TheElectoralSystem

------BritainandtheUnitedStatesTheElectoralSystem------BriBuckinghamPalaceBuckinghamPalaceElectoralsystem:UKInEngland,electionshavebeenusedasaparliamentaryprocesssincethe13thcentury.Thesecretballotwasadoptedin1872andfullequalvotingrightswonforwomenin1928.Allregisteredmembersofthepublicaged18andovermayvoteinparliamentaryelections.TheBritishHouseofCommonsiselectedforamaximumoffiveyears;theprimeministercancallageneralelectionatanytime.

Electoralsystem:UKInEngland

THELISTINGThecallingofanelection–theelectionwritBy-electionsNominationofcandidatesElectioncampaignsandexpensesCorruptpracticesTheparliamentaryfranchiseThepollDisputedelectionsEffectsofthefirst-past-the-postsystemElectoralbehaviourinBritainTHELISTINGThecallingofanelection

–theelectionwrit

TheroyalproclamationannouncingthedissolutionofParliamentandthesummoningofanewParliamentistheauthorizationforthewritsforageneralelection.ThedecisiontodissolveParliamentismadebythesovereignontheadviceoftheprimeminister.UndertheParliamentAct1911themaximumdurationofaParliamentisfiveyears.Thecallingofanelection

Onaverage,since1900electionshavebeenheldbetweeneverythreeandfouryears.Ontwooccasionsinthe20thcenturytwoelectionshavebeenheldinoneyear:in1910and1974.

Onaverage,since1900elecBy-elections

Awritforaby-electionisissuedbytheclerkoftheCrownonreceiptoftheSpeaker‘swarrant.Aby-electionmustbeheldnotlessthan11ormorethan21daysaftertheissueofthewrit.By-electionsAwritforaby-eNominationofcandidates

TheHouseofCommonsconsistsof659members,eachrepresentingasingle-memberconstituency.Eachcandidatemustbenominatedbyaproposer,aseconder,andeightotherelectors.Inpractice,theoverwhelmingmajorityofcandidatesarenominatedbypoliticalparties.Furthermore,themajorityofthepartycandidatesarenominatedbytheConservative,Labour,andLiberalDemocratparties.NominationofcandidatesTheHElizabethElizabethElectioncampaignsandexpenses

Theelectionexpensesofeachcandidatearestrictlycontrolled.Thepurposesofelectionexpensesarealsostrictlycontrolledandallexpensesmustbedeclaredandpublished.Allelectionliteraturemustincludethenameandaddressofthepublisherandoftheprinter.Eachcandidateisallowed,however,tosendoneelectoralcommunicationfreetoeveryelectorintheconstituency.

ElectioncampaignsandexpenseCorruptpractices

InearliertimesBritishelectionswerenotoriouslycorrupt,buttheintroductionofthesecretballotin1872andthepassingoftheCorruptandIllegalPracticesAct1883havevirtuallyeliminatedcorruption.Apersonfoundguiltyofacorruptorillegalpracticeisdisqualifiedfromvotingforfiveyearsinaparliamentaryelection.IncontrasttotherestoftheUK,however,examplesofpersonationandintimidationhavebeenfairlycommoninNorthernIreland.

CorruptpracticesInearliertTheparliamentaryfranchise

Toqualifyasanelectorinaparliamentaryelectioninaparticularconstituencyapersonmustberesidentinthatconstituencyontheannualqualifyingdate(10October),beaBritishcitizenoracitizenoftheRepublicofIreland,ofatleast18yearsofage(21before1969),andnotbesubjecttoanylegaldisqualification.Theelectoralregisteriscompiledannuallyandcomesintoforceon15Februaryfollowingthequalifyingdateof10October.Listsofelectorsarepubliclydisplayedtoenablevoterstoensurethattheirnameshavebeenincluded.TheparliamentaryfranchiseToWindsdorCastleWindsdorCastleThepoll

Sincethegeneralelectionof1918pollingorvotinghastakenplaceinallconstituenciesonthesameday.Priortothis,pollingwasspreadoverthreetofourweeks.Votersareprovidedwithpollingcardswhichdirectthemtospecifiedpollingstationslocatedindifferentpartsoftheconstituency.Thepollingstationsopenat7a.m.andcloseat10p.m.ThepollSincethegeneraleleDisputedelections

IfitisallegedthattheelectedcandidateisdisqualifiedfromsittinginParliament,orthatacandidatehasengagedinbribery,corruption,orintimidationofelectors,orthatpeopleineligibletovotehavevotedintheelection,thecaseisreferredtoanelectioncourt.ThisconsistsoftwoHighCourtjudgeswhomay,accordingtotheevidence,declaretheelectionvoidordeclarethecandidatewiththenexthighestnumberofvoteselected.Inthepast,disputedelectionswerenotuncommon,buttheyarenowcomparativelyrareandaremostlyconcernedwithallegeddisqualificationofthesuccessfulcandidate.DisputedelectionsIfitisalEffectsofthefirst-past-the-postsystem

Thesimplefirst-past-the-postsystemofvotinghasanimportanteffectonelectionssinceitispossibleinagivenconstituencyforacandidatetobeelectedwithonlyarelativemajorityofvotes.Thiscan,ofcourse,onlyoccurwheretherearethreeormorecandidates,butsincethisisnotuncommon,suchresultsarenotrare.

Effectsofthefirst-past-the-ElectoralbehaviourinBritainElectoralbehaviourinBritainischaracterizedbyaconsiderabledegreeofhomogeneityandthemovementofsupport(orswing)fromonepartytoanotheratageneralelectionisusuallymaintainedfairlyuniformlyoverthewholecountry.ElectoralbehaviourinBritain

TheWhiteHouseTheWhiteHouseElectionsintheUnitedStates

ThesystemisaproductnotonlyofAmericanpoliticsbutalsoofthedevelopmentoftechnologyasproblemsregardingtransportationandcommunicationsweresolvedinthepast200years.Basically,thesystemisnotthatcomplicatedwhentracedbackwards.Inthesimplestterms,themembersoftheCollegeofElectorsfrom50statesandtheDistrictofColumbiagettogetherandcasttheirvotesforthepresidentandvice-presidentoftheUnitedStates.Thecandidateswhogetthehighestnumberofvoteswin.ElectionsintheUnitedStatesTHELISTINGVoting

Eligibility

Voterregistration

Absenteevoting

Mailballots

Earlyvoting

VotingequipmentTHELISTINGVotingEligibility

Theeligibilityofanindividualforvotingissetoutintheconstitutionandalsoregulatedatstatelevel.Theconstitutionstatesthatsuffragecannotbedeniedongroundsofraceorcolor,sexorageforcitizenseighteenyearsorolder.Beyondthesebasicqualifications,itistheresponsibilityofstatelegislaturestoregulatevotereligibility.EligibilityTheeligibilityVoterregistration

EverystateexceptNorthDakotarequiresthatcitizenswhowishtovoteberegistered.Somestatesallowcitizenstoregistertovoteonthesamedayoftheelection.Traditionally,votershadtoregisteratstateofficestovote,butinthemid-1990seffortsweremadebythefederalgovernmenttomakeregisteringeasier,inanattempttoincreaseturnout.VoterregistrationEverystateAbsenteevoting

VotersunableorunwillingtovoteatpollingstationsonElectionDaycanvoteviaabsenteeballots.AbsenteeballotsaremostcommonlysentandreceivedviatheUnitedStatesPostalService.Despitetheirname,absenteeballotsareoftenrequestedandsubmittedinperson.Typicallyavotermustrequestanabsenteeballotbeforetheelectionoccurs.AbsenteevotingVotersunableMailballots

Mailballotsaresimilarinmanyrespectstoanabsenteeballot.HowevertheyareusedforMailingPrecinctswhereonelectiondaynopollingplaceisopenedforaspecificprecinct.InOregon,allballotsaredeliveredthroughthemail.MailballotsMailballotsareEarlyvoting

Earlyvotingisaformalprocesswherevoterscancasttheirballotspriortotheofficialelectionday.EarlyvotingEarlyvotingisaVotingequipment

VoterscastingtheirballotsinpollingplacesrecordtheirvotesmostcommonlywithopticalscanvotingmachinesorDREvotingmachines.Votingmachineselectionistypicallydonethroughastate'slocalelectionjurisdictionincludingcounties,cities,andtownships.Manyoftheselocaljurisdictionshavechangedtheirvotingequipmentsince2000duetothepassageoftheHelpAmericaVoteAct(HAVA),whichallocatedfundsforthereplacementoflevermachineandpunchcardvotingequipment.VotingequipmentVoterscastinLevelsofElection

Federalelections

Presidentialelections

Congressionalelections

SenateelectionsHouseofRepresentativeselections

Stateelections

LocalelectionsLevelsofElectionFederalelections

TheUnitedStateshasapresidentialsystemofgovernment,whichmeansthattheexecutiveandlegislatureareelectedseparately.Itistheresponsibilityofstatelegislaturestoregulatethequalificationsforacandidateappearingonaballotpaper,althoughinordertogetontotheballot,acandidatemustoftencollectalegallydefinednumberofsignatures.FederalelectionsTheUnitedSTheElectoralSystem英國與美國選舉制度課件Presidentialelections

ThePresidentandtheVicePresidentareelectedtogetherinaPresidentialelection.Theelectionisindirect,thewinnerbeingdeterminedbyvotescastbyelectorsoftheElectoralCollege.Inmoderntimes,votersineachstateselectaslateofelectorsfromalistofseveralslatesdesignatedbydifferentpartiesorcandidates,andtheelectorstypicallypromiseinadvancetovoteforthecandidatesoftheirpartyPresidentialelectionsThePreCongressionalelections

ElectionstoCongresstakeplaceeverytwoyears.Congresshastwochambers.Senateelections

TheSenatehas100members,electedforasixyeartermindual-seatconstituencies(twofromeachstate)withone-thirdbeingrenewedeverytwoyears.UntiltheSeventeenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionin1913,Senatorswereelectedbystatelegislatures,nottheelectorateofstates.CongressionalelectionsElectiCongressofUSCongressofUSHouseofRepresentativeselections

TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435members,electedforatwoyearterminsingle-seatconstituencies

Houseelectionsareusually,butnotalways,correlatedwithpresidentialelections.Astheredistrictingcommissionsofstatesareoftenpartisan,districtsareoftendrawnwhichbenefitincumbents.HouseofRepresentativeselectStateelections

Statelawandstateconstitutions,controlledbystatelegislaturesregulateelectionsatastatelevelandlocallevel.Variousofficialsatstatelevelareelected.Sincetheseparationofpowersappliestostatesaswellasthefederalgovernment,statelegislaturesandtheexecutive(thegovernor)areelectedseparately.Proposalstoamendthestateconstitutionarealsoplacedontheballotinsomestates.StateelectionsStatelawandLocalelections

Atthelocallevel,countyandcitygovernmentpositionsareusuallyfilledbyelection,especiallywithinthelegislativebranch.Theextenttowhichofficesintheexecutiveorjudicialbranchesareelectedvaryfromcountytocounty.Someexamplesoflocalelectedpositionsincludesheriffsatthecountylevelandmayorsandschoolboardmembersatthecitylevel.LocalelectionsAtthelocallSupremeCourtofUSSupremeCourtofUSFeaturesoftheelectionsystemPartysystems

Ballotaccess

Campaignfinance

PrimariesandcaucusesFeaturesoftheelectionsystePartysystems

TheUnitedStateshasaverystrongtwo-partysystem,whichmeansthattherearetwodominantpoliticalparties.Itisextremelydifficultforanyonetoachieveelectoralsuccessundera"thirdparty".Asageneralrule,theDemocraticandRepublicanpartiesaretoowellestablishedtobeseriouslychallengedinfederalandstateelectoralpolitics.PartysystemsTheUnitedStateBallotaccess

Ballotaccessreferstothelawswhichregulateunderwhatconditionsaccessisgrantedforacandidateorpoliticalpartytoappearonvoters'ballots.EachStatehasitsownballotaccesslawstodeterminewhomayappearonballotsandwhomaynot.BallotaccessBallotaccessreCampaignfinance

ThefundingofelectoralcampaignshasalwaysbeenacontroversialissueinAmericanpolitics.Infringementoffreespeech(FirstAmendment)isanargumentagainstrestrictionsoncampaigncontributions,whileallegationsofcorruptionarisingfromunlimitedcontributionsisanargumentfortheotherside.Privatefundsareamajorsourceoffinance,fromindividualsandorganizations.

CampaignfinanceThefundingoPrimariesandcaucuses

Infederalelections,candidatesarechosennotbypartyofficials,butbyprimaryelections(abbreviatedtoprimaries)andcaucuses.Aprimaryelectionisanelectioninwhichregisteredvotersinajurisdiction(nominatingprimary)selectapoliticalparty'scandidateforalaterelection.Caucusesalsonominatecandidatesbyelection,buttheyareverydifferentfromprimaries.PrimariesandcaucusesInfedeThankyouforwatching!Thankyouforwatching!演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！TheElectoralSystem

------BritainandtheUnitedStatesTheElectoralSystem------BriBuckinghamPalaceBuckinghamPalaceElectoralsystem:UKInEngland,electionshavebeenusedasaparliamentaryprocesssincethe13thcentury.Thesecretballotwasadoptedin1872andfullequalvotingrightswonforwomenin1928.Allregisteredmembersofthepublicaged18andovermayvoteinparliamentaryelections.TheBritishHouseofCommonsiselectedforamaximumoffiveyears;theprimeministercancallageneralelectionatanytime.

Electoralsystem:UKInEngland

THELISTINGThecallingofanelection–theelectionwritBy-electionsNominationofcandidatesElectioncampaignsandexpensesCorruptpracticesTheparliamentaryfranchiseThepollDisputedelectionsEffectsofthefirst-past-the-postsystemElectoralbehaviourinBritainTHELISTINGThecallingofanelection

–theelectionwrit

TheroyalproclamationannouncingthedissolutionofParliamentandthesummoningofanewParliamentistheauthorizationforthewritsforageneralelection.ThedecisiontodissolveParliamentismadebythesovereignontheadviceoftheprimeminister.UndertheParliamentAct1911themaximumdurationofaParliamentisfiveyears.Thecallingofanelection

Onaverage,since1900electionshavebeenheldbetweeneverythreeandfouryears.Ontwooccasionsinthe20thcenturytwoelectionshavebeenheldinoneyear:in1910and1974.

Onaverage,since1900elecBy-elections

Awritforaby-electionisissuedbytheclerkoftheCrownonreceiptoftheSpeaker‘swarrant.Aby-electionmustbeheldnotlessthan11ormorethan21daysaftertheissueofthewrit.By-electionsAwritforaby-eNominationofcandidates

TheHouseofCommonsconsistsof659members,eachrepresentingasingle-memberconstituency.Eachcandidatemustbenominatedbyaproposer,aseconder,andeightotherelectors.Inpractice,theoverwhelmingmajorityofcandidatesarenominatedbypoliticalparties.Furthermore,themajorityofthepartycandidatesarenominatedbytheConservative,Labour,andLiberalDemocratparties.NominationofcandidatesTheHElizabethElizabethElectioncampaignsandexpenses

Theelectionexpensesofeachcandidatearestrictlycontrolled.Thepurposesofelectionexpensesarealsostrictlycontrolledandallexpensesmustbedeclaredandpublished.Allelectionliteraturemustincludethenameandaddressofthepublisherandoftheprinter.Eachcandidateisallowed,however,tosendoneelectoralcommunicationfreetoeveryelectorintheconstituency.

ElectioncampaignsandexpenseCorruptpractices

InearliertimesBritishelectionswerenotoriouslycorrupt,buttheintroductionofthesecretballotin1872andthepassingoftheCorruptandIllegalPracticesAct1883havevirtuallyeliminatedcorruption.Apersonfoundguiltyofacorruptorillegalpracticeisdisqualifiedfromvotingforfiveyearsinaparliamentaryelection.IncontrasttotherestoftheUK,however,examplesofpersonationandintimidationhavebeenfairlycommoninNorthernIreland.

CorruptpracticesInearliertTheparliamentaryfranchise

Toqualifyasanelectorinaparliamentaryelectioninaparticularconstituencyapersonmustberesidentinthatconstituencyontheannualqualifyingdate(10October),beaBritishcitizenoracitizenoftheRepublicofIreland,ofatleast18yearsofage(21before1969),andnotbesubjecttoanylegaldisqualification.Theelectoralregisteriscompiledannuallyandcomesintoforceon15Februaryfollowingthequalifyingdateof10October.Listsofelectorsarepubliclydisplayedtoenablevoterstoensurethattheirnameshavebeenincluded.TheparliamentaryfranchiseToWindsdorCastleWindsdorCastleThepoll

Sincethegeneralelectionof1918pollingorvotinghastakenplaceinallconstituenciesonthesameday.Priortothis,pollingwasspreadoverthreetofourweeks.Votersareprovidedwithpollingcardswhichdirectthemtospecifiedpollingstationslocatedindifferentpartsoftheconstituency.Thepollingstationsopenat7a.m.andcloseat10p.m.ThepollSincethegeneraleleDisputedelections

IfitisallegedthattheelectedcandidateisdisqualifiedfromsittinginParliament,orthatacandidatehasengagedinbribery,corruption,orintimidationofelectors,orthatpeopleineligibletovotehavevotedintheelection,thecaseisreferredtoanelectioncourt.ThisconsistsoftwoHighCourtjudgeswhomay,accordingtotheevidence,declaretheelectionvoidordeclarethecandidatewiththenexthighestnumberofvoteselected.Inthepast,disputedelectionswerenotuncommon,buttheyarenowcomparativelyrareandaremostlyconcernedwithallegeddisqualificationofthesuccessfulcandidate.DisputedelectionsIfitisalEffectsofthefirst-past-the-postsystem

Thesimplefirst-past-the-postsystemofvotinghasanimportanteffectonelectionssinceitispossibleinagivenconstituencyforacandidatetobeelectedwithonlyarelativemajorityofvotes.Thiscan,ofcourse,onlyoccurwheretherearethreeormorecandidates,butsincethisisnotuncommon,suchresultsarenotrare.

Effectsofthefirst-past-the-ElectoralbehaviourinBritainElectoralbehaviourinBritainischaracterizedbyaconsiderabledegreeofhomogeneityandthemovementofsupport(orswing)fromonepartytoanotheratageneralelectionisusuallymaintainedfairlyuniformlyoverthewholecountry.ElectoralbehaviourinBritain

TheWhiteHouseTheWhiteHouseElectionsintheUnitedStates

ThesystemisaproductnotonlyofAmericanpoliticsbutalsoofthedevelopmentoftechnologyasproblemsregardingtransportationandcommunicationsweresolvedinthepast200years.Basically,thesystemisnotthatcomplicatedwhentracedbackwards.Inthesimplestterms,themembersoftheCollegeofElectorsfrom50statesandtheDistrictofColumbiagettogetherandcasttheirvotesforthepresidentandvice-presidentoftheUnitedStates.Thecandidateswhogetthehighestnumberofvoteswin.ElectionsintheUnitedStatesTHELISTINGVoting

Eligibility

Voterregistration

Absenteevoting

Mailballots

Earlyvoting

VotingequipmentTHELISTINGVotingEligibility

Theeligibilityofanindividualforvotingissetoutintheconstitutionandalsoregulatedatstatelevel.Theconstitutionstatesthatsuffragecannotbedeniedongroundsofraceorcolor,sexorageforcitizenseighteenyearsorolder.Beyondthesebasicqualifications,itistheresponsibilityofstatelegislaturestoregulatevotereligibility.EligibilityTheeligibilityVoterregistration

EverystateexceptNorthDakotarequiresthatcitizenswhowishtovoteberegistered.Somestatesallowcitizenstoregistertovoteonthesamedayoftheelection.Traditionally,votershadtoregisteratstateofficestovote,butinthemid-1990seffortsweremadebythefederalgovernmenttomakeregisteringeasier,inanattempttoincreaseturnout.VoterregistrationEverystateAbsenteevoting

VotersunableorunwillingtovoteatpollingstationsonElectionDaycanvoteviaabsenteeballots.AbsenteeballotsaremostcommonlysentandreceivedviatheUnitedStatesPostalService.Despitetheirname,absenteeballotsareoftenrequestedandsubmittedinperson.Typicallyavotermustrequestanabsenteeballotbeforetheelectionoccurs.AbsenteevotingVotersunableMailballots

Mailballotsaresimilarinmanyrespectstoanabsenteeballot.HowevertheyareusedforMailingPrecinctswhereonelectiondaynopollingplaceisopenedforaspecificprecinct.InOregon,allballotsaredeliveredthroughthemail.MailballotsMailballotsareEarlyvoting

Earlyvotingisaformalprocesswherevoterscancasttheirballotspriortotheofficialelectionday.EarlyvotingEarlyvotingisaVotingequipment

VoterscastingtheirballotsinpollingplacesrecordtheirvotesmostcommonlywithopticalscanvotingmachinesorDREvotingmachines.Votingmachineselectionistypicallydonethroughastate'slocalelectionjurisdictionincludingcounties,cities,andtownships.Manyoftheselocaljurisdictionshavechangedtheirvotingequipmentsince2000duetothepassageoftheHelpAmericaVoteAct(HAVA),whichallocatedfundsforthereplacementoflevermachineandpunchcardvotingequipment.VotingequipmentVoterscastinLevelsofElection

Federalelections

Presidentialelections

Congressionalelections

SenateelectionsHouseofRepresentativeselections

Stateelections

LocalelectionsLevelsofElectionFederalelections

TheUnitedStateshasapresidentialsystemofgovernment,whichmeansthattheexecutiveandlegislatureareelectedseparately.Itistheresponsibilityofstatelegislaturestoregulatethequalificationsforacandidateappearingonaballotpaper,althoughinordertogetontotheballot,acandidatemustoftencollectalegallydefinednumberofsignatures.FederalelectionsTheUnitedSTheElectoralSystem英國與美國選舉制度課件Presidentialelections

ThePresidentandtheVicePresidentareelectedtogetherinaPresidentialelection.Theelectionisindirect,thewinnerbeingdeterminedbyvotescastbyelectorsoftheElectoralCollege.Inmoderntimes,votersineachstateselectaslateofelectorsfromalistofseveralslatesdesignatedbydifferentpartiesorcandidates,andtheelectorstypicallypromiseinadvancetovoteforthecandidatesoftheirpartyPresidentialelectionsThePreCongressionalelections

ElectionstoCongresstakeplaceeverytwoyears.Congresshastwochambers.Senateelections

TheSenatehas100members,electedforasixyeartermindual-seatconstituencies(twofromeachstate)withone-thirdbeingrenewedeverytwoyears.UntiltheSeventeenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionin1913,Senatorswereelectedbystatelegislatures,nottheelectorateofstates.CongressionalelectionsElectiCongressofUSCongressofUSHouseofRepresentativeselections

TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435members,electedforatwoyearterminsingle-seatconstituencies

Houseelectionsareusually,butnotalways,correlatedwithpresidentialelections.Astheredistrictingcommissionsofstatesareoftenpartisan,districtsareoftendrawnwhichbenefitincumbents.HouseofRepresentativeselectStateelections

Statelawandstateconstitu