專題9 點(diǎn)1.文中詞匯意義比單一穩(wěn)簡(jiǎn)明不帶彩有單一和準(zhǔn)確的特點(diǎn)這類文章通常不會(huì)出現(xiàn)文中采用的排、比、夸張等修辭手法，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象也不多。2.句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語(yǔ)法分析較。為了描述一個(gè)客觀事物，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會(huì)使用集多種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)于一體長(zhǎng)句。3.常使用語(yǔ)態(tài)尤是一些慣句。命題形式：,行文邏輯性強(qiáng),內(nèi)容抽象②貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)科普說(shuō)明文常出現(xiàn)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題，這種試題或以生物依賴關(guān)系為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判草圖，以提高理解準(zhǔn)確率。分析備選項(xiàng)時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)照原文介紹情況，找出各圖不同之處，以便最終判變化等）排列起來(lái)，來(lái)進(jìn)一步解釋或闡釋，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。細(xì)節(jié)理解題目主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，難度較Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)WhichofthefollowingisnotAllofthefollowingaretrueAccordingtothe中可以直接找到。如：AgiantdamwasbuiltmanyyearsagotocontroltheColoradoRiverintheU.S.Thisdamwasbuilttoprotectthelandandhousesaroundtheriver.ThishugedamisintheBlackCanyon.Itispossibletodriveacarfromonesideoftherivertotheotheronaroad，whichisonthetopofthedam.Thisdamissobigthatthereisanelevatorinside.Theelevatorgoesdownforty-fourstoriesfromtheroadtothebottom.ThereisenoughconcreteinthisdamtobuildahighwayfromNewYorktoSanFrancisco.Thousandsofpeopleworkedonthisdamforfiveyears.ThishugedamwascalledBoulderDamwhenitwasfinishedin1936.LateritwasrenamedHooverDaminhonorofaoftheUnitedStates.HooverDam，oneofthehighestdamsintheworld，issituatedbetweenthestatesofArizonaandNevada.Q：HooverDam betweenArizonaandintheBlackbetweenNewYorkandSanbothAand【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是Dof1991，appearedastheguesthostessontheShanghaiTVscreenlastSunday.BorninShanghaiandtakentowhenshewasonlysixyearsold，LuoLinhasneverdreamedofbeingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanairhostess.BeforeshetookpartinthecompetitionshehadbeenanairhostessinCathayAirlineforsevenyears.However，itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheartofwalkingonthestage，dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners，designedbytheAsiaTVStation.“It’sreallyahardjobforme.Iwon’tenterforsuchcompetitionanymore.Anyhow，Iamquiucky.IamalsogladtohavehadmorechancetoworkforthesocialwelfaresinceIwonthetitle.Thistime，inShanghai，I’dlovetomakeadeepimpressiononmyTVaudience，”saidLuoLinwithasweets.Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTLuoLinisanativeofLuoLinmovedtowithherLuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiainAsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLin eMiss【解析AC和D項(xiàng)都可在原文找到答案而B(niǎo)項(xiàng)原文所給的是：takento可判斷不是movedtowithherparents，因此選B。3IfyouregisterboththeVIEWqualificationcourseandtheForumatthesametime,youwill （title,headline（subject中心思想(mainWhatwouldbethebesttitlefortheWhatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlyWhatisthepassagemainlyThemainpurposeofannouncingtheaboveevents 屬于理解題。WecaninferfromthePassage WhatcanbeinferredfromtheWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3 Theauthorsuggestsinthisparagraph Thewriterimplies Itcanbeinferred Itcanbeconcludedfromthe Onthewhole,wecanconclude Fromthetextwecanconclude Afterreadingthe wemayconclude WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheTheauthorisinclinedtothink Whenthewritertalksabout,whathereallymeansis What’sthewriter’sattitude/feelingInthewriter’sTheword“...”inLine...means/canbereplacedAsusedinthepassage,thephraseFromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase“...”is/referredTheword“...”isclosestinmeaningto...猜詞是應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的重要能力，也是高常用的題型。它不但需定義法。如Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolvery句子給予annealing“退火”Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakbrittle是“脆”Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep，earnsabout650yuanalooksaftersheepherdsman的詞義為“牧人”同位法。如Theytraveledalongwayandatlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold同位語(yǔ)部分alargebuildinginoldtimescastle的確切詞義，即“城堡”Weareonthenightshift—frommidnightto8a.m.—thisnightshift是“夜班”對(duì)比法。如Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstbutbut前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來(lái)”，因此反Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?possibilitypossible的同根名詞,possibility意思是“可能性”。Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.從后面的結(jié)果“不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)”中，可以推測(cè)permanent的意思為“的，”體驗(yàn)高[2014·卷DScientiststodayaremakinggreaterefforttostudyoceancurrents(洋流).Mosttusingsalitesandotherhightechequipment.However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyerdoesitinaspecialway—bystudyingmovementsofrandomfloatinggarbage.Ascientistwithmanyyears'experience,hestartedthistypeofresearchintheearly1990swhenheheardabouthundredsofathleticshoeswashingupontheshoresofthenorth-westcoastoftheUnitedStates.Thereweresomanyshoesthatpeopleweresettingupswap_meetstotryandmatchleftandrightshoestosellorEbbesmeyerfoundoutinhisresearchesthattheshoes—about60，000intotal—fellintotheoceaninashipaccident.Hephonedtheshoecompanyandaskediftheywantedtheshoesback.Asexpected,thecompanytoldhimthattheydidn't.Ebbesmeyerrealizedthiscouldbeagreatexperiment.Ifhelearnedwhenandwheretheshoeswentintothewaterandtrackedwheretheylanded,hecouldlearnalotaboutthepatternsofoceanThePacificNorthwestisoneoftheworld'sbestareasfor bing(海灘搜尋)becausewindsandcurrentsjoinhere,andasaresult,thereisagroupofserious bersinthearea.Ebbesmeyergottoknowalotofthemandaskedfortheirhelpincollectinginformationaboutwheretheshoeslanded.Inayearhecollectedreliableinformationon1，600shoes.Withthisdata,heandacolleaguewereabletotestandimproveacomputerprogrammetomodeloceancurrents,andpublishthefindingsoftheirAstheresultofhiswork,Ebbesmeyerhas eknownasthescientisttocallwithquestionsaboutanyunusualobjectsfoundfloatingintheocean.Hehasevenstartedanassociationof bersandoceanexperts,with500subscribersfromWestAfricatoNewZealand.Theyhaverecordedalllostobjectsrangingfrompotatoestogolfgloves.Theunderlinedphrase“swapmeets”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto fittingtradingbusinessgroupEbbesmeyerphonedtheshoecompanytofindout whatcausedtheshipwhenandwheretheshoeswentwhetheritwastousetheirhowmuchtheylostintheshipHowdidEbbesmeyerprovehisBycollectinginformation Bystudyingtheshoesfound BysearchingthewebforoceancurrentsByresearchingoceancurrentsdataintheEbbesmeyerismostfamousfor travellingwidelythecoastalcitiesofthemakingrecordsforanylostobjectsontherunningaglobalcurrentsresearchphoningaboutanydoubtfulobjectsontheWhatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthisTocallpeople'sattentiontooceanTowarnpeopleofshipsafetyintheToexplainauniquewayofstudyingoceanTogivetipsonhowtosearchforlostobjectsonthebeach.DHowfitareyourteeth?Areyoulazyaboutbrushingthem?Neverfear:aninventorisonthecase.Anelectrictoothbrushsenseshowlongandhowwellyoubrush,anditletsyoutrackyourperformanceonyourphone.TheKolibreetoothbrushwasexhibitedattheInternationalConsumerElectronicsShowinLasVegasthisweek.ItsenseshowitismovedandcansendtheinformationtoanAndroidphoneorviaaBluetoothwirelessconnection.Thetoothbrushwillbeabletoteachyoutobrushright(don'tforgettheinsidesoftheteeth！)andmakeyou'rebrushinglongenough.“It'skindoflikehavingadentistactuallywatchyourbrushingonaday-to-daybasis，”saysThomasServal,theFrenchinventor.Thetoothbrushwillalsobeabletotalktootherapplicationsonyourphone,sodeveloperscould,forinstance,createagamecontrolledbyyourtoothbrush.Youcouldscorepointsforbeatingmonstersamongyourteeth.“Wetrytomakeitsmartbutalsofun，”Servalsays.Servalsayshewasinspiredbyhisexperienceasafather.Hewouldcomehomefromworkandaskhiskidstheyhadbrushedtheirteeth.Theysaid“yes”，butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry.Hedecidedheneededabrushthatreallytoldhimhowwellhischildrenbrushed.ThecompanysaystheKolibreewillgoonsalethissummer,for$99to$199,develoonfeatures.TheUSisthefirsttargetmarket.Servalsaysthatoneday,it'llbepossibletoreplacethebrushonthehandlewithabrushingunitthatalsohascamera.ThecameracanevenexamineholesinyourteethwhileyouWhichisoneofthefeaturesoftheKolibreeItcansensehowusersbrushtheirItcantrackusers'schoolItcandetectusers'fearofseeingaItcanhelpusersfindtheirWhatcanwelearnfromServal'swordsinParagraphYouwillfinditenjoyabletoseeaYoushouldseeyourdentistonaday-to-dayYoucanbrushwiththeKolibreeasifguidedbyaYou'dlikeadentisttowatchyoubrushyourteetheveryWhichofthefollowingmightmaketheKolibreetoothbrushItcanbeusedtoupdatemobileItcanbeusedtoplaymobilephoneItcansendmessagestootherItcantalktoitsWhatisParagraph5mainlyHowServalfoundouthiskidsliedtoWhyServalthoughtbrushingteethwasHowServaltaughthiskidstobrushtheirWhatinspiredServaltoinventthetoothbrush.60．WhatcanweinferaboutServal'schildren?TheywereunwillingtobrushtheirTheyoftenfailedtocleantheirTheypreferredtouseatoothbrushwithadryTheylikedbrushingtheirteethafterServalcame61．WhatcanwelearnaboutthefuturedevelopmentoftheKolibree?A．Thebrushhandlewillberemoved.B．Amobilephonewillbebuiltintoit.C．Itwillbeusedtofillholesinteeth.D．Itwillbeabletocheckusersteeth.CWhydoAmericansstrugglewithwatchingtheirweight,whiletheFrench,whoconsumerichfood,continuetostaythin?NowaresearchbyCornellUniversitysuggestshowlifestyleanddecisionsabouteatingmayaffectweight.ResearchersconcludethattheFrenchtendtostopeatingwhentheyfeelfull.However,AmericanstendtostopwhentheirplateisemptyortheirfavouriteTVshowisover.AccordingtoDrJosephMercola,ahealthexpert,theFrenchseeeatingasanimportantpartoftheirlifestyle.Theyenjoyfoodandthereforespendafairlylongtimeatthetable,whileAmericansseeeatingassomethingtobesqueezedbetweentheotherdailyactivities.MercolabelievesAmericanslosetheabilitytosensewhentheyareactuallyfull.SotheykeepeatinglongaftertheFrenchwouldhavestopped.Inaddition,hepointsoutthatAmericansdrivetohugesupermarketstobuycannedandfrozenfoodsfortheweek.TheFrench,instead,tendtoshopdaily,walkingtosmallshopsandfarmers'marketswheretheyhaveachoiceoffreshfruits,vegetables,andeggsaswellashigh-qualitymeatsforeaeal.AfteravisittotheUnitedStates,MireilleGuiliano,authorofFrenchWomenDon'tGetFat,decidedtoabouttheimportanceofknowingwhentostopratherthansuggestinghowtoavoidfood.Todayshecontinuestostayslimandrarelygoestothegym.Inspiteofallthesedifferences,evidenceshowsthatrecentlifestylechangesmaybeaffectingFrencheatinghabits.Todaytherateofobesity—orextremeoverweight—amongadultsisonly6%.However,asAmericanfastfoodgainsacceptanceandtheyoungrejectoldertraditions,theobesityrateamongFrenchchildrenhasreached17%—andisgrowing.InwhatwayaretheFrenchdifferentfromAmericansaccordingtoDrJosephTheygoshopatsupermarketsmoreTheysqueezeeatingbetweentheotherdailyTheyregardeatingasakeypartoftheirlifeTheyusuallyeattoomuchcannedandfrozenThistextismainlytherelationshipbetween AmericansandthelifestyleandchildrenandfastfoodandThetextismainlydeveloped by B.byC.by D.byWheredoesthistextprobablycomeA.ATV B.AfoodC.Ahealthreport. D.Abookreview.[2014·卷]EWomenarefriendly.Butmenaremorecompetitive.Why?Researchershavefoundit'salldowntothehormoneoxytocin(催生素).Althoug ownasthelovehormone,itaffectsthesexesdifferently.“Womentendtobesocialintheirbehaviour.Theyoftensharewithothers.ButmenlendtobeTheyaretryingtoimprovetheirsocialstatus，”saidProfessorGenerally,peoplebelievethatthehormoneoxytocinisletoutinourbodyinvarioussocialsituationsandourbodycreatesalargeamountofitduringpositivesocialinteractions(互動(dòng))suchasfallinginloveorgivingbirth.ButinapreviousexperimentProfessorRyanfoundthatthehormoneisalsoletoutinourbodyduringnegativesocialinteractionssuchasenvy.Furtherresearchesshowedthatinmenthehormoneoxytocinimprovestheabilitytorecognizecompetitiverelationships,butinwomenitraisestheabilitytorecognizefriendship.ProfessorRyan'srecentexperimentused62menandwomenaged20toHalfoftheparticipants(參與者receivedoxytocin.Theotherhalfreceivedplacebo(安慰劑Afteraweek,thetwogroupsswitchedwithparticipants.TheywentthroughthesameprocedurewiththeotherFollowingeachtreatment,theywereshownsomepictureswithdifferentsocialinteractions.Thentheywereaskedtoyzetherelationshipsbyansweringsomequestions.Thequestionswereaboutlingfriendshipfromcompetition.Andtheiranswersshouldbebasedongestures,bodylanguageandfacialexpressions.Theresultsindicatedthat,aftertreatmentwithoxytocin,men'sabilitytocorrectlyrecognizecompetitiverelationshipsimproved,butinwomenitwastheabilitytocorrectlyrecognizefriendshipthatgotbetter.ProfessorRyanthusconcluded,“Ourexperimentprovesthatthehormoneoxytocincanraisepeople'sabilitiestobetterdistinguishdifferentsocialinteractions.Andthebehaviourdifferencesbetweenmenandwomenarecausedbybiologicalfactors(因素thataremainlyWhatcausesmenandwomentobehavedifferentlyaccordingtothe B.C.The D.ThesocialWhatcanwelearnfromProfessorRyan'spreviousOxytocinaffectsourbehaviourinadifferentOurbodyletsoutoxytocinwhenwearedeepinOurbodyproducesoxytocinwhenwefeelunhappyaboutothers'Oxytocinimprovesourabilitiestounderstandpeople'sbehaviourWhydidProfessorRyanconducttherecentTotesttheeffectofoxytocinontheabilitytorecognizesocialToknowthedifferencesbetweenfriendshipandToknowpeople'sdifferentabilitiestoanswerTotestpeople'sunderstandingofbodyTheauthordevelopsthetextby explainingpeople'sdescribinghisowndistinguishingsexualdiscussingresearch模擬新題精1.【2015省蘭州市3月診斷】Three-dimensionalprintersarefast ingeverydaydevicesintheUnitedStates.Three-Dprintersareusedtomakeeverythingfromautomobilepartstobonereplacementsforhumanpatients.Americanresearchscientistsarenowworkingoncreatingreplacementsforlivingtissue.ResearchersattheMedicalUniversityofSouthCarolinahavebeenworkingoncreatingandmanufacturinglivingtissuesince2003．Thisprocessiscalledbiofabrication(生物制造).Itrequiresspecialprintingequipmentandaspecialkindofink.Traditionalprintersrequireinktoproduceanimageordesignonapieceofpaper.Fortheirthree-Dprinter,theSouthCarolinaresearcherspreparecomplexnutritioussolutionstheycallbio-inks.Bio-inksaremadeofproteinsandglucose(葡萄糖),whichnormallyprovidesenergyformostcellsofthebody.Theresearchersalsoaddlivingcellstakenfromtheanimalthatwillreceivethenew,printedtissue.Thebio-inksarethenaddedtoadevicethatresearcherscallthePalmettobio-printer.SarahGraceDennisisoneoftheresearchersattheMedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina.Shesaysnewtechnology,likethePalmettobio-printer,isagreathelptothebiofabricationprocess.Thebio-inksareplacedinthreedispensers(分配器),containers,insidetheprinter.Laserscontrolbothpositionoftheprintingsurfaceandtheplaceswherethebio-inkisMichaelYostisaleaderoftheresearchteam.Hesaystheprintingprocessisfullyautomated—machine-operated.HesaysthatthePalmettobio-printermakesitpossibletocreatecomplextissuetypes.Theresearcherssaybio-printingisstillexperimental.Buttheyhopeinafewyearstheymaybeabletoprinttissuetoreplacedamagedhumanorgans.Buttherearestillsomeproblemswhichneedtobesolved.Somescientistsworryabouthowtogetbloodtothereplacementtissue.Theflowofbloodisimportanttokeeptheprintedtissuealive.MichaelYosthopesthatmorepeoplewillbelieveinthebenefitsof“Tissuebiofabricationisareality,anditisarealitynow,andifyoucomehereandyougettoseeit.Youwillgettoseeit.Youcan’ttouchit,butyouwillseeitandthinkthisisreal.Andthisisreallyhuman.”1】Whatcanweknowaboutthebio-Theyarethenecessitiesofbio-TheyonlycontainproteinsandTheycanbeplacedinthetraditionalTheyareavailableinourlocal2】Whichofthefollowingisoneoftheconcernswithbiofabrication?A．Researcherscan’tfindenoughlivingcellsofanimalstomakethebio-inks.B．Thepriceofthebio-printeristoohighandmostpeoplecan’taffordit.C．Scientistshavesomedifficultyingettingthebloodtothereplacementtissue.D．Peopleareworriedaboutthesafetyofthebiofabricationprocess.【小題3】AccordingtoMichaelYost,wecaninfer thePalmettobio-printercanworkwithoutthePalmettobio-printerhasbeenusedtotreatthethePalmettobio-printercanonlybefoundintheUnitedthePalmettobio-printerwillhaveabrightfutureinmedical【小題4】Thepassage lsus thethree-Dprinteranditsworkingthebio-inksandtheiruseinbio-thespreaduseofthebio-printerinthethegrowingdemandfor2.2.【 Astudyofmorethanfivemillionbooks,bothfictionandnon-fiction,hasfoundamarkeddeclineintheuseofemotionalwordsovertime.TheresearchersformtheUniversityofBristolusedNgramViewer,afacilityforfindingthefrequencyoftermsinscannedbooks,tosearchformorethan600particularwordsidentifiedasrepresentinganger,dislike,fear,joy,sadnessandsurprise.Theyfoundthatalmostallofthecategoriesshowedadropinthese“moodwords”overtime.Onlyinthecategoryoffearwasthereanincreaseinusage.“Itisasteadyandcontinuousdecrease,”saidDrAlbertoAcerbi.Heassumedthattheresultmightbeexplainedbyachangeinthepositionoccupiedbyliterature,inacrowdedmedialandscape.“Onethingcouldbethatinparalleltobooksthe20thcenturysawthestartofothermedia.Maybethesemedia—movies,radio,drama,hadmoreemotionalcontentthanbooks.”Althoughbothjoyandsadnessfollowedthegeneraldownwardstrend,theresearch,publishedinthejournalPLOSOnefoundthattheyalsoexhibitedanotherinterestingbehaviour：theratio比率betweenthetwovariedgreatly,apparentlymirroringhistoricalevents.DuringtheRoarinentiesthejoy-to-sadnessratioreachedapeakthatwouldnotoccuragainuntilbeforetherecentfinancialcrash.ButtheratioplungedattheheightoftheSecondWorldWar.Nevertheless,theresearchersheldaopinionabouttheirclaimthattheirresultreflectedwidersocialtrends.Inthepaper,theyevenarguethatthereversecouldbetrue.“Ithasbeensuggested,forexample,thatitwasthesuppression(壓抑)ofdesireinordinaryElizabethanEnglishlifethatincreaseddemandforwriting‘filledwithromanceandsex’…perhaps,”theyconcludesongsandbooksmaynotreflecttherealpopulationanymorethancatwalkmodelsreflecttheaveragebody.”【小題1】Theword"decline"(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaning A. B. C. D.【小題2】Astudyofmorethanfivemillionbooksindicatedadecreasein“moodwords”overtime intheuseofthewordsofhistorical B.inthecategoryofC.inthecategoryof D.inthecategoryof3What’sthemainideaofthisA.Astudyofemotional B.AstudyaboutvocabularyinC.ReasonsfortheuseofemotionalwordsdecreasesinD.Astudyonincreaseinthecategoryof【2015Ifyou’resecretlyworriedaboutyoursmartphoneaddiction,thenthenewNoPhonemightbejustthethingyouneed．Itlooksandfeelsexactlylikeasmartphone，butitdoesnothing．It'sjustapieceofplasticthatyoucancarryaroundinyourhandtofoolyourself．DutchdesignerlngmarLarsencameupwiththeideaasajokealongwithhistwofriends．Totheirsurprise，theideareceivedalotofattentiononlineandpeoplefromallovertheworldstatedplacingrequestsforNoPhonesoftheirown．Sothat’swhenthethreefriendsdecidedtoturntocollectenoughfundformassNoPhoneiscurrentlyaprototype(模型)thatwillcostonly$12onceithitsthemarket．Itis5.5inches2.6incheswideand0.29inchesthick,bringingitquiteclosetothelatestsmartphonesonthemarket．Itisdescribedfreenonecessaryshatterproof()waterproof'anhand-to-phonecontactthatallowsyoutostayconnectedwiththerealworld“Phoneaddictioniseverywhere”thedesignersinsist“It’sruiningyourdates．It’sdistractingyouat ywirelessdesign，theNoPhoneactsasasubstitutetoanysmartmobiledevice，enablingyoutoalwayshaveaphonetoholdwithoutgivinguppotentialengagementwithyourdirectenvironmentupset．Themakersdohaveanupgradeatnoextracharge—themirrorsticker．Thatway，theysay，youcanenjoy‘real-time’selfieswithyourfriendswhenthey’restandingrightbehindyou．1】WhatcanNoPhonedoforpeopleaccordingtotheItisactuallyanewkindofrealItcanhelpusstayawayfromtherealIthelpsgetridofpeople’ssmartphoneIt’sjustapieceofplasticandcando2】WhatisParagraph3mainlyThesizeofNophone． B．TheinventorsofNophone．C．ThematerialofNophone． D．AbriefdescriptionofNophone．3】Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．NoPhonehasreceivedunexpectedattention．B．NoPhonecancompleyreplaceC．ThedesignershavemadelotsofmoneyfromD．NoPhoneisabletotakeselfiesassmartphones4】WhattypeofwritingisthisA．AtraveI C．Amedical D．Anofficial【2015Caneatingachocolatebareverydayreallypreventage-relatedmemoryloss?No.Butanewresearchshowsthatlargeamountsofflavones,substancesfoundincocoa,teaandsomekindsofvegetables,mayimproveage-relatedmemoryfailure.Dr.ScottSmallisaprofessorofneurologyatColumbiaUniversityinnewYorkCityHeistheleadwriterofaresearchpaperdescribingtheeffectsofcocoaflavonesonbrainactivityHisstudyinvolved37volunteersagedbetween50and69.Researchersgavethemahigh-levelflavonesdrinkmadefromcocoabeansoralow-levelflavonesdrink.Foraperiodofthreemonths,somesubjectsgot900milligramsofflavonesaday.Theothersgot10milligramsofflavoneseachday.BrainimagingandmemorytestsweregiventoeachstudysubjectbeforeandafterthestudyDr.Smallsaysthatthesubjectswhohadthehigh-levelflavonesdrinkshowedmuchimprovementonmemorytests.Theresearcherswarnthatmoreworkisneededtobedonebecausethisstudywasperformedonlyonasmallgroup.Dr.JoannMansonistheleadresearcherofafour.yearstudyinvolving18,000adults.Thisstudywilluseflavonescapsules(膠囊Thestudysubjectswillbedividedintotwogroupsandwilltaketwopillsperday.ThecapsulesusedwillallLookthesame.Butonegroup'scapsuleswillcontainflavones,whiletheothergroupwilltakecapsulesmadeofaninactivesubstance,orplaceboDr.Mansonsaysit'snotnecessaryforpeopletostarteatingmorechocolate,because3wouldhavetoeatahugeamountofchocolatetogetthesamelevelofflavonesgiventotheLestsubjects.Headdsmanymanufacturershaveplannedtoremovetheflavonesfromtheirchocolateproducts.Similarity,Dr.saysacocoa-basedflavonesextract（提取）maybedevelopedinthefutureButhesaysthatmorestudiesareneededtoseehowmuchflavonesisgoodforourhealth1】WhatwasdonetothesubjectsalterDrSmall'sTheywereaskedtotakeahigh-levelflavonesdrinkBTheyweregivencapsulescontainingflavonesTheyweregivenbrainimagingandmemoryTheywereaskedtotaketwopillsofflavonescapsulesperday332】What'sthesimilarityofthe2experiments?ABothusehigh-levelflavonesBThenumberofthesubjectsistheCDrinksandplacebosareusedinbothDThesubjectsaredividedintotwogroupsinbothexperiments34.3】WhywillDr.Mansoncarryoutthefour-yearstudy?AToprovethefirstexperimentisBTocarryouttheexperimentCTotesthowmuchflavonescanimproveourDToshoweatingchocolateisbettertoimprove35.4】WhatcanwelearnfromthelastAIt'snotnecessaryforustoeatBThemoreweeatflavones,thebetterourhealthwillCInthefuturewecangetflavoneswithouteating It'seasyforpeopletogetthesamelevelofflavonesgiventothetestThosewhohavesufferedfrominsomniaknowthesinkingfeelingofwatchingtheclocktick．NowanewstudyintheArchivesofInternalMedicinesuggeststhatlyinginbedawakemayactuallycontributetotheproblemofsleeplessness．Thestudyof79adults（averageage72）withinsomniaaimedtodeterminewhetherbriefbehavioralinterventionsforinsomniawouldhelp．Traditionalbehavioraltherapy（療法）requiresatleasthalfadozenhour-longsessionswithathe—acostlycommitmentmanypatientseithercan'tmakeordon'thaveaccessto．Otheroptionsincludesleep-aidingmedicationsorsupplements．Inthecurrentstudy，the39participantsinbehavioraltherapygroupreceiveda45-to60-minuteinstructingsession，plusa30-minutefollow-upsessionandtwo20-minutephonecalls．Doctorsofferedthefollowingbehavioralinterventionsforimprovingsleep:reducetimeinbed;getupatthesametimeeveryday，regardlessofsleepduration;don'tgotobedunlesssleepy;anddon'tstayinbedunlessTheother40participantsinthestudyweregivenprintededucationalmaterialsaboutinsomnia，whichincludedthesameinstructionsgiventotheinterventiongroup，butwithouttheindividualizedsessionswithathe．Twoweekslater，thelattergroupalsogota10-minutefollow-upphonecall．Atoffourweeks，thebehavioraltreatmentgroupwassignificantlymorelikelytoshowimprovementsinsleepthantheprinted-materialsgroup．Bythattime，55%ofthosewhoreceivedbehavioraltreatmentnolongermetthecriteriaforinsomnia，comparedwith13%ofthegroupthatgoteducationalbrochures．ThegoodnewscomesatthesametimeasareportonthehealtheffectsofinsomniafromtheU．K．'sMentallevelsandaninabilitytoconcentrate．Poorsleephasalreadybeenlinkedtodepression，immunedeficiencyandheartdisease．1】Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword C．heart D．immune2】WhatisthedisadvantageoftraditionalbehavioralItcan’tItcostsalotofItrequiressessionswithatheItincludessleep-aiding3】HowtoimprovesleepaccordingtotheLyinginbedGetupearlyeveryDon’tgotobedlateatDon’tstayinbedifyouarenot【小題4】Wecanlearnfromthetextthatinsomniamaycausethefollowingresultsexcept C．immune D．heart【2015Aroundtheworld,honeybeegroupsaredyinginhugenumbers:Aboutone-thirdofnestscollapseeachyear.Forbeesandtheplantstheypollinate(授粉aswellasforbeekeepers,farmers,honeyloversandeveryoneelsewhoappreciatesthismarveloussocialinsect—thisisacatastrophe.Honeybeecollapsehasbeenparticularlyworryingbecausethereisnoonecausebutratherathousandlittlecuts.Themainelementsincludethemixedimpactofpesticides(殺蟲(chóng)劑)appliedtofields,aswellaspesticidesapplieddirectlyintonetstocontrolbugs,pestsanddiseases;nutritionalshortagescausedbyvastacreagesofsingle-cropfieldsthatlackdiversefloweringplants;andcommercialbeekeeitself,whichdestroysgroupsbymovingmostbeesaroundthecountrymultipletimeseachyeartopollinatecrops.Therealissue,though,isnotthevolumeofproblems,buttheinteractionsamongthem.Herewefindamajorlessonfromthebeesthatweignoreatourrisktheconceptofsynergy協(xié)同作用whereoneplusoneequalsthree,orfour,ormoreAtypicalhoneybeecolonycontainsremainsfrommorethan120pesticidesAloneeachrepresentsabenigndose(良性劑量).Buttogethertheyformapoisonoussoupofchemicalswhoseinterplay(相互作用)cangreatlyreducetheeffectivenessofbeesimmunesystems,makingthemeasiertosufferfromdiseases.Observingthedeathofhoneybeesshouldwarnusthatourownwell-beingmightbesimilarlythreatened,andthewidespreadcollapseofsomanygroupspresentsaclearmessage:Wemustdemandthatourregulatoryauthoritiesrequirestudiesonhowexposuretolowdosagesofcombinedchemicalsmayaffecthumanhealthbe