WeldingHealthandSafety

焊接作業的健康與安全WeldingHealthandSafety

焊接作業1Hazards危害性Weldinghasboth“Apparent”hazardsand“Hidden”hazards.Apparenthazardsarethosewhichcanbeeasilyidentified.Hiddenhazardsarethosenotseenandoftenforgotten.焊接分明顯的危害和隱藏的危害，明顯的危害是容易鑒定而隱藏的危害是不明顯而且容易忽略的。Someoftheseare:

ElectricalShock觸電

Overexposuretoarcradiation電弧光輻射

Fumesandgasses有害的煙和氣Burnsandfire灼傷和火災

Compressedgascylinders壓力容器

Noise噪音

HazardsWeldinghasboth“Appar2ElectricalSafety電氣安全Electricshockandelectrocutionarepossiblehazardswithallweldingprocesses.在整個焊接過程中，觸電和電擊是可能存在的危害。①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyElectricshoc3ElectricalSafety電氣安全FuseorBreakerpanel保險絲或者斷路面板PowerSupplycables電源線Internalpartsofthepowersource電源內部零件Exposedwiresontheweldinglead.焊接端面上的裸線Contactwiththeelectrodeandtheworkpiece.電極和工件之間的連接Wetglovesorskin.濕的手套或者外套Theprimaryside:主要方面:Thesecondaryside:次級方面:Therearetwodifferentareasofconcern.有兩個不同的區域需要注意。①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyFuseorBreak4Primarysidepowerisnormallyishighamperage/highvoltage.Theweldershouldnotworkinthisarea.Itshouldleftuptoaqualifiedmaintenanceperson.初級電源通常是高電流/電壓,焊工不應工作在這個區域。它應該由一個合格的維護人操作。Notice:注意：EHS俱樂部Primarysidepowerisnormally5ElectricalSafety電氣安全①ACCurrent交流電Paralyzesvoluntarymuscles.肌肉麻痹ACistheprimarypowerforweldingwhichismuchhigherthantheoutputweldingcurrent.交流電主電源處電壓比輸出端高很多DCCurrent直流電DCCurrentcancauseseverinternalburnsbutdoesnotparalyzemuscles.直流電能引起嚴重的內部燃燒，但不會使肌肉麻痹Question:Whichismoredangerous?哪個更危險？ACCurrentorDCCurrent？交流電或直流電？Answer:InGMAW,ACcurrentismoredangerous.氣體保護電弧焊中，交流電是更加危險的。EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety①ACCurrentPa6ElectricalSafety電氣安全①WorkReturnLeadvs.Ground.工作回路引線和接地Theworkreturnleadisoftenreferredtoastheground.工作回路引線有點像接地Workreturnandgroundingaretwodifferentthings.但是接地和工作回路引線是兩種不同的事情。EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety①WorkReturn7ElectricalSafety電氣安全①Groundingis：接地是：Acableattachedtoacopperroddrivenintotheground.電纜聯接銅棒插入地下。Itspurposeistocarryawaycurrentincaseofatransformerfault,powersurge,orstrayvoltage.它的目的將使在變壓器故障,電力高峰及短路情況下把電流導入地下。AWorkReturnLeadis:工作回路引線是:Acableattachedtotheworkpiece.電纜被連接到工件上。Itspurposeistocreateacompletecircuitforwelding.它的目的是使焊接時建立一條完全回路。EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety①Groundingis8ConnectingtheWorkReturnlead連接工作回路引線ElectricalSafety電氣安全①Properconnectionisveryimportant，becausetheweldingcurrentwillfindtheeasiestpathbacktothePowersource.正確的連接非常重要,因為焊接電流將容易找到返回到功率源的路徑。Possiblythroughthebuildingifthereisametalfloor.容易通過金屬平臺穿過建筑。Throughanattachedliftingdevicesuchasanoverheadcrane.通過一個附屬的起重裝置例如一架吊車。Throughpowertoolsifotheroperationsbeingperformedontheassemblyyouareweldingon.當在焊接時如果有組裝的時候，通過一個手動工具。EHS俱樂部ConnectingtheWorkReturnlea9Possiblecurrentreturnpaths.目前可能的返回路徑。Throughoverheadliftingdevices.通過起重設備Throughmetalplatesthatmaybeplacedinthefloorforotherfunctions.通過放在地上的金屬板或類似物品Throughpowertoolsusedforotheroperationsonthesameunit.在同一個產品上操作時，通過電動工具ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部Possiblecurrentreturnpaths.10ElectricalSafetyTips:PowerSource電氣安全提示：電源Shouldbeinstalledandservicedbyaqualifiedelectricianormaintenanceperson.持有電工證的電工或則維修人員安裝電源和維護。Avoidworkingnearprimarysidepowercables.避免在主要電源端附近工作。Neverrunoverprimarysideoranyotherpowercableswithaforklift.Also,becarefulnottodropheavyobjectsonpowercords.Damagetotheoutercasingcanresultandexposetheconductorunderneath.絕對不能使用叉車壓住主要電源端和任何電源線。同樣，小心不要掉重物在電源線上。破壞電器箱將會是使導體裸露。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:Power11ElectricalSafetyTips:WeldingEquipment電氣安全提示：焊接設備Checkcablesforwornorcutinsulation.檢查電源線是否磨損或者絕緣斷開。Letyoursupervisorknowifdamageisfoundsomaintenancecanbecalled.如果發現破壞，通知你的主管讓維修人員去修理。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:Weldin12ElectricalSafetyTips:ProtectiveClothing電氣安全提示：防護服Wearproperglovesthataredryandfreeofholes.穿那些干燥的且有通氣孔的特制的手套Wearrubbersoledsafetyshoes.穿橡膠制作的安全鞋ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:Protec13ElectricalSafetyTips:WorkReturnLead電氣安全提示：工作回路引線Makesuretheworkreturnleadisproperlyconnectednearthepointofweldingandmakesgoodelectricalconnection.確定工作回路引線是被正確的夾在焊接點的附近和確保有好的電氣連接。Donotplacethepowersourceonafloorthatcouldconductweldingcurrent.不要將電源放置在能導電的地面上。Neverleaveanoverheadcraneorotherliftingdeviceconnectedtotheassemblybeingwelded.Currentcantravelbackthroughthesedevicesandcauseveryseriousdamage.不要把吊機或是其它起重設備連接在正在焊接的產品上。通過這些設備電流能夠回流，也能引起非常嚴重的破壞。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:WorkR14ElectricalSafetyTips:IncaseofElectricalShock電氣安全提示：假如發生電擊Ifpossible,turnthepoweroffimmediately.如有可能，立即關閉電源。Donottrytopullthevictimfreewhileincontactwiththeelectricalpower.不要試圖去推開那些正觸電的受害者。ActivatetheEMS(emergencymedicalsystem),call120.Alertfirstrespondersaccordingtoprotocolspostednearthephonesintheshop.啟動急救系統，呼叫120。向廠房里電話邊張貼的負責人提供警報。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:Incas15Ultraviolet–UV紫外線Visible可見光Infrared-(IR)紅外線ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Theweldingarcemitsthreetypesofradiation.焊接時有三種輻射產生。EHS俱樂部Ultraviolet–UV16ShortwavelengthUVcauses“Arceye”or“Weldersflash”短波紫外線引起的眼病。UVintherangeof300-400Nano-Meters(NM)hasbeenassociatedwiththeformationofcataracts.紫外線引起白內障。InfraredandVisiblelightcancauseburnsandretinallesions.紅外線和可見光損壞視網膜。ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部ShortwavelengthUVcauses“Ar17Themostcommontypeofeyeinjuryfromradiationis“arceye”or“weldersflash”.最常見的眼病，從輻射是“紅眼”或“電光性眼炎”。Severalhoursafterexposure,you’reeyeswillfeellikethereissandinthemandwillberedandswollen.眼睛曝光幾個小時后，會覺得像有沙子，他們將變紅和腫脹。Theeffectsareshortlivedandcanbetreatedbyavisittotheemergencyroomwheredropscanbeadministeredtocorrectthiscondition.影響是短暫的。到急診室處理有助于緩解和改善這樣的狀況。However,theeyescanbepermanentlydamagedbyintenseexposureovertime.然而，曝光時間過長的話，視力將會永久的傷害。

ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部Themostcommontypeofeyein18ClearPlasticlensesandsideshieldswillblockshortwaveUVandhelpavoidexposure.透明膠鏡片將阻止短波紫外線，并有助于避免曝光。UVintherangeof300to400Nano-Meters,Infrared,andvisiblelightarenotblockedbyclearplastic.Thecorrectshadeoffilterplateneedstobeusedtopreventexposure.透明膠鏡片不可以攔住300~400納米范圍的紫外線，紅外線和可見光的。需要選用正確的濾光片來防止曝光。ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部ClearPlasticlensesandside19ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Thefollowingslideisachartofrecommendedfilterplateshadesfordifferentweldingprocessesandcurrentlevels.以下說明不同的焊接時需要不同濾光片的種類。EHS俱樂部ArcRadiation②Thefollowingsl20Arcradiationcancauseaconditionverymuchlikesunburn.電弧輔射可能導致很多象曬斑的情況Thehazardisincreasedbyhigheramperageandargonbasedgas.更高的安培數和氬氣體會增加危險ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Properweldingclothessuchassleeves,capesleeves,aprons,andahelmetshouldbewornforprotection.穿適當的焊接服裝例如袖子，護袖，圍裙，頭盔將保護身體。Screensandprotectivebarriersshouldbeinplacetoprotectnon-weldersinthearea.防曬霜和防護墻在焊接區域應該是保護非焊工。Sunscreencanbeusedtoprotectexposedskin.

防曬霜可以被用于保護暴露的皮膚EHS俱樂部Arcradiationcancauseacond21Highlyreflectivematerialssuchasaluminum,stainlesssteel,andgalvanizedincreasetheriskofexposure.高度反射性材料例如鋁，不銹鋼和鍍鋅增加曝光的風險Arcradiationisreflectedoffthesematerialsandcausesinjurytothebackoftheneckorotherexposedareas.弧輻射被反射這些材料并且造成傷害到脖子或其他被暴露的區域的后面Properclothingorsunscreencanhelpeliminateorminimizetheexposure.適當的衣物或遮陽霜可能幫助消滅或使曝光減到最小ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部Highlyreflectivematerialssu22CausesofFumesandGasses.煙塵和廢氣產生的原因。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Becauseofthevariablesinfumeandgasgenerationwithdifferentweldingprocesses,wewillneedtotreatthesubjectinaverygeneralizedway.由于發煙和氣體不同的焊接過程產生不同煙和氣，我們將需要制定一個廣泛的方式對待這個問題。Fumeandgassescanbehazardousifproperventilationisnotused.如果沒有適當的空氣流動，發煙和氣體是很危害的。EHS俱樂部CausesofFumesandGasses.Fum23Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Particulatematterintheweldplumegivestheplumeit’scolor.特殊的物質在焊接中產生它自己特有的顏色。Theparticulateiscomposedprimarilyofoxidizedfillermetal,basemetal,andanycoatingsfoundonthebasemetal.微粒物質主要由被氧化的填充金屬、母材和所有覆蓋在母材上的東西。Weldersshouldtakecaretoavoidbreathingthefumesbecauseofthepotentialassociatedhealthhazards.焊工應當心避免吸入煙塵,因為它與身體建康相關聯。AluminumandIronparticlescancausedustdiseaseofthelungesiflevelsarehighenoughandoccuroveralongperiodoftime.鋁和鐵微?？赡軐е麓痰姆e塵病，如果量是足夠多和長時間。。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部Contaminantsintheweldplume24Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Somemetalsposeamoreserioushealthhazard.一些金屬構成更嚴重的健康危害Itisveryimportanttouseallavailablesafetydeviceswhenworkingwiththesematerials:它是很重要的當與這些材料一起使用時，使用所有可利用的保險裝Manganese,foundinAluminum(3003),caneffectthecentralnervoussystem,resultinginimpairedspeechandmovement.錳與鋁(3003)焊接，可能影響中央神經系統，造成語言和行動功能受損。FumesfromstainlesssteelandotherspecializedconsumableshavethepotentialtocontaincertaincompoundsofChromiumand/ornickel.Someofthesecompoundsareknownorsuspectedtohavecausedlungcancerinprocessesotherthanwelding.從不銹鋼的發煙和其他專業消費品有潛力包含鉻和鎳某些化合物。除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在過程中知道或被懷疑有導致的肺癌。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部Contaminantsintheweldplume25Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：ThemostcommoncoatingfoundatGreenheckisZinc,whichisthecoatingfoundonGalvanizedorGalvanealmaterial.在格林瀚克最主要的涂層材料是鍍鋅板,是一種電鍍或熱鍍鋅的材料。Zincmeltsbetween800°and900°andiseasilyvaporizedbytheweldingarc.鋅融化在800度到900度之間,通過焊弧很易蒸發,。TheresultingfumeisZincOxide.隨之發生煙是氧化鋅。ZincOxide,inlargeenoughquantitiescancause“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFever”.氧化鋅，在足夠大的數量，可引起自然或金屬灰發燒。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部Contaminantsintheweldplume26FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Cause原因Effect結果Zinc（GalvanizedSteel）涂鋅（鍍鋅鋼）Exposuretozincfumescanresultin“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFever”暴光的鋅可能引起自燃或金屬灰發燒CadmiumPlating電鍍鉻Exposuretocadmiumfumescanbetoxic暴光的鉻氣可能引起中毒Lead-Containingpaints含鉛油漆Exposuretoleadfumescan

betoxic可能引起中毒Zincchromatepaints含鋅鉻酸鹽的油漆Hexavalentchromiumisassociatedwithlungcancer六價鉻離子可能引起肺癌EHS俱樂部FumesandGasses③Contaminants27FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasses廢氣Asphyxiates(inert)使窒息(惰性氣體)Irritants刺激性氣體Systemicpoisons全身的毒氣CarbondioxideArgonCarbonmonoxide二氧化碳氬氣一氧化碳OzoneChloridesFluoridesSulfurdioxide臭氧氯化物氟化物二氧化硫Fluorides,OxidesofNitrogenPhosgene氟化物氧化氮光氣EHS俱樂部FumesandGasses③GassesAsphyxi28ConfinedSpace:狹小的空間：Asphyxiatescanbeveryhazardousinconfinedspaces.在狹小的空間內,呼吸不暢是很危險的。Thesegasesareheavierthanairandcansettleinenclosedareasanddisplaceoxygen.這些氣體比空氣重，并能解決在封閉區和取代氧氣。Alwaysusesometypeofventilationtokeepfreshairflowinginthistypeofenvironment.總要使用一些通風器以保持新鮮空氣的流動，在這種類型的環境。Theremaynotbeanywarningsignsofoxygendeficiency.Youmaysimplyloseconsciousness.可能沒有任何警告標志的氧氣不足。你可能很容易失去意識。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部ConfinedSpace:Asphyxiatescan29Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產生的氣體：Caremustbetakenwhenusingcleaningsolventsformulatedwithchlorinatedhydrocarbons.必須注意當使用清洗溶劑與氯化碳氫化合物TrichloroethyleneandPerchloroethyleneareexamplesofthese.氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是這些的例子。WhenvaporsfromthesecleaningsolventsareexposedtoUVfromtheweldingarc,Phosgenegasisproduced.當蒸汽從這些清洗溶劑是暴露在紫外線從焊接電弧，光氣是天然氣生產。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部Gasesproducedbywelding:Care30OzonecanbeaproblemwhenweldingAluminum當焊接鋁件時臭氧是一個問題。Cancauseheadache,chestpain,andshortnessofbreath.能導致頭痛,胸悶和呼吸短促。Veryhighlevelsofexposuretoozonecancausefluidtobuildupinthelungsandevendeath.非常嚴重的暴露于臭氧中能使流進肺中和甚至死亡。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產生的氣體：EHS俱樂部Ozonecanbeaproblemwhenwe31TheproductionofOzonedependsonthetypeoffillermetalused.臭氧的產生主要依靠那種焊絲被使用。Theuseof4043fillermetalcausestheformationofozone.使用4043焊絲能導致臭氧的產生。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接產生的氣體：EHS俱樂部TheproductionofOzonedepend32ReducingtheRisk:減少危險：Keepyourheadoutoftheweldingplume.保持你的頭部離開焊接廢氣。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部ReducingtheRisk:Keepyourhe33ReducingtheRisk:減少危險：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Uselocalfumeextractiondevicestohelpremovethefume.利用局部的排煙裝置，以幫助排走煙氣。EHS俱樂部ReducingtheRisk:FumesandGa34ReducingtheRisk:減少危險：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Usefiltersorotherdevicestofiltertheairinyourbreathingzone.在你呼吸地方使用過濾器或其他裝置，以過濾空氣。EHS俱樂部ReducingtheRisk:FumesandGa35ReducingtheRisk:減少危險：FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Insomecasesitmaybenecessarytoremovethecoatingfromthebasemetalbeforewelding.在某些情況下，也許要先清理涂層從金屬母材上在焊前Makesureyouknowtheproperwaytoremovethecoating.Grindingsomecoatingsmaybejustashazardousaswelding.確保您知道正確的做法對于清理涂層。磨削有些涂料可能只是為減少焊接危險EHS俱樂部ReducingtheRisk:FumesandGa36Burnsareoneofthemostcommonhazardsfacedinallweldingprocesses.燒傷是最常見的危險在所有焊接工作中。Arcradiation,sparks,spatter,andthepartsthemselvescancauseseriousinjury.電弧輻射，火花飛濺及零件本身可能導致嚴重傷害。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災④EHS俱樂部Burnsareoneofthemostcomm37ProtectiveClothingandGear.防護服和手套。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災④Propergearandclothingcanhelpprotectyoufromthesehazards.適當的裝備和服裝可以幫助您避免這些危害。WeldingMaskWeldingGlovesDustMaskProtectiveClothingWeldingApronEHS俱樂部ProtectiveClothingandGear.38Cleaningsolventsanddegreasersareflammableandposeaseverefireandexplosionhazard.清洗溶劑和脫脂劑是易燃的及構成嚴重火災和爆炸危險。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災④Fireisalsoamajorconcernassociatedwithwelding.火災也是焊接時主要要考慮的。Thesesubstancesshouldbekeptoutoftheweldingarea.這些物質應遠離焊接區域貯存。EHS俱樂部Cleaningsolventsanddegrease39Materialssuchaspaperandragsarecombustibleandcanbeignitedbysparksandspatterfromtheweldingprocess.材料如紙張和抹布都是易燃物，可點燃的火花飛濺從焊接過程中。Thesematerialscansmolderforhoursbeforecatchingfire.這些材料在著火前能悶燒幾個小時。Allcombustiblematerialsshouldbekeptoffthefloorandoutoftheimmediateweldingarea.所有可燃材料應保存在地面上，且于眼能看到的焊接區域。Thesematerialsshouldbeplacedinafireproofcontainerattheendoftheshift.

這些材料應保管在防火的柜子的最里面。Keepgarbagecanscoveredneartheweldingarea.確認焊接區附近的垃圾桶要蓋上。Notice:注意：EHS俱樂部Materialssuchaspaperandra40Cigarettelightersshouldbekeptoutofpantsorshirtpocketsasthesecanexplodewhenweldingspattercomesincontactwithandmeltsthroughtheplasticshell.打火機不應該放在褲子或襯衣口袋里，因為這些焊渣飛濺能接觸到塑料外殼使其可能發生爆炸。Canexplodewiththesameforceas3sticksofdynamite.其爆炸的破壞力相當于3倍量的炸藥。BurnsandFire燒傷和火災④EHS俱樂部Cigarettelightersshouldbek41Storecylindersawayfromheat.貯存氣瓶遠離熱。Besurecontentsareclearlyidentified.確保所稱裝氣體是明顯的。Markemptycylinders“EMPTY”用”EMPTY”標記空瓶。Useonlyinanuprightandchainedposition.僅在豎立狀態下和束縛位置使用。Makesuretheprotectivecapisinplacewheneverthecylinderisnotconnectedforuse.無論在使用或是不使用時，氣瓶的保護蓋一直要使用。CompressedGasCylinders壓縮天然氣氣瓶⑤EHS俱樂部Storecylindersawayfromheat42Donotdrag,droporrollcylinders.不能扯拽，投下及滾動氣瓶Neverstrikeanarconcylinders.不能在氣瓶上觸擊電弧Keepweldingcablesandtheweldingcircuitawayfromcylinders.保持焊接電纜及焊接電路遠離氣瓶Keepoilandgreaseawayfromoxygen,itcanexplodewhenpressurized.保持油和油脂遠離氧氣，當加壓是它可能發生爆炸Alwaysleavesomegas(50psi)inthecylindertopreventcontaminationandmixingofgasses.保持氣瓶里剩余一些氣體（50磅壓力），防止氣瓶污染或者混入其他氣體。CompressedGasCylinders壓縮天然氣氣瓶⑤EHS俱樂部Donotdrag,droporrollcyli43Noiseisaproblemwithmanyoperationsontheshopfloor.Earplugsarerequiredwhenontheshopfloor.噪音是車間里許多作業都有的問題，所以在車間里需要耳塞。Notonlywilltheyprotectyoufromnoise,butwillkeepspatteroutofyourearsaswell.耳塞既能幫你減少噪音，還可以防止飛濺物進到耳朵里。Noise噪音⑥EHS俱樂部Noiseisaproblemwithmanyo44TakeResponsibilityforyourownpersonalsafety.TakeResponsibilityfor45WeldingHealthandSafety

焊接作業的健康與安全WeldingHealthandSafety

焊接作業46Hazards危害性Weldinghasboth“Apparent”hazardsand“Hidden”hazards.Apparenthazardsarethosewhichcanbeeasilyidentified.Hiddenhazardsarethosenotseenandoftenforgotten.焊接分明顯的危害和隱藏的危害，明顯的危害是容易鑒定而隱藏的危害是不明顯而且容易忽略的。Someoftheseare:

ElectricalShock觸電

Overexposuretoarcradiation電弧光輻射

Fumesandgasses有害的煙和氣Burnsandfire灼傷和火災

Compressedgascylinders壓力容器

Noise噪音

HazardsWeldinghasboth“Appar47ElectricalSafety電氣安全Electricshockandelectrocutionarepossiblehazardswithallweldingprocesses.在整個焊接過程中，觸電和電擊是可能存在的危害。①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyElectricshoc48ElectricalSafety電氣安全FuseorBreakerpanel保險絲或者斷路面板PowerSupplycables電源線Internalpartsofthepowersource電源內部零件Exposedwiresontheweldinglead.焊接端面上的裸線Contactwiththeelectrodeandtheworkpiece.電極和工件之間的連接Wetglovesorskin.濕的手套或者外套Theprimaryside:主要方面:Thesecondaryside:次級方面:Therearetwodifferentareasofconcern.有兩個不同的區域需要注意。①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyFuseorBreak49Primarysidepowerisnormallyishighamperage/highvoltage.Theweldershouldnotworkinthisarea.Itshouldleftuptoaqualifiedmaintenanceperson.初級電源通常是高電流/電壓,焊工不應工作在這個區域。它應該由一個合格的維護人操作。Notice:注意：EHS俱樂部Primarysidepowerisnormally50ElectricalSafety電氣安全①ACCurrent交流電Paralyzesvoluntarymuscles.肌肉麻痹ACistheprimarypowerforweldingwhichismuchhigherthantheoutputweldingcurrent.交流電主電源處電壓比輸出端高很多DCCurrent直流電DCCurrentcancauseseverinternalburnsbutdoesnotparalyzemuscles.直流電能引起嚴重的內部燃燒，但不會使肌肉麻痹Question:Whichismoredangerous?哪個更危險？ACCurrentorDCCurrent？交流電或直流電？Answer:InGMAW,ACcurrentismoredangerous.氣體保護電弧焊中，交流電是更加危險的。EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety①ACCurrentPa51ElectricalSafety電氣安全①WorkReturnLeadvs.Ground.工作回路引線和接地Theworkreturnleadisoftenreferredtoastheground.工作回路引線有點像接地Workreturnandgroundingaretwodifferentthings.但是接地和工作回路引線是兩種不同的事情。EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety①WorkReturn52ElectricalSafety電氣安全①Groundingis：接地是：Acableattachedtoacopperroddrivenintotheground.電纜聯接銅棒插入地下。Itspurposeistocarryawaycurrentincaseofatransformerfault,powersurge,orstrayvoltage.它的目的將使在變壓器故障,電力高峰及短路情況下把電流導入地下。AWorkReturnLeadis:工作回路引線是:Acableattachedtotheworkpiece.電纜被連接到工件上。Itspurposeistocreateacompletecircuitforwelding.它的目的是使焊接時建立一條完全回路。EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafety①Groundingis53ConnectingtheWorkReturnlead連接工作回路引線ElectricalSafety電氣安全①Properconnectionisveryimportant，becausetheweldingcurrentwillfindtheeasiestpathbacktothePowersource.正確的連接非常重要,因為焊接電流將容易找到返回到功率源的路徑。Possiblythroughthebuildingifthereisametalfloor.容易通過金屬平臺穿過建筑。Throughanattachedliftingdevicesuchasanoverheadcrane.通過一個附屬的起重裝置例如一架吊車。Throughpowertoolsifotheroperationsbeingperformedontheassemblyyouareweldingon.當在焊接時如果有組裝的時候，通過一個手動工具。EHS俱樂部ConnectingtheWorkReturnlea54Possiblecurrentreturnpaths.目前可能的返回路徑。Throughoverheadliftingdevices.通過起重設備Throughmetalplatesthatmaybeplacedinthefloorforotherfunctions.通過放在地上的金屬板或類似物品Throughpowertoolsusedforotheroperationsonthesameunit.在同一個產品上操作時，通過電動工具ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部Possiblecurrentreturnpaths.55ElectricalSafetyTips:PowerSource電氣安全提示：電源Shouldbeinstalledandservicedbyaqualifiedelectricianormaintenanceperson.持有電工證的電工或則維修人員安裝電源和維護。Avoidworkingnearprimarysidepowercables.避免在主要電源端附近工作。Neverrunoverprimarysideoranyotherpowercableswithaforklift.Also,becarefulnottodropheavyobjectsonpowercords.Damagetotheoutercasingcanresultandexposetheconductorunderneath.絕對不能使用叉車壓住主要電源端和任何電源線。同樣，小心不要掉重物在電源線上。破壞電器箱將會是使導體裸露。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:Power56ElectricalSafetyTips:WeldingEquipment電氣安全提示：焊接設備Checkcablesforwornorcutinsulation.檢查電源線是否磨損或者絕緣斷開。Letyoursupervisorknowifdamageisfoundsomaintenancecanbecalled.如果發現破壞，通知你的主管讓維修人員去修理。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:Weldin57ElectricalSafetyTips:ProtectiveClothing電氣安全提示：防護服Wearproperglovesthataredryandfreeofholes.穿那些干燥的且有通氣孔的特制的手套Wearrubbersoledsafetyshoes.穿橡膠制作的安全鞋ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:Protec58ElectricalSafetyTips:WorkReturnLead電氣安全提示：工作回路引線Makesuretheworkreturnleadisproperlyconnectednearthepointofweldingandmakesgoodelectricalconnection.確定工作回路引線是被正確的夾在焊接點的附近和確保有好的電氣連接。Donotplacethepowersourceonafloorthatcouldconductweldingcurrent.不要將電源放置在能導電的地面上。Neverleaveanoverheadcraneorotherliftingdeviceconnectedtotheassemblybeingwelded.Currentcantravelbackthroughthesedevicesandcauseveryseriousdamage.不要把吊機或是其它起重設備連接在正在焊接的產品上。通過這些設備電流能夠回流，也能引起非常嚴重的破壞。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:WorkR59ElectricalSafetyTips:IncaseofElectricalShock電氣安全提示：假如發生電擊Ifpossible,turnthepoweroffimmediately.如有可能，立即關閉電源。Donottrytopullthevictimfreewhileincontactwiththeelectricalpower.不要試圖去推開那些正觸電的受害者。ActivatetheEMS(emergencymedicalsystem),call120.Alertfirstrespondersaccordingtoprotocolspostednearthephonesintheshop.啟動急救系統，呼叫120。向廠房里電話邊張貼的負責人提供警報。ElectricalSafety電氣安全①EHS俱樂部ElectricalSafetyTips:Incas60Ultraviolet–UV紫外線Visible可見光Infrared-(IR)紅外線ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Theweldingarcemitsthreetypesofradiation.焊接時有三種輻射產生。EHS俱樂部Ultraviolet–UV61ShortwavelengthUVcauses“Arceye”or“Weldersflash”短波紫外線引起的眼病。UVintherangeof300-400Nano-Meters(NM)hasbeenassociatedwiththeformationofcataracts.紫外線引起白內障。InfraredandVisiblelightcancauseburnsandretinallesions.紅外線和可見光損壞視網膜。ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部ShortwavelengthUVcauses“Ar62Themostcommontypeofeyeinjuryfromradiationis“arceye”or“weldersflash”.最常見的眼病，從輻射是“紅眼”或“電光性眼炎”。Severalhoursafterexposure,you’reeyeswillfeellikethereissandinthemandwillberedandswollen.眼睛曝光幾個小時后，會覺得像有沙子，他們將變紅和腫脹。Theeffectsareshortlivedandcanbetreatedbyavisittotheemergencyroomwheredropscanbeadministeredtocorrectthiscondition.影響是短暫的。到急診室處理有助于緩解和改善這樣的狀況。However,theeyescanbepermanentlydamagedbyintenseexposureovertime.然而，曝光時間過長的話，視力將會永久的傷害。

ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部Themostcommontypeofeyein63ClearPlasticlensesandsideshieldswillblockshortwaveUVandhelpavoidexposure.透明膠鏡片將阻止短波紫外線，并有助于避免曝光。UVintherangeof300to400Nano-Meters,Infrared,andvisiblelightarenotblockedbyclearplastic.Thecorrectshadeoffilterplateneedstobeusedtopreventexposure.透明膠鏡片不可以攔住300~400納米范圍的紫外線，紅外線和可見光的。需要選用正確的濾光片來防止曝光。ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部ClearPlasticlensesandside64ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Thefollowingslideisachartofrecommendedfilterplateshadesfordifferentweldingprocessesandcurrentlevels.以下說明不同的焊接時需要不同濾光片的種類。EHS俱樂部ArcRadiation②Thefollowingsl65Arcradiationcancauseaconditionverymuchlikesunburn.電弧輔射可能導致很多象曬斑的情況Thehazardisincreasedbyhigheramperageandargonbasedgas.更高的安培數和氬氣體會增加危險ArcRadiation電弧輻射②Properweldingclothessuchassleeves,capesleeves,aprons,andahelmetshouldbewornforprotection.穿適當的焊接服裝例如袖子，護袖，圍裙，頭盔將保護身體。Screensandprotectivebarriersshouldbeinplacetoprotectnon-weldersinthearea.防曬霜和防護墻在焊接區域應該是保護非焊工。Sunscreencanbeusedtoprotectexposedskin.

防曬霜可以被用于保護暴露的皮膚EHS俱樂部Arcradiationcancauseacond66Highlyreflectivematerialssuchasaluminum,stainlesssteel,andgalvanizedincreasetheriskofexposure.高度反射性材料例如鋁，不銹鋼和鍍鋅增加曝光的風險Arcradiationisreflectedoffthesematerialsandcausesinjurytothebackoftheneckorotherexposedareas.弧輻射被反射這些材料并且造成傷害到脖子或其他被暴露的區域的后面Properclothingorsunscreencanhelpeliminateorminimizetheexposure.適當的衣物或遮陽霜可能幫助消滅或使曝光減到最小ArcRadiation電弧輻射②EHS俱樂部Highlyreflectivematerialssu67CausesofFumesandGasses.煙塵和廢氣產生的原因。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③Becauseofthevariablesinfumeandgasgenerationwithdifferentweldingprocesses,wewillneedtotreatthesubjectinaverygeneralizedway.由于發煙和氣體不同的焊接過程產生不同煙和氣，我們將需要制定一個廣泛的方式對待這個問題。Fumeandgassescanbehazardousifproperventilationisnotused.如果沒有適當的空氣流動，發煙和氣體是很危害的。EHS俱樂部CausesofFumesandGasses.Fum68Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Particulatematterintheweldplumegivestheplumeit’scolor.特殊的物質在焊接中產生它自己特有的顏色。Theparticulateiscomposedprimarilyofoxidizedfillermetal,basemetal,andanycoatingsfoundonthebasemetal.微粒物質主要由被氧化的填充金屬、母材和所有覆蓋在母材上的東西。Weldersshouldtakecaretoavoidbreathingthefumesbecauseofthepotentialassociatedhealthhazards.焊工應當心避免吸入煙塵,因為它與身體建康相關聯。AluminumandIronparticlescancausedustdiseaseofthelungesiflevelsarehighenoughandoccuroveralongperiodoftime.鋁和鐵微粒可能導致刺的積塵病，如果量是足夠多和長時間。。FumesandGasses煙塵和廢氣③EHS俱樂部Contaminantsintheweldplume69Contaminantsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Somemetalsposeamoreserioushealthhazard.一些金屬構成更嚴重的健康危害Itisveryimportanttouseallavailablesafetydeviceswhenworkingwiththesematerials:它是很重要的當與這些材料一起使用時，使用所有可利用的保險裝Manganese,foundinAluminum(3003),caneffectthecentralnervoussystem,resultinginimpairedspeechandmovement.錳與鋁(3003)焊接，可能影響中央神經系統，造成語言和行動功能受損。