xxx公司英國歷史大事件年表文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設(shè)計，管理制度英國歷史大事件年表古代英國

-55BC

Early

settlement

750BC

Celts

began

to

come

to

setttle

in

the

British

Isles

55BC

Early

settlement

55BC-410

Roman

Occupation

54BC

Julius

Caesar

invaded

Britain

43BC

Roman

Emperor

Claudius

sent

Roman

Legions

to

Britain

and

conquered

England

410

AD

Romen

Legions

were

withdraw

from

Britain

410~871

Anglo-Saxon

Times:beginning

of

Feudalism

8th~1066

Vikings

SAXON

RULERS

829

Egbert

ruled

England

871

King

Alfred

fought

against

the

Danish11

DANISH

RULERS

1016

Danish

King

Canute

conquered

England

,and

became

king

of

England

SAXON

RULERS

1066

Harold

became

king,

and

was

killled

at

Hastings.

The

Battle

of

Hastings

.Duke

of

Normany

,William

conquered

England

and

was

crowned

on

Christmas

Day,as

king

William

Ⅰ.

HOUSE

OF

PLANTAGENET

1154

Henry

Ⅱ

began

the

House

of

Angou

KINGS

OF

ENGLAND

AND

LORDS

OF

IRELAND

1170

Henry

Ⅱ

four

knights

to

kill

the

Archbishop

of

Canterbury

Thomas

Becket

1198

Richard

Ⅰ.joined

the

third

crursade1215

King

John

signed

the

Magna

Carte1265

Simon

de

Montfort

summoned

the

first

parliament

1282

Edward

Ⅰconquered

Wales

1295

Edward

Ⅰsummoned

“Model

Parliament”

1296

Edward

Ⅰ

invaded

Scotland

1337~1453

The

Hundred

Years’war

1348

The

Black

Death

struck

England

1381

Wat

Tyler

Uprising

HOUSE

OF

LANCASTER

1399

Henry

Ⅳ

began

the

House

of

Lancaster

1455-1485

the

wars

of

the

Roses

HOUSE

OF

YORK

1461

Edward

Ⅳ

began

the

house

of

York

近代英國HOUSE

OF

TUDOR

1485

Henry

Ⅶ

began

the

house

of

Tudor

1509

Henry

Ⅶ

came

to

the

throne

1516

Thomas

More

published

Utopia

1534

Henry

Ⅷ

passed

the

“Act

of

Supremacy”

KINGS(QUEENS)

OF

ENDLAND

AND

IRELAND

1558

Elizabeth

Ⅰwas

crowned

1587

Elizabeth

Ⅰ

ordered

Mary

Queen

of

Scots

to

sentenced

to

death

1588

England

defeated

Spain’s

Armada

1600

The

East

India

Company

was

set

up

KINGS(QUEENS)

OF

ENGLAND

,SCOTLAND

AND

IRELAND

HOUSE

OF

STAUART

1603

James

Ⅰbegan

the

house

of

stuart

1629

Charles

agreed

to

sign

the

Petition

of

Right

1642

King

Charles

sent

soldiers

to

arrest

the

Parliament

leaders

and

Points”

the

League

of

nation.Britain

divided

with

France

the

control

over

German-held

territory

in

Aferica

and

the

Near

East

1924

Ramsay

Macponald

led

the

first

Labour

Party

government

KINGS(QUEENS)OF

UNITED

KINGDOM

OF

GREATBRITAIN

AND

NORTHERN

IRELAND

1929

NY

stock

Market

crashed,beginning

the

Great

Depression

1932

Britain

enacted

protective

tariffs

and

ceased

payment

on

war

debts

to

US

1935

Baldwin

replaced

MacDonald

as

Prime

Minister

1936

George

VI

came

to

throne,social

problems

faded

with

the

emergence

of

Nazism

1937

Baldwin

resigened

to

be

succeeded

as

rime

Minister

by

Neille

Chamberlain

1939

On

September

3th

Chamberlain

broadcast

to

the

nation

that

Britain

was

in

the

Second

World

War

1940

Winston

Churchil

formed

a

coalition

government

1941

the

pearl

Habor

Event-us

joined

withBritain

against

Japan

German

troops

weakened

after

failure

in

invading

Russia-The

Battle

of

Stalingrad

1944

The

Allied

Forces

landed

in

Normandy

1945

In

the

end

of

the

Second

World

War,Germany

and

Japan

subsequently

surrender.

1947

India

and

Pakistan

gain

independence

from

Britain.

1949

NATO,the

North

Atlantic

Treaty

Organization

,was

estiblished.

And

Brit

in

had

declined

to

attend

the

Council

of

Europe.

1950：The

Korean

War

broke

out.

Elizabeth

‖

1952

Princess

Elizabeth

was

crowned

Queen

Elizabeth‖.

A

four-day

London

“smog”

raised

the

city’s

death

toll

to

three

times

its

normal.

1955

London

passed

its

Clean

Air

Act.

Wartime

hero

Winston

Churchill

in

ill

health

resigned.

1956

The

Suez

Crisis

broke

out.

1957

Treaty

of

Rome

established

the

European

Econormic

Community.

1967

Britain

was

forced

to

devalue

the

pound

in

an

attempt

to

check

inflation

and

improve

the

trade

deficit.

1973

Britain

became

a

full

member

of

the

European

Community

which

was

still

called

the

Common

Market.

And

joined

the

European

Union

Britain

witnessed

the

first

oil

shock.

1979

Margaret

Thatcher

became

the

Prime

Minister.

1981

Prince

Charles

married

lady

Diana

Spencer.

1984

Mrs.

Thatcher

visited

China.

1990

John

Major

took

over

thereigns

of

the

Conserative

Party

as

Prime

Minister.

1993

Britain

ratified

the

Maastricht

Treaty.

1995

Major

resigned

as

party

leader

in

June.

1997

Diana

Princess

died

in

an

autommobtle

accident

in

Paris.

HK

was

returned

to

Chinese

sovereignty.

Tony

Blair

became

Prime

Minister.

2001

Tony

Blair

was

re-elected

Prime

Minister

on

June

8.

2003

Blair

,

with

George

Bush,

led

a

coalition

of

military

forces

in

an

attack

on

Iraq

in

March.

2005

Tony

Blair

won

his

third

term

as

Prime

Minister

.

2006

An

alleged

airplane

bomb

plot

threw

whole

Britain

in

chaos

.

2007

There

was

a

clash

between

UK

and

Iran

.Naval

forces

of

Iran’s

.

Revolutionary

Cruards

captured

15

Britain

sailors.

Tony

Blair

stepped

down

from

office

on

June

27.

Gordon

Brown

became

Britain

Prime

Minister.

關(guān)鍵名詞及解釋1.

London

London

is

the

largest

city

located

in

the

south

of

the

country.

It

is

dominant

in

all

sorts

of

ways.

It

is

the

cultural

and

business

center

and

the

headquarters

of

the

vast

majority

of

Britain’s

big

companies.

It

is

not

only

the

financial

center

of

the

nation,

but

also

one

of

the

three

major

international

financial

centers

in

the

world.

2.

Robin

Hood

Robin

Hood

was

a

Saxon

nobleman.

As

he

could

no

longer

put

up

with

oppressions

from

the

Normans,

he

became

an

outlaw

and

hid

himself

with

his

band

of

“merry

men”

in

the

forest.

From

this

secret

place,

he

went

out

to

rob

from

the

rich

to

give

the

poor.

3.

Anglo-Saxons

They

were

two

groups

of

Germanic

peoples

who

settled

down

in

England

from

the

5th

century.

They

were

regarded

as

the

ancestors

of

the

English

and

the

founders

of

England.

4.

King

Arthur

It

is

said

that

he

was

the

King

of

England

in

the

5th

century

and

united

the

British

and

drove

the

Saxons

back

with

his

magical

sword,

Excalibur.

His

real

existence

is

in

doubt.

He

is

the

central

figure

of

many

legends.

5.

King

Harold

He

was

the

Saxon

King

whose

army

was

defeated

in

the

Battle

of

Hastings

in

1066,

when

William

the

Conqueror

invaded

England

from

France.

6.

The

Bill

of

Rights

of

1689

In

1688,

King

James

II’s

daughter

Mary

and

her

husband

William

were

invited

by

the

politicians

and

church

authorities

to

take

the

throne,

on

condition

that

they

would

respect

the

rights

of

Parliament,

The

Bill

of

Rights

was

passed

in

1689

to

ensure

the

King

would

never

be

able

to

ignore

Parliament.

7.

The

Constitution

Britain

has

no

written

Constitution.

The

foundations

of

the

British

state

are

laid

out

in

statute

law,

which

are

laws

passed

by

Parliament;

the

common

laws,

which

are

laws

established

through

common

practice

in

the

courts;

and

conventions.

8.

The

functions

of

Parliament

The

functions

of

Parliament

are:

to

pass

laws,

to

vote

for

taxation,

to

scrutinize

government

policy,

administration

and

expenditure

and

to

debate

the

major

issues

of

the

day.

9.

The

House

of

Lords

The

House

of

Lords

consists

of

the

Lords

Spiritual,

who

are

the

Archbishops

and

most

prominent

bishops

of

the

Church

of

England;

and

the

Lords

Temporal,

which

refers

to

those

lords

who

either

have

inherited

the

seat

from

their

forefathers

or

they

have

been

appointed.

The

lords

mainly

represent

themselves

instead

of

the

interests

of

the

public.

10.

The

House

of

Commons

The

House

of

Commons

is

the

real

center

of

British

political

life

because

it

is

the

place

where

about

650

elected

represent

the

interests

of

the

people

who

vote

for

them.

10.

The

importance

of

general

elections

General

elections

are

very

important

in

western

democracy.

According

to

the

author,

they

provide

opportunities

for

people

to

influence

future

government

policies

and

to

replace

those

incompetent

political

leaders.

11.

The

formation

of

the

government

651

members

of

parliament

are

elected

in

the

general

election

representing

651

constituencies

in

the

UK.

The

party

which

holds

a

majority

of

those

“seats”

in

parliament

forms

the

government,

with

its

party

leader

as

the

Prime

Minister.

12.

The

electoral

campaigns

Before

a

general

election,

the

political

parties

would

start

their

electoral

campaigns

in

order

to

make

their

ideologies

and

policies

known

to

the

public,

The

campaign

involves

advertisements

in

newspapers,

door-to-door

campaigning,

postal

deliveries

of

leaflets

and

“party

electoral

broadcasts”

on

the

television.

The

parties

also

try

to

attack

and

criticize

the

opponents’

policies,

Therefore,

these

campaigns

sometimes

can

be

quite

aggressive

and

critical.

13.

Ethnic

relations

in

the

UK

The

coming

of

immigrants

groups

from

other

parts

of

the

world

has

greatly

enriched

British

culture.

But

ethnic

relations

are

also

sometimes

tense:

the

local

people

view

the

newcomers

as

a

threat

to

their

way

of

living;

and

despite

much

official

actions

to

minimize

racism,

both

subtle

and

overt

oppression

remains.

The

immigrant

population

is

not

well-off

economically.

They

face

problems

of

unemployment,

under-representation

in

politics

and

unfair

treatment

by

police

and

by

the

justice

system.

14.

Comprehensive

schools

Comprehensive

schools

are

the

most

popular

secondary

schools

in

Britain

today.

Such

schools

admit

children

without

reference

to

their

academic

abilities

and

provide

a

general

education.

Pupils

can

study

everything

from

academic

subjects

like

literature

to

more

practical

subjects

like

cooking.

15.

Grammar

schools

It

is

a

type

of

secondary

schools

in

Britain.

Grammar

schools

select

children

at

the

age

11,

through

an

examination

called

“the

11-plus”.

Those

children

with

the

highest

marks

go

to

grammar

schools.

These

schools

lay

emphasis

on

advanced

academic

subjects

rather

than

the

more

general

curriculum

of

the

comprehensive

schools

and

expect

many

of

their

pupils

to

go

on

to

universities.

16.

Independent

schools

Independent

schools

are

commonly

called

public

schools

which

are

actually

private

schools

that

receive

their

funding

through

the

private

sector

and

tuition

rates,

with

some

government

assistance.

Independent

schools

are

not

part

of

national

education

system,

but

the

quality

of

instruction

and

standards

are

maintained

through

visits

from

Her

Majesty’s

Inspectors

of

Schools.

These

schools

are

restricted

to

the

students

whose

parents

are

comparatively

rich.

17.

The

Open

University

The

Open

University

was

founded

in

Britain

in

the1960’s

for

people

who

might

not

get

the

opportunity

for

higher

education

for

economic

and

social

reasons.

It’s

open

to

everybody

and

does

not

demand

the

same

formal

educational

qualifications

as

the

other

universities.

University

courses

are

followed

through

TV,

radio,

correspondence,

videos

and

a

net

work

of

study

centers.

At

the

end

of

their

studies

at

the

Open

University,

successful

students

are

awarded

a

university

degree.

18.

“Football

hooligans”

“Football

hooligans”

reflect

the

violence

associated

with

football.

While

all

social

classes

used

to

join

in

the

local

football

match,

it

was

regarded

as

being

not

at

all

suitable

for

gentlemen.

Visitors

from

abroad

sometimes

complained

about

stumbling

into

the

midst

of

a

rough

and

dangerous

game

when

walking

the

streets

of

London,

while

local

householders

and

merchants

were

troubled

by

having

their

windows

broken

by

stray

footballs.

Drinking

hard

went

along

with

playing

hard.

Today,

violence

is

still

associated

with

football.

“Football

hooligans”

are

supporters

of

rival

teams.

They

sometimes

clash

before,

during

and

after

matches

and

occasionally

run

riot

through

the

town,

breaking

windows

and

beating

each

other

up.

19.

Cricket

and

“fair

play”

Cricket

was

one

of

the

very

first

team

sports

in

Britain

to

have

organized

rules

and

to

be

played

according

to

the

same

rules

nationally.

The

reason

that

fixed

rules

were

applied

to

cricket

so

early

on

was

a

financial

one:

aristocrats

loved

betting

on

cricket

matches

and

if

people

were

going

to

rick

money

on

a

game,

they

wanted

to

ensure

that

the

game

would

be

played

fairly.

In

Britain

people

from

all

walks

of

life

play

cricket,

but

in

the

19th

century,

cricket

was

a

sport

played

mainly

by

the

upper

classes.

It

was

a

kind

of

“snob”

game

played

by

boys

who

attended

public

schools.

As

generations

of

public

school

boys

grew

up

to

become

the

civil

servants

and

rulers

of

the

UK

and

its

colonies,

cricket

became

associated

with

a

set

of

moral

values,

in

particular

the

idea

of

“fair

play”

which

supposedly

characterized

British

government.

20.

Wimbledon

Wimbledon

is

the

name

of

a

London

suburb.

In

Wimbledon

the

world’

best

players

gather

to

compete

on

grass

courts.

It

is

one

of

the

major

events

of

the

British

sporting

calendar

and

probably

the

most

famous

tennis

event

in

the

world.

Besides

actually

watching

the

tennis

matches,

other

activities

closely

associated

with

the

“Wimbledon

fortnight”

are

eating

strawberries

and

cream,

drinking

champagne

and

hoping

that

it

doesn’t

rain.

21.

The

three

traditions

of

Christmas

in

Britain

There

are

three

Christmas

traditions

which

are

particularly

British:

one

is

the

Christmas

Pantomime,

a

comical

musical

play.

The

main

male

character

is

played

by

a

young

woman

while

The

main

female

character,

often

an

ugly

woman

called

“the

Dame”,

is

played

by

a

man.

Another

British

Christmas

tradition

is

to

hear

the

Queen

give

her

Christmas

message

to

her

realm

over

the

television

and

radio.

A

third

British

tradition

is

Boxing

Day,

which

falls

on

the

day

after

Christmas.

Traditionally,

it

was

on

Boxing

Day

that

people

gave

Christmas

gifts

or

money

to

their

staff

or

servants.

Now

that

most

British

people

do

not

have

servants,

this

custom

is

no

longer

observed.

However,

a

new

Boxing

Day

custom

has

emerged,

in

the

cities:

shopping.

Shops

open

up

to

sell

off

all

their

Christmas

stock

decorations,

food,

cards

and

gift

items

at

low

prices.

22.

Orange

Marches

These

events

can

be

traced

back

to

the

17th

century

battles

between

Catholics

and

Protestants.

Now

the

Protestants

celebrate

their

victory

at

the

Battle

of

the

Boyne

(12

July)

in

1690.

The

Catholic

King

James

II

was

forced

off

the

throne

in

1688.

William

of

Orange

was

invited

to

take

the

throne

and

James

was

driven

into

exile.

The

Twelfth

of

July

is

the

high

point

of

what

is

known

as

the

Marching

Season,

when

Protestant

“Orangemen”

take

to

the

streets

wearing

their

traditional

uniforms

and

orange

sashes,

marching

through

the

streets

singing,

banging

drums

and

playing

in

marching

bands.

The

Orangemen

often

clash—verbally,

legally

or

sometimes

violently—with

the

Catholics

as

they

attempt

to

parade

through

Catholic

neighborhoods.

Therefore,

during

Orange

Marches

there

is

a

massive

police

and

army

presence

surrounding

the

parades

and

the

atmosphere

can

be

very

tense.

23.

Eisteddfod

Wales

has

a

long

poetic

tradition.

Poems

written

in

the

traditional

Welsh

language

and

style

are

governed

by

ancient

codes

and

conventions.

This

poetic

tradition

has

been

celebrated

for

centuries.英國歷史重大事件年表

約公元前3000年，伊比利亞人進入不列顛，以長墳聞名

約公元前2000年，建立巨石陣；寬口陶器人出現(xiàn)，以鐘形容器聞名

約公元前700年，三波凱爾特人進入不列顛：蓋爾人、布立吞人、貝爾格人

公元前55年，Julius

Caesar率羅馬軍團入侵不列顛，開啟不列顛有文字記載的歷史

公元43年Claudius皇帝時期，羅馬正式占領(lǐng)不列顛，不列顛的羅馬時代持續(xù)400年

597年，教皇格里高利一世派St.

Augustine到不列顛傳教

9世紀，Egbert成為第一位英格蘭國王

1066年諾曼征服：懺悔者愛德華、哈羅德、征服者威廉；斯坦福橋、黑斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役；封建制度完全建立。

1086年威廉一世“末日審判書”完成

1170年大主教貝克特被刺，亨利二世宗教改革失敗

12、13世紀，牛津、劍橋大學(xué)建校

1215年約翰王被迫簽訂《大憲章》，限制王權(quán)

1265年的大議會標志著向現(xiàn)代議會的轉(zhuǎn)變，簽署《牛津協(xié)定》

1284年愛德華一世征服威爾士，創(chuàng)立“威爾士親王”封號

1337-1453年愛德華三世發(fā)動英法百年戰(zhàn)爭，亨利五世取得大勝

1348年爆發(fā)黑死病，勞動力短缺、土地閑置、轉(zhuǎn)耕為牧、農(nóng)民可討價還價

《勞工法令》Statute

of

Labours

禁止提高農(nóng)民工資

1381年農(nóng)民起義，理查二世欺騙起義軍、謀殺瓦特·泰勒

14、15世紀，圣安德魯大學(xué)、格拉斯哥大學(xué)、阿伯丁大學(xué)、愛丁堡大學(xué)在蘇格蘭建校

1455-1485玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭：愛德華四世勝利、愛德華五世失蹤、理查三世被擊殺、亨利七世建立都鐸王朝

1529-1534年亨利八世進行宗教改革Reformation，確立英王為獨立的英格蘭教會最高領(lǐng)袖，脫離羅馬教皇

1558-1603伊麗莎白一世統(tǒng)治

1588年擊敗無敵艦隊Armada

文藝復(fù)興Renaissance

(1350-1650)和英國文藝復(fù)興（1485-）

1605年火藥陰謀案，天主教謀殺詹姆士一世失敗，處決蓋伊·福克斯，英國人慶祝11月5日“蓋伊福克斯之夜”

1628第三次召集的議會向查理一世提出Petition

of

Right民權(quán)請愿書

1642-1649英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)（清教革命、英國資產(chǎn)階級革命）

1649年查理一世被處決，進入Commonwealth

共和國時期

1660年共和國瓦解，查理二世復(fù)辟Restoration

1688年光榮革命，威廉、瑪麗共掌英國

1689年《權(quán)利法案》出臺，君主立憲制確立

1707年《聯(lián)合法案》規(guī)定英格蘭、蘇格蘭合并，“大不列顛”產(chǎn)生；也規(guī)定蘇格蘭教會成為聯(lián)合王國國教之一。

農(nóng)業(yè)變革：18世紀晚期（傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)制度可追溯至5世紀）

圈地法案

Enclosure

Act

規(guī)定土地可以買賣，大量土地兼并，農(nóng)場擴大、貧雇農(nóng)失去土地轉(zhuǎn)為勞動力

1780-1830工業(yè)革命

珍妮紡紗機、蒸汽機、新式煉鋼法

1832年《改革法案》Reform

Act廢除腐敗選區(qū)、合理分配選票等

1836-1848憲章運動，倫敦工人協(xié)會起草《人民憲章》，6點內(nèi)容

1871《工會法案》承認公會合法

1756-1673英法七年戰(zhàn)爭、英國取得加拿大

1840年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭和1842年《南京條約》，割地賠款五口通商；英國與毛利人簽訂《外坦基條約》，標志著現(xiàn)代新西蘭誕生

1858正式征服印度，維多利亞加冕印度女皇

1889-1902布爾戰(zhàn)爭，大英帝國達到頂峰，擁世界人口土地1/4

1875年買下蘇伊士運河，開始殖民埃及

1856-1858年第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭，英法聯(lián)軍攻入北京，燒毀圓明園

1911《議會法案》確立下議院的最高權(quán)威

1914-1918第一次世界大戰(zhàn)：英法俄VS德國、奧匈、土耳其

1919年在Mrs.

Pankhurst領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的Suffragttes運動中，英國30歲以