Chapter5Meaning

1PPT課件

1PPT課件

ThesubjectconcerningthestudyofmeaningiscalledSEMANTICS.

Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.

研究意義的學科叫做語義學。更具體地說，語義學是研究語言單位的意義，尤其是詞和句子的意義的學科。2PPT課件

2PPT課件Meaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists.E.g.Plato&LaoZi.3PPT課件3PPT課件

OnedifficultyinthestudyofMEANINGisthattheword“meaning”itselfhasdifferentmeanings.e.g.Whatisthemeaningoflife?5.1Meaningsof“meaning”PPT課件5.1Meaningsof“meaning”PPT課件

GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaning.Seventypesofmeaning:Conceptualmeaning（概念意義）Connotativemeaning

（內涵意義）

Socialmeaning

（社會意義）

Affectivemeaning

（感情意義）Reflectedmeaning（反射意義）Collocativemeaning（搭配意義）Thematicmeaning（主位意義）AssociativeMeaning（聯想意義）PPT課件GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).1)Conceptualmeaning——centralpartofmeaningItis“denotative”inthatitisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.Inthissense,conceptualmeaningoverlapstoalargeextentwiththenotionofREFERENCE這種意義是“外延”的，因為它關注詞語跟它所指示物之間的聯系。從這點看，概念意義在很大程度上與指稱相重合PPT課件PPT課件PhilosophersuseCONNOTATION,oppositetoDENOTATION,tomeanthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.哲學家的“內涵”跟“外延”相對，表示詞語所指稱實體的性質。

(2)ConnotativemeaningPPT課件PhilosophersuseCONNOTATION,(3)Fromconnotativemeaningtocollocativemeaningarecollectivelyknownasassociativemeaninginthesensethatanelementaryassociationisttheoryofmentalconnectionsisenoughtoexplaintheiruse.

內涵意義到搭配意義合起來稱作聯想意義，因為解釋這些意義需要依靠一種關于思維關系的基本的聯想理論。PPT課件(3)Fromconnotativemeaningto(4)Thematicmeaningismoreperipheralsinceitisonlydeterminedbytheorderofthewordsinasentenceandthedifferentprominencetheyeachreceive.

主位意義是更外圍的，因為它是由詞序和詞語重音所決定的。PPT課件(4)Thematicmeaningismorepe

5.2ThereferentialtheoryThetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownastheREFERENTIALTHEORY,whichisaverypopulartheory.Itisgenerallypossibletoexplainthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto.

把詞語意義跟它所指稱或所代表的事物聯系起來的理論，叫作指稱論。這是一種很流行的理論。通過指明詞語所代表事物來解釋詞義一般來說是可能的。PPT課件PPT課件Oneproblemofthistheoryisthatwhenweexplainthemeaningofdeskbypointingtothethingitrefersto,wedonotmeanadeskmustbeoftheparticularsize,shape,colorandmaterialasthedeskwearepointingtoatthemomentofspeaking.Weareusingthisparticulardeskasanexample,ofsomethingmoregeneral.Thatis,thereissomethingbehindtheconcretethingwecanseewithoureyes.Andsomethingisabstract,whichhasnoexistenceinthematerialworldandcanonlybesensedinourminds.ThisabstractthingisusuallycalledCONCEPT.

PPT課件Oneproblemofthistheory這種理論的其中之一問題就是，當我們通過實物書桌來解釋desk時，我們并不意味著書桌必須具有當時當地那張書桌所有的尺寸、形狀、顏色和質料，而是用它作一個實例，作某種更普遍的東西的一個例子。也就是說，在我們肉眼所見實物之外存在的某種東西。這種東西是抽象的，沒有物質存在，只能通過我們的思維來感知。這種抽象之物即一般所謂概念。PPT課件這種理論的其中之一問題就是，當我們通過實物書桌來解釋deskAtheorywhichexplicitlyemploysthenotion“concept”isthesemantictriangleproposedbyOgdenandRichardsinthemeaningofmeaning.Inadiagramform,therelationisrepresentedasfollows:

conceptwordthingPPT課件AtheorywhichexplicitlyemplLeechalsousesSENSEasabriefertermforhisconceptualmeaningThereisyetanotherdifferencebetweensenseandreference.

利奇也用“涵義”作為他所說的概念意義的簡稱。然而，涵義和指稱還有其他的不同。PPT課件PPT課件PPT課件PPT課件

Chapter5Meaning

16PPT課件

1PPT課件

ThesubjectconcerningthestudyofmeaningiscalledSEMANTICS.

Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.

研究意義的學科叫做語義學。更具體地說，語義學是研究語言單位的意義，尤其是詞和句子的意義的學科。17PPT課件

2PPT課件Meaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists.E.g.Plato&LaoZi.18PPT課件3PPT課件

OnedifficultyinthestudyofMEANINGisthattheword“meaning”itselfhasdifferentmeanings.e.g.Whatisthemeaningoflife?5.1Meaningsof“meaning”PPT課件5.1Meaningsof“meaning”PPT課件

GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaning.Seventypesofmeaning:Conceptualmeaning（概念意義）Connotativemeaning

（內涵意義）

Socialmeaning

（社會意義）

Affectivemeaning

（感情意義）Reflectedmeaning（反射意義）Collocativemeaning（搭配意義）Thematicmeaning（主位意義）AssociativeMeaning（聯想意義）PPT課件GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).1)Conceptualmeaning——centralpartofmeaningItis“denotative”inthatitisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.Inthissense,conceptualmeaningoverlapstoalargeextentwiththenotionofREFERENCE這種意義是“外延”的，因為它關注詞語跟它所指示物之間的聯系。從這點看，概念意義在很大程度上與指稱相重合PPT課件PPT課件PhilosophersuseCONNOTATION,oppositetoDENOTATION,tomeanthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.哲學家的“內涵”跟“外延”相對，表示詞語所指稱實體的性質。

(2)ConnotativemeaningPPT課件PhilosophersuseCONNOTATION,(3)Fromconnotativemeaningtocollocativemeaningarecollectivelyknownasassociativemeaninginthesensethatanelementaryassociationisttheoryofmentalconnectionsisenoughtoexplaintheiruse.

內涵意義到搭配意義合起來稱作聯想意義，因為解釋這些意義需要依靠一種關于思維關系的基本的聯想理論。PPT課件(3)Fromconnotativemeaningto(4)Thematicmeaningismoreperipheralsinceitisonlydeterminedbytheorderofthewordsinasentenceandthedifferentprominencetheyeachreceive.

主位意義是更外圍的，因為它是由詞序和詞語重音所決定的。PPT課件(4)Thematicmeaningismorepe

5.2ThereferentialtheoryThetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownastheREFERENTIALTHEORY,whichisaverypopulartheory.Itisgenerallypossibletoexplainthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto.

把詞語意義跟它所指稱或所代表的事物聯系起來的理論，叫作指稱論。這是一種很流行的理論。通過指明詞語所代表事物來解釋詞義一般來說是可能的。PPT課件PPT課件Oneproblemofthistheoryisthatwhenweexplainthemeaningofdeskbypointingtothethingitrefersto,wedonotmeanadeskmustbeoftheparticularsize,shape,colorandmaterialasthedeskwearepointingtoatthemomentofspeaking.Weareusingthisparticulardeskasanexample,ofsomethingmoregeneral.Thatis,thereissomethingbehindtheconcretethingwecanseewithoureyes.Andsomethingisabstract,whichhasnoexistenceinthematerialworldandcanonlybesensedinourminds.Thisabstractthingisusuallycalled