考研文章和類型總覽 錯誤!未定義書簽 2018考研英語翻譯2017考研英語翻譯2016考研英語翻譯2015考研英語翻譯2014考研英語翻譯2013考研英語翻譯2012考研英語翻譯2010考研英語翻譯2009考研英語翻譯2008考研英語翻譯2007考研英語翻譯2006考研英語翻譯2005考研英語翻譯2004考研英語翻譯2003考研英語翻譯2002考研英語翻譯2001考研英語翻譯2000考研英語翻譯1999考研英語翻譯1998考研英語翻譯1997考研英語翻譯1996考研英語翻譯1995考研英語翻譯1994考研英語翻譯2018英語二翻譯2017英語二翻譯2016英語二翻譯2015英語二翻譯2014英語二翻譯 ●1995標準化考1996科研的發 ●1997動物權1998宇宙大理 ●1999歷史的定2000與社會發 ●2001未來科技發2002行為科學研 ●2003社會科學人類2004語言與思 ●2005大眾傳媒的發2006●2007法律教2008達爾文介 ●2009青年人教育模 ●2011書籍介紹2012語言學研 ●2013園藝 ●2015早期文

解正確：2.3.獨立成句：（英翻中）1.調整語序：表達通順：2.賦予1.the lectualequipmentofan2.thespecialpreserveof3.Hisfunction ogoustothatofa4.Hehasnotbeenchargedwiththe5.hedidnotacceptthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsaswell6.hisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode ernshis7.developedthe8.auniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocial9.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequipped ality10.ThisabilityisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealaatthejumptothebeobligedtoonadailytakesortoutrestsauthorofpieceIntokilltwobirdswithonetolaughoffone’sanunchartedboundvirgininanticipationof：預計到=becausethecompetitiveedgejjoiningthedotsmarksbout使誰出類拔萃/fund-raisingmethod募bringAtoaclosebringtoacloseA（pangofsth:一陣flashofsth:閃Aflashinthepan:Nextto除maywellFrontedby；由…LikenAtoBAstemsfrom：源于Noend=veryItupsetmenoendtohearthey’dsplitup oftheday:bearthebruntof首當其沖（brunt沖擊；主要沖力prepareAforB讓Ａ作好應對Ｂ準Weendedupconvinced…最后確信例句譯文2：“讀書可以使人從中獲得樂趣，可以給人添加文采，可以使人增長才干。”譯文 alleged的（）例Theparkisbeautiful.例句3：Thetaskdemandsastrategic例句ThenewAmericanSecretaryofStatehasproposedaworldconferenceonfoods.例子5： 滿意→相當滿 →局 型號→各種型 例句Youmayapply 。Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollutionmonitors將會出現由機器人主持的電視聊天 例句HewasonthewrongHewasagainsttheplanfromtheverybeginning.他從一開始就這項計劃。例句3：定語JohnRobert’sprofessionsofjudicialmodestyduringhisownconfirmationhearingsin2005gavelittleinklingofthecontroversialdecisionsoverwhichhehassincepresided.約翰羅伯茨在2005年自己的就職確認聽證會上表達了中庸的法學思想，萬萬沒想到 .例句4：Behaviorists，incontrast，saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyeducationaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.句Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarAnappleonthetable桌上的蘋果intheriverstressAoverBABagainstthedeclineofwholeeconomyTherewill evisionchatshowshostedbyrobots，andcarswithpollutionAlitoresolvedthis byconcludingthattheaggressiveproceduredoesnotviolatefederalstatutes.名詞+of+ving；常常不用翻譯of.例子Changeofinformation,ifany,concerningthecontentsofthissectionwillbefoundintheappendixat ofthisbook.Smokingisprohibitedinpublic（二）代詞的處理1.hisbook2.2.不翻譯：例句1：Onemusthavestudiedhardbeforeonecouldsucceedinmasteringaforeign Hecoveredhiswithhishandasiftoprotecthis【譯文 句Weliveand（三）人名的處理非常有名的人按翻譯Beethoven；Einstein；Edison；Eason；Jay；I-（四）名詞的處理：例句Theemphasisondatagathered-hand，combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent，makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialNotes：howdiverselanguagescouldbe.Howthisproductcouldbeproducedadj.Ving,Ved：1.正常含Ving：1.正常主動含 （一）定語（從句）groundbaseddetectorsattheSouth（二）同位語（從句）Theshark,ahugelysuccessfulfishinevolutionarytermswithalineagedatingbackmorethan400millionyears,isunderrelentlessattackfromhumans.例句2：Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.（三）狀語（從句）Butthat，Pearsonpointsout，isonlythestartofman-machineitisnoexaggerationtosaythat…不夸張的說…itisreportedthat...據...itisimportantthat重要的是ThereisatempleontheTherearetwomonksinthetemple.Thereisacuponthetable.ThereisnoTherewillbeawarm例句Metalsaredelibera ymixedtoproducehundredsofnewsubstanceswithdesirablequalitiesnototherwiseavailable.Thefundscanbeonlyobtainedthroughwebsitenototherwiseavailable.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago.自然選擇的作用 例句Thisinstinctshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat這種本能應該鼓勵而不是嘲笑。例句Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitis在多大程度上能為所取決于所用信息的數量，可靠性和適當例句例句Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.（并列引起的省略）在這些得到解決以前，研究行為的技術就會繼續排斥，解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續排斥。例句Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunitytheirfriendsofmanyyearstheirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.方法二：直接改譯為主動：例1：Lovecannotbeforced.【譯情不能強求。例5：Thequalityofourproductshasbeengreatlyimproved.【譯文】產品質量有了很大的提高。例6：Thecarhasbeencleaned.Althoughlittleisknownabouthowhypnosisworks,ithasbeenmadeuseofinmedicaltreatment.雖然 （Feelknowbelieve,see,hear）例句2：Theeducationprogramsshouldbeenrichedtoincludelifeskillsforhealth,safetyandenvironmentalawareness應該豐富教育計劃，將有利于健康的生活技能，安全問題和環境意識納入其中。例句3：CopiesofKeynesaredustedoff,theFedlowersinterestrates,andtheandCongresscuttaxesandhikespending.例句4：NolargeralterationstotheeconomyareLightandheatcanbegiventousbythesun AbundantexercisesandproblemsareprovidedinthisreferenceTheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.（八）比較結構例句1：Futuristpoetryismoreofatransientphenomenonthan例句例句TheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveMore…than+句子（否定）例句1：HeearnsmoremoneythanhecanTheunemploymentratehasfallenfarfasteroverthepastyearthanthetepidrecoveriesinbothcountriesseemtojustify.Notso+原級+as…=less+原級+than…=not++than…例句1：JackislesscleverthanTom.JackisnotsocleverasTom.JackisnotclevererthanTom.例句2：Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwithteenagerstheeffectofouractsupondisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithNotsomuch…notsomuchAasBAB。沒有比較的意思，只是單純的闡述觀點。例句：TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflectnotsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.企業缺乏的不是質量控制的能力而是企業的社會責任感。qualitycontrolsocialaccountabilityInterestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasaninlectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.（InterestarisenlessthroughAmorefromB.nomore…than…=not…anymorethan雙方否定句型例句1：Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductin例句Nobodywithanysenseexpectstofindthewholetruthinjobadvertisementanymorethanheexpectsamanapplyingforajobtodescribehis ingsandmoreseriousfaults.例句3：Heseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.morethanTheymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheir例句Managershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.例句3：Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask刻意訓練不只是涉及刻意的重

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Shakespeare’slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.（46）BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,schoolorganizationsofamateurs,andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and（47）noboywhowentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsold,thepublicplayhousewasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul’sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.（48）buttheprofessionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,anduniversitymenwithliteratureambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheatersasofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimeShakespearewastwenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreenehadmadecomediesthatwereatoncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit;andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstage-wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.（49）Anativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublicplayhousesestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtodayatthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.（50）Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived.PartC（10

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoYourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyontheANSWERSHEET.（10ThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworld’sprimarylanguageforinternationalcommunicationhasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.ButevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurther,therearesignsthattheglobalpredominanceofthelanguagemayfadewithintheforeseeablefuture.Complexinternational,economic,technologicalandculturalchangescouldstarttodiminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarket,andUKinterestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreathofEnglishusagewouldconsequentlyfacenewpressures.ThoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthestudypresentedbyDavidGraddol.Hisysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthosewhomaybelievethattheglobalpositionofEnglishissostablethattheyounggenerationoftheUnitedKingdomdonotneedadditionallanguagecapabilities.DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfaceableakeconomicfutureasqualifiedmultilingualyoungstersfromothercountriesareprovingtohaveacompetitiveadvantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompaniesandorganizations.Alongsidethat,（48）manycountriesareintroducingEnglishintotheprimary-schoolcurriculumbutBritishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonotappeartobegaininggreaterencouragementtoachievefluencyinotherlanguages.Iflefttothemselves,suchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthoftheEnglishlanguageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducationalresourcesinlanguages,suchasSpanish,ArabicorMandaringrowsandinternationalbusinessprocessoutsourcinginotherlanguagessuchasJapanese,FrenchandGerman,spreads.（49）ThechangesidentifiedbyDavidGraddolallpresentclearandmajorchallengestotheUK’sprovidersofEnglishlanguageteachingtopeopleofothercountriesandtobroadereducationbusinesssectors.TheEnglishlanguageteachingsectordirectlyearnsnearly￡1.3billionfortheUKininvisibleexportsandourothereducationrelatedexportsearnupto￡10billionayearmore.Astheinternationaleducationmarketexpands,therecentslowdowninthenumberofinternationalstudentsstudyinginthemainEnglishspeakingcountriesislikelytocontinue,especiallyiftherearenoeffectivestrategicpoliciestopreventsuchslippage.Theanticipationofpossibleshiftsindemandprovidedbythisstudyissignificant.（50）ItgivesabasistoallorganizationswhichseektopromotethelearninganduseofEnglish,abasisforplanningtomeetpossibilitiesofwhatcouldbeaverydifferentoperatingenvironment.Thatisanecessaryandpracticalapproach.Inthisasinmuchelse,thosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.PartC（10言的人而言，他的分析可能會給他們的驕傲自大畫上一個。

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Mentalhealthisourbirthright.（46）Wedon’thavetolearnhowtobementallyhealthy;itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormend,abrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan’tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itislikeimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionorexercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon’tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon’tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.（47）Ourmentalhealthdoesn’tgoanywhere;likethesunbehindacloud,itcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromview,butitisfullycapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem–confidenceinourselvesandanabilitytotrustinourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveonourlives-theabilitytonottakeourselvestooseriously,tolaughatourselves,toseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.It’saformofinnateorunlearnedoptimism.（48）Mentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswithsympathyiftheyarehavingtroubles,withkindnessiftheyareinpain,andwithunconditionallovenomatterwhotheyare.Mentalhealthisthesourceofcreativityforsolvingproblems,,makingoursurroundingsmorebeautiful,managingourhomelife,orcomingupwithacreativebusineeaorinventiontomakeourliveseasier.Itgivesuspatienceforourselves.Andtowardothersaswellaspatiencewhiledriving,catchingafish,workingonourcar,orraisingachild.Itallowsustoseethebeautythatsurroundsuseaomentinnature,inculture,intheflowofourdailylives.Althoughmentalhealthisthecure-allforlivingourlives,itisperfectingordinaryasyouwillseethatithasbeentheretodirectyouthroughallyourdifficuecisions.Ithasbeenavailableeveninthemostmundaneoflifesituationstoshowyourightfromwrong,goodfrombad,friendfromfoe.Mentalhealthhascommonlybeencalledconscience,instinct,wisdom,commonsense,ortheinnervoice,wethinkofitsimplyasahealthandhelpfulflowofinligentthought.Asyouwillcometosee,knowingthatmentalhealthisalwaysavailableandknowingtotrustitallowustoslowdowntothemomentandlivelifehappily. 直在你的生活中指導你面對各種的決定。康，會讓放慢生活的腳步并且愉快的生活。ButeverybodyknowsObamaneedsaliberaltostopthecourtfrommovingfurthertotherightthanitalreadyhasunderJohnRoberts,thepresentchiefjustice,amanmorestealth-bomberthanaircraft-carrier,whoseprofessionsofjudicialmodestyduringhisownconfirmationhearingsin2005gavelittleinklingofthecontroversialdecisionsoverwhichhehassincepresided.2）Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Islamiclawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw—notwithstanding，ofcourse，aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcerned—thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequaythefullrangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.Anyoneconsideringtakingpartinaworkoftransformationofthoseformsofolderartwhichseemtousinmanywaysunsatisfactory,sothattheyshouldbemoreinturnwiththechangingtimes,andanyonewhodoesnotquailattheprospectofseekingoutnewformsofexpressionfornewmaterialsandnewbuildingfunction,willfindspiritualkinship,observingBorromini.

PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration—onethegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—stfromEuropetoAmerica.（46）Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces—theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhiodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.ButtheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.TheshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme ,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’glimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.（50）Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores. 但具有著特有的地理條件,不同民族之間相互作用,在原始舊世在15-16世紀的探索的一百多年之后，第一批乘船橫渡駛向現

IReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothe atdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical, ,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.（46）Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecansarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.（47）Byallaccountshewasafreethinking ,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisThiscourageousattitudeinfact esarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.（48）Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadesseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviourandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.（49）Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandof alexpression.Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofcatharsis.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.（50）OnecouldparaphrasemuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.必須具備這一品質，演奏他的作品就更是如此。作曲家極少使用法。想和表達。

IReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreate,express,fashion,andbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;（46）yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Oneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a“stillpointoftheturningworld,”toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.（47）Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislacking,asitisfortheseunlikelygardens,theformer esallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.（48）Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroduceformintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.Insongtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand.Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondto,ortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,ofplants,oftrees,（49）mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagic.InmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasible,yetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterials,aninstitutionofcolors,smallpoolofwater,andafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.（50）Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden,thoughina“liberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia—ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife—assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms.這是一處神圣的平和之所，無論這個地方有簡陋，這也明顯是人類特有無家可歸者建造的花園實際上就是沒有可循的花園，這種花園將一種建筑大多數人會感到精神不振，通常會歸咎于一些精神上的狀態，直到有一這些人工的建筑變得完全合理了。（雖然只是就廣義而言）

SectionⅢReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.（46）Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itis inglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail.Nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.（47）Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,forifallhumanssharecommonorigins,itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryareernedbyuniversalfeatures.（48）TofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionarycognitiveThat,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsiderevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnaanguage—acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.（49）Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality,identifyingtraits（particularlyinwordorder）sharedbymanylanguage,whichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.（50）Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshotternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelineage-specificandnoternedbyuniversals.的，并從進化論或認知角度理解什么引導了它的。系路徑的影響；而格林堡式的普遍性則了特定的語法詞序關系類型之間存在的緊密互依ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）Withitsthemethat“Mi