臟病人在治療過程中要盡可能地保持平靜心境，避免情緒刺激；情緒反應(yīng)與心臟病情緒反應(yīng)增加心血管系統(tǒng)負(fù)擔(dān)；抑郁與心臟病抑郁病人的心率比較高；Pratt,etal.(1996)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在他13年的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)看，在初診心臟病人中，抑郁的病人是其他類型病人的4倍。憤怒、悲傷：心率上升；恐懼、厭惡：心率下降;抑郁與心臟病Stressandimmunefunctioning免疫反應(yīng)：lymphocytes（淋巴細(xì)胞）的功能，以抵抗外來細(xì)菌、濾過性病毒媒體、外物的入侵。Stressreducedimmuneactivity（動(dòng)物和人類）StressandimmunefunctioningFeaturedstudy:

ConnectingStresstothecommoncold

Cohen&Tyrrell(1993)Subjects:154(men),266(women)Method:X:High-orLow-stressY:Cold%結(jié)果：高緊張組患病概率更大。特點(diǎn)：考慮了人格和生活習(xí)慣等變量。Featuredstudy:

ConnectingSt人格變量的作用Stressandhealth：r=.20s~.30s,(不能說緊張是引起疾病的必然因素)。人格因素可能起重要作用。人格變量的作用Stressandhealth：r=.20Figure13.12Thestress-illnesscorrelation.

Oneormoreaspectsofpersonality,physiology,ormemorycouldplaytheroleofapostulatedthirdvariableintherelationshipbetweenhighstressandhighincidenceofillness.Forexample,neuroticismmayleadsomesubjectstoviewmoreeventsasstressfulandtoremembermoreillness,thusinflatingtheapparentcorrelationbetweenstressandillness.Figure13.12FactorsmoderationtheimpactofstressSocialsupport(社會(huì)支持);Optimismandconscientiousness(責(zé)任心)Autonomicreactivity(自主神經(jīng)的反應(yīng)性);FactorsmoderationtheimpactSocialSupport(社會(huì)支持）Increasedimmunefunctioning(Uchino,etal.1999)Higherlevelofanantibody(Jemmottetal.,1988)Socialsupport&socialbond.FactorsModeratingtheImpactofStress（影響緊張作用的調(diào)節(jié)因素）SocialSupport(社會(huì)支持）FactorsMo.健康促進(jìn)策略達(dá)到最佳健康狀態(tài)的十步.健康促進(jìn)策略達(dá)到最佳健康狀態(tài)的十步

遵醫(yī)囑藥物治療改變飲食規(guī)定的臥床鍛煉期復(fù)查康復(fù)訓(xùn)練化學(xué)療法.積極治療為什么定期鍛煉是降低壓力,保持健康和長壽計(jì)劃的一個(gè)重要因素遵醫(yī)囑.積極治療為什么定期鍛煉是降低壓力,保持健康和長壽計(jì)

對于健康的心理影響

為什么如果對你的朋友訴說自己的想法和感受可能對你我健康產(chǎn)生積極的影響呢?

對于健康的心理影響

為什么如果對你的朋友訴說自己的想法演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！Chapter12Stress,coping&healthChapter12Stress,coping&hea疾病/健康病源學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)變Contagiousdiseases(傳染病）：由傳染源引起的疾病，如天花、傷寒、瘧疾、白喉、黃熱病、霍亂、腦灰質(zhì)炎、肺結(jié)合等—20世紀(jì)之前的致命疾病；與nutrition,publichygiene,sanitationandmedicaltreatment等有密切關(guān)系.Chronicdiseases(慢性病):heartdisease、cancer、stroke(中風(fēng)）等，生活壓力（應(yīng)激）、生活方式等因素是慢性病形成的主要原因。疾病/健康病源學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)變Contagiousdiseases普通心理學(xué)13心理壓力與健康課件心身病（蔡能等，1985)心理因素在疾病的發(fā)生和病程演變中起主導(dǎo)作用的軀體疾病。例如情緒，通過植物神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)、皮膚及免疫系統(tǒng)等受累而引起的癥狀群及疾病。心身病（蔡能等，1985)心理因素在疾病的發(fā)生和病程演變中起病源分析（蔡能等，1985）身心分離觀點(diǎn)（傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)觀點(diǎn)）：細(xì)胞疾病--》組織結(jié)構(gòu)改變---》功能障礙；身心統(tǒng)一觀點(diǎn)：情緒（心理）因素---》功能障礙（？？）---》細(xì)胞疾病---》組織結(jié)構(gòu)改變。病源分析（蔡能等，1985）身心分離觀點(diǎn)（傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)觀點(diǎn)）：細(xì)HealthpsychologyHealthpsychologyDiscoveryofcausation,prevention,andtreatment（病因、預(yù)防及治療）Healthpromotionandmaintenance（健康的促進(jìn)和保持）Bio-psychosocialmodel（生物心理社會(huì)模型）:身體疾病由生物、心理及社會(huì)文化等因素相互作用引起。HealthpsychologyHealthpsycho普通心理學(xué)13心理壓力與健康課件NatureofstressDefinationofstress（應(yīng)激、緊張）Stressors(應(yīng)激源):eventsorcircumstance(what?)Threatenorperceivedthreatenone’swell-being:(why?)Cognitiveappraisal：whataffectappraisal？Needtocoping:how?NatureofstressDefinationof普通心理學(xué)13心理壓力與健康課件FrustrationFrustration（挫折、打擊）

-blockedgoal（與目標(biāo)不一致）

-Trafficjams-failure-loss;情緒：憤怒、恐懼、悲傷；心境：抑郁、焦慮；生理：血壓（Novaco,etal.1990)；FrustrationFrustration（挫折、打擊）Conflict——

twoormoreincompatiblemotivations沖突的三種類型（Lewin,andMiller(1944)Approach-approach(雙趨性沖突）：魚與熊掌；Avoidance-avoidance（雙避沖突）：approach-avoidance（趨避沖突）：進(jìn)退兩難、猶豫不決、舉棋不定；NealMiller(1944)的實(shí)驗(yàn)：趨（食物+電擊）避（無食物+無電擊）沖突；---LauraKingandRobertEmmons(1991):以問卷調(diào)查內(nèi)心沖突與焦慮、抑郁、及生理癥狀的關(guān)系；Conflict——

twoormoreincompaconflictsconflictsconflictsconflictsChange:havetochangeTwoissues:Whatchangesledtostress?Degree?Whatconsequence?HolmesandRahe:SocialReadjustmentRatingScale(SRRS)—耗費(fèi)更多的能量。。。。肺結(jié)核的心理因素調(diào)查：結(jié)婚、晉升、有小孩等；消極刺激；生活變化大，生理疾病和心理問題也多一些（Creed,1993)；----疾病與生活應(yīng)激的相關(guān)研究；Change:havetochangeTwoissuSocialreadjustmentratingscaleDeathofspouse100Divorce73Jailterm63Marriage50Firedatwork47Retirement45Changeinschool20Vacation15Socialreadjustmentratingsca學(xué)生壓力量表(HolmesandRaber)學(xué)生壓力量表(HolmesandRaber)Pressure:expectationtobehaveincertainwaysPerformancepressureSalespeopleProfessorActorStudentConformpressure（相符）。來源于關(guān)系期望的壓力（工作、學(xué)校、家庭、朋友等）；與自我期望有關(guān)（ideaself&realself);壓力與心理問題、生理疾病。Pressure:expectationtobehav國內(nèi)研究戀愛婚姻與家庭內(nèi)部問題；戀愛婚姻；子女與父母關(guān)系；家庭關(guān)系變遷；學(xué)校與職業(yè)場所的問題；失學(xué)；失業(yè)；社會(huì)生活變化與個(gè)人特殊遭遇災(zāi)難性事件；《生活事件量表》國內(nèi)研究戀愛婚姻與家庭內(nèi)部問題；RespondingtostressEmotionalrespondingPhysiologicalrespondingBehavioralrespondingRespondingtostressEmotionalFigure13.4Overviewofthestressprocess.

Apotentiallystressfulevent,suchasamajorexam,elicitsasubjectiveappraisalofhowthreateningtheeventis.Iftheeventisviewedwithalarm,thestressmaytriggeremotional,psychological,andbehavioralreactions,aspeople’sresponsetostressismultidimensional.Figure13.4Respondingtostress:emotionalresponsesStress-》specificcognitivereaction—》specificemotion(SmithandLazarus,1991)Selfblame自責(zé)--》Guilt內(nèi)疚；Helplessness無助---》sadness悲傷；Commonemotionalresponse:annoyance(煩惱）,anger,andrage;apprehension（憂慮）；anxiety（焦慮）,andfear;dejection（沮喪）,sadnessandgrief（悲痛）；Respondingtostress:emotionaEmotionalresponsesCasper,etal.(1987)的研究被試：96女性，時(shí)間28天任務(wù)：報(bào)告她們每天生活中緊張事件與心情；結(jié)果：stressledtonegativemood;

EmotionalresponsesCasper,etaEmotionalresponsetostress研究：253Care-givingpartnersofmenwithAIDs’copingpattern（Folkman，1997)存在一定的正情緒；Positiveemotions:interestandjoy;Promotecreativityandflexibility;加速信息加工過程；減弱不良的生理反應(yīng)；情緒反應(yīng)的作用/功能？

Emotionalresponsetostress研究EffectsofemotionalarousalEmotionalarousalandperformance(成績/績效）Theinverted-U-hypothesis（倒U曲線）

--簡單任務(wù)需要較高喚醒水平；

--中等難度任務(wù)在中等喚醒狀態(tài)下成績最好；

--復(fù)雜任務(wù)在較低喚醒狀態(tài)下才有較好成績。情緒與認(rèn)知關(guān)系；EffectsofemotionalarousalEmFigure13.5Arousalandperformance.GraphsoftherelationshipbetweenemotionalarousalandtaskperformancetendtoresembleaninvertedU,asincreasedarousalisassociatedwithimprovedperformanceuptoapoint,afterwhichhigherarousalleadstopoorerperformance.Theoptimallevelofarousalforataskdependsonthecomplexityofthetask.Oncomplextasks,arelativelylowlevelofarousaltendstobeoptimal.Onsimpletasks,however,performancemaypeakatamuchhigherlevelofarousal.Figure13.5PhysiologicalResponsesFight-or-flightresponse。W.Cannon(1932):cats與dogs的實(shí)驗(yàn)；result:increasedinbreathingandheartrateanddecreasedindigestiveprocesses。現(xiàn)代生活與應(yīng)激的生理反應(yīng)；RespondingtoStressPhysiologicallyPhysiologicalResponsesRespondHansSelye：GeneralAdaptationSyndromePhysicalandpsychologicalstress:cold,heat,pain,mildshock,restraint,et.Al.Stressfulresponse:nonspecificreactions.Generaladaptationsyndrome:Alarm（警覺）:fightorflightresponse,Resistance（抵抗、堅(jiān)持）:prolongedstress,Exhaustion（疲乏，衰竭）:diseaseofadaptation(適應(yīng)疾病）；HansSelye：GeneralAdaptation

一般適應(yīng)癥候群和慢性應(yīng)激長期壓力帶來的生理反應(yīng)是什么?一般適應(yīng)癥候群報(bào)警階段抵抗期疲憊期心身失調(diào)一般適應(yīng)癥候群和慢性應(yīng)激長期壓力帶來的生理反應(yīng)是什么?一般

一般適應(yīng)癥候群的三個(gè)階段一般適應(yīng)癥候群的三個(gè)階段Brain-bodypathways（Felker&Hubbard,1998)Pathway(I):Stress-hypothalamus(下丘腦）-ANS-adrenalmedulla(腎上腺髓質(zhì)）-catechizations(兒茶酚胺）--增強(qiáng)活動(dòng)（心血管、呼吸、運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)激活）。Pathway(II):Stress-hypothalamus-Pituitarygland(腦垂體)-ACTH腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素-adrenalcortex-corticosteroids(皮質(zhì)類固醇素/可的松）--增強(qiáng)能量消耗（proteinandfat）。Effectofstressonimmunesystem(免疫系統(tǒng)）;Brain-bodypathways（Felker&HFigure13.6Brain-bodypathwaysinstress.

Intimesofstress,thebrainsendssignalsalongtwopathways.Thepathwaythroughtheautonomicnervoussystemcontrolsthereleaseofcatecholaminehormonesthathelpmobilizethebodyforaction.Thepathwaythroughthepituitaryglandandtheendocrinesystemcontrolsthereleaseofcorticosteroidhormonesthatincreaseenergyandwardofftissueinflammation(Felker&Hubbard,1998).Figure13.6

應(yīng)激中的軀體反應(yīng)應(yīng)激中的軀體反應(yīng)

拖沓的健康成本研究者鑒別了拖沓和不拖沓者后要求被試在學(xué)期初和學(xué)期末報(bào)告體驗(yàn)軀體疾病的癥狀.拖沓的健康成本研究者鑒別了拖沓和不拖沓者后要求被試在學(xué)期初Coping應(yīng)對:Activeeffortstomaster,reduce,ortoleratethedemandscreatedbystress.Adaptive&maladaptivecoping;Problem-focusedcoping&emotionalfocusedcoping;DifferencefromconceptofEmotionregulation(?)Copingstyles：consistentacrosssituations；RespondingtoStressBehaviorallyLaunchVideoCoping應(yīng)對:Activeeffortstoma

幾種應(yīng)對反應(yīng)

應(yīng)激預(yù)應(yīng)付可控制的應(yīng)激源不可控的應(yīng)激源

幾種應(yīng)對反應(yīng)

應(yīng)激預(yù)應(yīng)付GivingupandblamingoneselfGivingup適當(dāng)放棄：簡單放棄：Learnedhelplessness(習(xí)得無助);Behavioraldisengagement(行動(dòng)脫離);StressincreasedandledtodepressionSelfblame適當(dāng)?shù)淖晕遗校贿^分的自責(zé)——導(dǎo)致焦慮上升;Catastrophicthinking(自責(zé)思維/悲觀思維/悲慘思維）Developmentofdepression;GivingupandblamingoneselfGStrikingoutatotherAggression（攻擊）:Frustration-aggressionhypothesis（Dollard,etal.，1939).Displacement（轉(zhuǎn)移）：將攻擊目標(biāo)（挫折引起）轉(zhuǎn)移到其它無關(guān)的對象，例如，家庭成員;Catharsis(宣泄）-釋放發(fā)泄緊張情緒，宣泄與抑制對心理/生理適應(yīng)的作用。StrikingoutatotherAggressioIndulgingoneself（縱容自己）Indulgingoneself:在其它方面獲得替代滿足。Smoking,Drinking，Drugsusing,Overeating,Spendmoney,Internetaddiction（網(wǎng)迷).Indulgingoneself（縱容自己）IndulgiDefensemechanisms（防御機(jī)制）Repression（壓抑）Projection（投射）Displacement（轉(zhuǎn)移/遷怒）Reactionformation（反向形成）Regression（倒退）Rationalization（合理化）Identification（認(rèn)同）Intellectualization(isolation)智力化,升華。Overcompensation(過度補(bǔ)償）;Undoing（取消）；Denialofreality（否認(rèn)）;Fantasy（幻想）；Defensemechanisms（防御機(jī)制）RepresConstructivecoping（Epstein,1989,1990)

----更有效、更加健康的應(yīng)付方式直接面對問題，積極解決問題；對引起應(yīng)激環(huán)境和應(yīng)付資源理性現(xiàn)實(shí)的評價(jià)；學(xué)習(xí)對可能引起的破壞性情緒反應(yīng)進(jìn)行重新組織，或者抑制；努力確保自身不受可能的傷害；----與IQ關(guān)系較弱，與社會(huì)關(guān)系、愛情及成功的工作有較大相關(guān)。Constructivecoping（Epstein,1TheEffectsofStressOnPsychologicalFunctioningOnPhysicalHealthTheEffectsofStressOnPsychoFactorsinEffectsofstressStress:High&mediate&low,whichisoptimallevel?Effect:Positive&Negativeshort&term;Personality:howtraitsmodulatetheinteraction?Forwhat?Why?How?FactorsinEffectsofstressStStressImpairedtaskperformance

Baumeister(1984)的研究：hypothesis:Pressure—>selfconsciousincrease—>performancedecreaseX:PressureY:PerformanceonthetaskofperceptionHome-team(主場）wouldbeundergreaterpressurethanthevisitingteam（客場）??Earlygames:home-teamwinsLastgame:hometeamwinsEffectsofstressonpsychologicalfunctioningStressImpairedtaskperformanBurnout（崩潰）Burnoutinvolvesphysical,mental,andemotionalexhaustionthatisattributabletolong-terminvolvementinemotionaldemandingsituation(長期情緒緊張導(dǎo)致生理、心理及情緒上的衰竭）.Pines(1993)concluded,eventsundermineimportantandheroicbeliefsgraduallybyheavy,chronicwork-relatedstress.Eg.Retirefromanimportantposition.Burnout（崩潰）BurnoutinvolvesphAntecedentscomponentsconsequencesWorkoverloadLackofsocialsupportLackofcontrol,Inadequaterecognition,rewardsExhaustion疲憊不堪Cynicism牢騷Loweredself-efficacy低自我效能IncreasedphysiologicalillnessIncreasedabsenteeism,turnoverDecreasedcommitmenttojobReducedproductivityAntecedentscomPosttraumatic創(chuàng)傷stressdisorders(PTSD）災(zāi)難經(jīng)歷：Mele:81.3%;women:74.2%。PTSD：toogreatfear；9%,or45%。Psychologicalproblemsanddisorders：depression,anxiety,schizophrenia,andeatingdisorder；災(zāi)難后精神安撫；Socialsupport.Posttraumatic創(chuàng)傷stressdisordePositiveeffectsoftraumaPromotepersonalgrowthorself-improvement;Forcetodevelopnewskills,reevaluatepriorities,learnnewinsights,andacquirenewstrengths.Positivepsychology:researchonwellbeing,hope,courage,perseverance,tolerance,andotherhumanstrengthsandvirtues.PositiveeffectsoftraumaPromPsychosomaticdiseases（心身病）:由心理因素，尤其是情緒因素引起的，生理上的健康問題（有器質(zhì)性兵病變）；

hypertension,ulcer（潰瘍）,asthma（哮喘）,skindisorder,mig