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書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-內蒙古警察職業學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.案例題

InReadingPassageIthereareseveralsections.Choosethemostsuitableheading(I-IX)fromtheboxbelowwhichbestmatchestheSectionsA-G.

NOTE:Thesearemoreheadingsthansectionssoyouwillnotuseallofthem.Youmayuseanyoftheheadingsmorethanonce.

ListofHeadings

ⅠApositiveaspectofhacking

ⅡTougherpunishmentsforhackers

ⅢResponsetoInternetsecurity

ⅣGrowthoftheInternet

ⅤResponsibilitiesofmanagers

ⅥHackersVsadministrators

ⅦDifficultyofdetection

ⅧGovernmentagencies

ⅨCommonsecuritymeasure

Example:

ParagraphAAnswerIV

1.ParagraphB()

2.ParagraphC()

3.ParagraphD()

4.ParagraphE()

5.ParagraphF()

6.ParagraphG()

【答案】1.VI

2.III

3.Ⅸ

4.Ⅱ

5.I

6.Ⅶ

【解析】1.根據文章第三段,“the‘worm’wasintroducedontheInternettoinvade,attackandreplicateitselfonthenetwork.”,可知“蠕蟲”病毒被引入互聯網,在網絡上入侵、攻擊和復制自己,下文繼續提到了CERT小組來應對病毒的入侵。可判斷出B段的主要內容為黑客和管理者。選項VI符合題意。

2.根據文章第四段,“OneoftheproblemswithInternetsecurityisthefactthattheincidentsareincreasinginsophistication.”,可知本段主要討論的是互聯網的安全問題,緊接著下文提到了對這個問題一系列的回應。可判斷出C段的內容為對互聯網安全問題的回應。選項III符合題意。

3.根據文章第五段,“Thethingtorememberwithsecurityisthatthesystemadministrationsmustgetitrightallthetime”,可知對于互聯網的安全問題,系統管理人員必須保持準確。可判斷出D段對于安全問題提出了常見的應對措施。選項Ⅸ符合題意。

4.根據文章第六段,“TheninJuly2002,theHouseofrepresentativesapprovedtheCyberSecurityEnhancementAct.Nowifacybercrimeresultsinthedeathofanindividual,theoffendercouldfacealifesentence.”,可知在2002年7月,眾議院通過了《網絡安全加強法案》。現在,如果網絡犯罪導致個人死亡,犯罪者可能面臨終身監禁。結合整段內容,可判斷出E段的主要內容為對黑客的懲罰。選項Ⅱ符合題意。

5.根據文章第七段,“someex-hackersusingtheirextensiveknowledgeandexperiencetojoinforceswithsecurityforcestoaidthefightagainstterrorism.”,可知一些前黑客利用他們廣泛的知識和經驗與安全部隊合作,協助打擊恐怖主義。可判斷出F段的主要內容為黑客積極的一面。選項I符合題意。

6.根據文章第八段,“evenwiththeincreasedthethreatsofpunishment,computervirusesandincidentsofhackingcontinuetobewidespread.”,可知即使受到懲罰的強度增加,計算機病毒和黑客事件仍然普遍存在。可判斷出G段作者想要表達的意思是對黑客事件檢測的困難性。選項Ⅶ符合題意。

2.單選題

Themostimportantpartsofthecollectionareinaccessibletoscholar.

問題1選項

A.notuseful

B.notattractive

C.notclear

D.notavailable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。inaccessible表示“難接近的,難達到的”;A項notuseful“沒有用的”,B項notattractive“不吸引人的”,C項notclear“不清楚的”,D項notavailable“難以獲得的,不能利用的”。句意:學者們無法看到收藏的最重要的部分。因此D項正確。

3.翻譯題

17世紀后期至18世紀末,是中國清代的鼎盛時期,史稱“康乾盛世”。那個時期,中國的工業產量位居世界前列。但正是在這個時候,歐洲諸國先后開始了近代資產階級革命和產業革命,社會生產力迅速發展,后來居上。而中國當時的政治者對這一歷史性大變革卻茫然無知,仍沉迷于盲目自大之中,視西方科學技術為“奇技淫巧”。“康乾盛世”之后的100多年,中國的發展大大落后了,國際地位急劇衰落,淪為半殖民地,備受外強欺辱。

中華人民共和國成立后,中國人民掌握了自己的命運,民族的獨立和解放使中國發生了翻天覆地的變化。但在20世紀60、70年代世界經濟蓬勃發展和新科技革命浪潮興起的時代,中國搞了長達10年的“文化大革命”,錯失了又一次發展良機。值得欣慰的是,從70年代末開始,我們糾正了過去的錯誤,選擇了改革開放的正確道路,對內實行改革,對外實行開放,開放也是改革。改革開放使我們抓住了新的歷史機遇,實現了近30年的高速發展,綜合國力顯著增強,人民生活得到很大改善,國際地位不斷上升。

【答案】Inthelate17centurytotheendof18thCentury,ChineseQingDynastywasinitsheyday,knownastheGoldenAgeof“KangxiandQianlong”.Duringthisperiod,China’sindustrialproductionhasbeenattheforefrontontheworldstage.ButitwasatthistimethatEuropeancountriesbeganthemodernbourgeoisrevolutionandindustrialrevolution,whichrockettherapiddevelopmentofsocialproductivityinthewesternworld,leavingtherestoftheworldoutofsightbehind.However,Chinesepoliticiansatthattimewerecompletelyignorantofthishistoricchange,andstillindulgedinblindarrogance,regardingwesternscienceandtechnologyas“diabolictricksandwickedcraft”.Duringthepast100yearsfromthattimeonward,Chinafellfarbehindindevelopment,sufferedasharpdeclineinitsinternationalstatus,wasreducedtoasemi-colonyandsubjectedtobullyingandhumiliationfromforeignpowers.

SincethefundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,accompanyingwiththenationalindependenceandliberation,Chinesepeoplehavebecomethemasteroftheirowndestiny.AllthishasbroughttremendouschangestoChina.However,inthe1960sand1970s,whentheworldeconomywasboomingandthenewwaveofscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionwasemerging,Chinaconductedthedecade-long“CulturalRevolution”andmissedanothergoodopportunityfordevelopment.Thegoodnewsisthatsincetheendof1970s,withtheimplementationofreformingdomesticallyandopening-uptotheworldwehavecorrectedthemistakesofthepast,directingthewholenationtotherightwayofreformandopening-up.Undertheguidanceofreformandopening-uppolicy,weseizedthenewhistoricalopportunitytopromotearapidsocialdevelopmentinthelast30years.Thispolicynotonlyheightenchina’scomprehensivepowersandpeople’slivingstandards,butalsothegrowinginternationalclout.

4.單選題

Whilemanytechnologicaladvancesoccurinanevolutionarymanner,occasionallyarevolutionarytechnologicalappearsonthehorizonthatcreatesstartlingnewconditionsandprofoundchanges.SuchisthecasewiththeprivatelydevelopedMollerSkycarwhichisnamedafteritsinventor.Theruggedized(加固的)MollerSkycarvariantthemilitaryisevaluatingiscalledthelightaerialmultipurposevehicle,orLAMV.

TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinquick,quiet,andagilemanner.Itisanewtypeofvehiclethatcombinesthespeedofanairplaneandtheverticaltake-offcapabilityofahelicopterwithsomecharacteristicsofagroundvehicle,butwithoutthelimitationsofanyofthoseexistingmodesoftransportation.TheLAMVisnotoperatedliketraditionalfixed——orrotary-wingaircraft.Ithasonlytwohands,whichtheoperatorusestodirecttheredundantcomputercontrolsystemtocarryoutdesiredflightmaneuvers.Theleft-handcontroltwiststoselectthedesiredoperatingaltitudeandmovesforeandafttoselecttherateofclimb.Theright-handcontroltwiststoselectthevehicle’sdirectionandmovesside-to-sidetoprovidetransverse(橫向的)movementduringthehoverandearly-transition-to-flightphasesofoperation;italsomovesforeandafttocontrolspeedandbraking.Simplyput,theLAMVisuserfriendly.

TheLAMVdesignincorporatesanumberofsafetyfeatures.Forstarters,theLAMVhasmultipleengines.Unlikeanylighthelicopterorairplane,theLAMVhasmultipleenginenacelles(機艙),eachwithtwocomputer-controlledRotapowerengines.Theseenginesoperateindependentlyandallowforaverticalcontrolledlandingshouldeitherfail.

TheLAMVisaerodynamicallystable.Intheunlikelyeventthatsufficientpowerisnotavailabletolandvertically,theLAMV’sstabilityandgoodglideslopeallowtheoperatortomaneuvertoasafeareabeforeusingtheair-frameparachutes(降落傘).SincecomputerscontroltheLAMV'sflightduringhoverandtransition,theonlyoperatorinputistocontrolspeedanddirection.Undesirablemovementscausedbywindgustsarepreventedautomatically.

TheLAMV'spotentialmilitaryuseswillbenumerous.Theyincludeaerialmedicalevacuation,aerialreconnaissance(偵查),commandandcontrol,searchandrescue,insertionofspecialoperationsforces,airassaultoperations,airborneoperations,forcible-entryoperations,militarypolicemobilityandmaneuversupport,communicationsretransmission,battlefielddistributionforunitresupply,transportofindividualandcrewreplacements,weaponsplatform,noncombatantevacuationoperations,battlefieldcontractortransport,andbattledamageassessment.

Ofcourse,theLAMVbringswithitsomeobviouschallenges.Itslimitedpayloadwillbeanegativefactor.ItsusewillcomplicateArmyairspacecommandandcontrol.HowtheLAMVwillbeusedinconjunctionwithforcesunderthejointforceaircomponentcommanderwillhavetobedetermined.LAMVsupportissuesalsorequireresolution.Forexample,operatorselectionandtraining,leadertraining,employmentdoctrine,LAMVbasis-of-issueplans,andLAMVlife-cyclemanagementallrequiretheArmy'sattention.

1.Accordingtothepassage,LAMV().

2.WhatshouldtheoperatorofLAMVdowhenpowerforverticallandingisinsufficient?

3.Lighthelicopterorairplanemay().

4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeapossibledisadvantageofLAMV?

問題1選項

A.cantakeoffuprightandflyfast

B.isdevelopedbyanacademy

C.can’tflyasfastasanairplane

D.isappliedinciviltransportation

問題2選項

A.Heshouldaskthemonitoringcenterforhelpviacomputer

B.Hecaneffectivelycontroltheaircraftwithsomesimpleinput

C.Hemustleavetheaircraftimmediatelywiththehelpofparachutes

D.HejustwaitsLAMVtoregainenoughpowerforlanding

問題3選項

A.havetwohandstocontrolitsspeedanddirection

B.havenocomputer-controlledRotapowerenmeshinitssystem

C.havelessenginenacellesthanLAMVandthereforelesssecurity

D.lackflexiblecomputercontrolinitstakingoffandlanding

問題4選項

A.FewpeoplewouldsupporttheapplicationofLAMV

B.LAMVcanonlycarryasmallcreworlittlecargo

C.Notallforcesarewillingtobecommandedjointly

D.Armyairspacecommandandcontrolwouldbeindisorder

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】1.細節事實題。題目問的是“根據文章所述,LAMV……”。文章第二段第一句話提到LAWV是一種垂直起降飛機,能夠以快速、安靜和敏捷的方式飛行(TheLAMVisaverticaltake-offandlandingaircraftthatcanflyinquick,quiet,andagilemanner),由此可知選項A“能垂直起飛,且飛行速度快”符合題意。

2.細節事實題。題目問的是“當垂直降落的動力不足時,LAMV的駕駛員應該怎么辦?”文章第四段提到“在不太可能的情況下,沒有足夠的力量垂直降落,LAMV的穩定性和良好的下滑坡度允許駕駛員在使用機體降落傘之前操縱飛機飛到一個安全區域”(Intheunlikelyeventthatsufficientpowerisnotavailabletolandvertically,theLAMV’sstabilityandgoodglideslopeallowtheoperatortomaneuvertoasafeareabeforeusingtheair-frameparachutes),因此選項B“通過一些簡單的操作有效控制飛機”符合題意。

3.細節事實題。題目問的是“輕型直升機或飛機可能……”。文章第三段第三句話提到“不同于任何輕型直升機或飛機,LAMV有多個發動機艙,每個機艙都有兩個由計算機控制的Rotapower型發動機”(Unlikeanylighthelicopterorairplane,theLAMVhasmultipleenginenacelles,eachwithtwocomputer-controlledRotapowerengines),由此可推測出輕型直升機或飛機沒有LAMV那么多的機艙,選項C符合題意。

4.細節事實題。題目問的是“下列哪項是LAMV的劣勢?”文章最后一段提到了LAMV不利的一面。LAMV的支持問題也需要解決,例如,駕駛員的選擇與訓練(LAMVsupportissuesalsorequireresolution.Forexample,operatorselectionandtraining…),因此選項A符合題意。

5.單選題

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedasslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

25.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?

26.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.

27.Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.

28.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.

29.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.

30.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.

問題1選項

A.Philosophyofmathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.

C.TheVerificationofFacts.

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.

問題2選項

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatitwasanactofGod

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

問題3選項

A.findout

B.confirm

C.announce

D.makesure

問題4選項

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

問題5選項

A.aninductivescience

B.inneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory

問題6選項

A.ametaphor

B.aparadox

C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods

D.apun

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:B

【解析】25.【選項釋義】

Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?最能表達這篇文章觀點的題目是?

A.Philosophyofmathematics.A.數學的哲學

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.B.科學的最新發展

C.TheVerificationofFacts.C.事實的核實

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.D.科學探究的方法

【考查點】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】

1)分析文章行文結構:本文的結構大致為“提出問題——對已有的解釋進行分析”。

第一段提到“現代哲學家感興趣的問題,為什么歸納和數學科學,在希臘文明達到頂峰時第一次快速發展(theirfirstrapiddevelopment)之后,兩千年來發展緩慢(slowlyfortwothousandyears),以及為什么在接下來的二百年中,自然科學和數學的發展(sovastlyexceeds)大大超過了以前所知道的一切”;

第二段否定了解釋1——“古人在科學研究中主要采用演繹法(deduction),而現代人則采用歸納法(induction),這種解釋過于狹隘(toonarrow),經仔細考察,無法充分(fails)清楚地指出古代和現代科學學說和研究之間明顯的對比”;

第三段否定了解釋2——“沒有使用或充分使用這些局部方法中的任何一種,在觀察和實驗的藝術和資源上的缺陷,在觀察中粗心,忽視相關事實,訴諸于實驗和觀察”;

第四段否定了解釋3——古人試圖通過將“事實”與“理論”或“事實”與“觀念”對立來解釋這一現象;

第五段肯定了第四段中將“事實”與“理論”進行區分的可取之處,即這種區分包含了真正方法的一個重要特征。

2)提煉復現詞:methods“方法”。

綜上所述,D選項“科學探究的方法”最適合做本文的標題。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“數學的哲學”,本文并未提及,屬于無中生有;

B選項“科學的最新發展”,只是在開頭第一段引入問題時被提到,屬于背景信息,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標題,屬于本末倒置;

C選項“事實的核實”,只是本文第四、五段的內容,并不能概括全文,不適合做本文標題,屬于本末倒置。

26【選項釋義】

Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.作者認為,古希臘和現代科學發展的一個可能原因是____。

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsA.這兩個時期的相似之處

B.thatitwasanactofGodB.是上帝的杰作

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodC.他們都試圖發展歸納法

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethodD.由于演繹法的衰落

【考查點】事實細節題。

【解題思路】根據題干關鍵詞thegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimes可定位到本文第1段最后一句,該句說到“或者,我們是否應該把這兩個時期的特點歸因于所謂的歷史偶然性——歸因于環境中結合的影響?這種影響,除非以指導我們的上帝的全能和智慧(theomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence)來解釋,否則是無法解釋的。”由此可知,作者認為上帝是一個可能的原因。“God”是“aguidingProvidence”的同義替換。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“這兩個時期的相似之處”,原文并未提及,屬于無中生有;

C選項“他們都試圖發展歸納法”,原文雖然提到了歸納法,但并沒有說這兩個時期都試圖發展歸納法,該選項屬于無中生有;

D選項“由于演繹法的衰落”,原文雖然提到了演繹法,但并沒有說演繹法的衰落,該選項屬于無中生有。

27.【選項釋義】

Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.第三段中劃線的單詞“ascertain”的意思可能是____。

A.findoutA.發現

B.confirmB.證實

C.announceC.宣布

D.makesureD.確保

【考查點】詞匯推測題。

【解題思路】

句中前后信息銜接:根據題干關鍵詞thethirdparagraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折號后ascertain所在部分的句意是“無論是古代還是現代,這些都是導致不能____真理/真相的錯誤。”

2)上下文語義銜接:由第一題的解析可得,本文的主題是“科學研究的方法”,第3段第1句破折號前的句子是展開介紹在科學實驗中犯的錯誤,那么此處的truth指的應該是科學真理,由此可知,ascertain是搭配“真理”的動詞,“宣布真理”和“確保真理”不能搭配,由此可排除C、D選項;

3)分析詞匯本身:ascertain中certain是“確實,確信”的意思,因此B選項“證實”更符合題意。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D三個選項均不符合原文。

28.【選項釋義】

Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.“事實”和“理論”的區別____。

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationA.是后者需要證實

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerB.在于前者的簡單性

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksC.是現代科學家和古希臘科學家的區別

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethodD.幫助我們理解演繹法

【考查點】事實細節題。

【解題思路】根據題干關鍵詞Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”定位到原文最后一段。該段最后兩句提到“如果一個理論是正確的,它就具有事實的所有特征,只是它的證實(exceptthatitsverification)只能通過間接的、遙遠的和困難的手段。”“將理論轉化為事實就是增加了簡單的驗證(addsimpleverification),從而使理論獲得了事實的全部特征。”由此可知,理論得到驗證之后就會變成真理,因此,A選項“是后者需要證實”就是“事實”和“理論”的區別。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“在于前者的簡單性”,可定位到原文最后一段第2句,該句說“事實是簡單的命題”,原文雖然提到了“事實”很簡單,但并沒有說這是兩者之間的區別,該選項屬于無中生有;

C選項“是現代科學家和古希臘科學家的區別”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有;

D選項“幫助我們理解演繹法”,原文并未提及,該選項屬于無中生有。

29.【選項釋義】

Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.據作者介紹,數學是____。

A.aninductivescienceA.歸納科學

B.inneedofsimpleverificationB.需要簡單的驗證

C.adeductivescienceC.演繹科學

D.basedonfactandtheoryD.以事實和理論為基礎

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】原文并未直接介紹數學是什么科學,只在首段引入話題時提到了數學。根據原文第一段第1句“為什么歸納和數學科學(theinductiveandmathematicalsciences),在希臘文明達到頂峰時第一次快速發展之后,兩千年來發展緩慢”,由此可知,數學是一種科學,根據作者將歸納科學(inductivescience)與數學(mathematicalscience)并列可推斷,作者認為兩者非同類的科學,“歸納和演繹”是相對的兩種科學方法分類,因此,作者認為數學是一種演繹科學。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“歸納科學”,根據【解題思路】可排除該選項;

B選項“需要簡單的驗證”,可定位到原文最后一段最后一句,該句提到“理論變成事實需要簡單的驗證(Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification)”,由此可知,該選項表述的是一種科學方法,不是對數學的介紹,屬于偷換概念;

D選項“以事實和理論為基礎”,原文在最后兩段提到了“事實和理論”,但并未涉及數學,該選項屬于無中生有。

30.【選項釋義】

Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.“理論就是事實”這句話可以叫作____。

A.ametaphorA.比喻(暗喻)

B.aparadoxB.悖論

C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsC.對歸納和演繹方法的贊美

D.apunD.雙關

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據題干關鍵詞Theories和facts定位到原文最后兩段。倒數第2段第2句提到“事實和理論不是完全對立的(theantithesisisnotcomplete)”,后一句又說“事實和理論不是協調的類別(notcoordinatespecies)”由此可知,事實和理論不是完全對立又不是完全統一的。第4段最后一句說到“如果理論是正確的(Theories,iftrue),那么它就是一類特定的事實(aparticularclassoffacts)”,由此可知,正確的理論是事實,錯誤的理論不是事實。因此題干中“理論就是事實”的表述是B選項“悖論”。(注:悖論是“如果其中一部分是正確的,那么另一部分就不可能是正確的”的陳述。)

【干擾項排除】A、C、D三個選項均沒有依據,屬于無中生有。

6.填空題

TheUnitedStatesisanationofsuburbs.The1990census(人口普查)makesitofficial.Nearlyhalfthecountry’spopulationnowlivesinsuburbs,upfromaquarterin1950andathirdin1960.

ThethirdcenturyofAmericanhistoryisshapingupasthesuburbancentury.Until1920mostAmericanslivedinruralareas.By1960thecountrywasathirdurban,athirdrural,andathirdsuburban.Thatbalancedidn’tlastlong,however.By1990theurbanpopulationhadslippedto31percentandtheruralpopulationwasdowntolessthanaquarter.Wearenowasuburbannationwithanurbanfringeandaruralfringe.

ThefirstcenturyofAmericanlifewasdominatedbytheruralmyth:thesturdyandself-reliantJeffersonianfarmer.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,however,Americansweregettingoffthefarmsasfastastheycould,toescapethehardshipandbrutalityofrurallife.

Mostofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeendominatedbytheurbanmyth:themeltingpot;NewYork,NewYork;thecitiesasthenation’sgreatenginesofprosperityandculture.Allthewhile,however,Americanshavebeengettingoutofthecitiesassoonastheycanaffordtobuyahouseandacar.Theywanttoescapethecrowdinganddangersofurbanlife.Butthereismoretoitthanescape.AsKennethT.JacksonarguesinCrabgrassFrontier,ahistoryofsuburbanizationintheUnitedStates,thepullfactors(cheaphousingandtheidealofasuburban“dreamhouse”)havebeenasimportantasthepushfactorspopulationgrowthandracialprejudice).

The1990Censustellsthestoryoftheexplosivegrowthofsuburbs.Thatyearfourteenstateshadamajoritysuburbanpopulation,includingsixofthetenmostpopulousstates(California,Pennsylvania,Ohio,Michigan,Florida,andNewJersey).

Suburbangrowthisnotlikelytoendanytimesoon.Accordingtothepolls,43percentofBostonresidents,43percentofpeoplewholiveinLosAngeles,and60percentofthosewholiveinNewYorkCitysaytheywouldleavethecityiftheycould.WhentheGallupPollaskedAmericansin1989whatkindofplacetheywouldliketolivein,only19percentsaidacity.

Isthereasuburbanmyth?Surethereis.IthasbeenastapleofAmericanpopularculturesincethe1950s,fromtelevisionshowslikeTheAdventuresofOzzieandHarrietandLeaveIttoBeavertomovieslikeE.T.ThedebunkingofthesuburbanmythhasnowreachedAmericanpopularculture,wheretelevisioncomediesaboutlowermiddle-classfamilieslikeRoseanneandtheSimpsonsportraytheharshrealitiesofsuburbanlife-unemployment,troubledfamilies,and,aboveall,stress.

Write“A”forTrueor“F”forFalseinthebrackets:

_____61.ThegreaterpartoftheAmericanpopulationnowlivesinthesuburbs.

_____62.CheaphousingisoneofthereasonsforAmericanswantingtoliveinthesuburbs.

_____63.IntheU.S.ahouseinthesuburbsisasymbolofprosperityandculture.

_____64.In1989mostAmericansstillsaidtheypreferredlivinginurbanareas.

_____65.ThemainpartofAmericanpopularculturesincethe1950shasbeendominatedbythesuburbmyth.

【答案】F

T

F

F

F

【解析】1.定位到第一段Nearlyhalfthecountry’spopulationnowlivesinsuburbs,upfromaquarterin1950andathirdin1960.(美國現在有近一半的人口住在郊區,而1950年只有四分之一,1960年只有三分之一。)題干與原文不符,因此不對。

2.定位到第四段thepullfactors(cheaphousingandtheidealofasuburban“dreamhouse”)havebeenasimportantasthepushfactorspopulationgrowthandracialprejudice.(牽引力因素——廉價住房和郊區“夢想之家”的理想與人口增長和種族偏見一樣重要),可以得知廉價的住房也是他們離開的原因之一,因此題干表達正確。

3.定位到第四段thecitiesasthenation’sgreatenginesofprosperityandculture.(城市是國家繁榮和文化的重要引擎。)而不是美國的房子是繁榮和文化的象征。因此題干和原文的表達是不符的,錯誤。

4.定位到倒數第二段WhentheGallupPollaskedAmericansin1989whatkindofplacetheywouldliketolivein,only19percentsaidacity.(1989年,蓋洛普民意測驗詢問美國人他們想住在什么樣的地方,只有19%的人回答是城市。)這一句和題干不相符,只有19%的人們表示喜歡居住在城市,并不是題干說的大部分,因此錯誤。

5.定位到第三段和第四段ThefirstcenturyofAmericanlifewasdominatedbytheruralmyth:thesturdyandself-reliantJeffersonianfarmer.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,however,Americansweregettingoffthefarmsasfastastheycould,toescapethehardshipandbrutalityofrurallife.Mostofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeendominatedbytheurbanmyth(美國人生活的第一個世紀被鄉村神話所主宰:強壯而自立的杰斐遜式農民。然而,到了19世紀末,美國人開始盡可能快地離開農場,以逃避農村生活的艱難和殘酷。20世紀的大部分時間里,都市神話一直占據著主導地位)原文并沒有說是具體哪一年被誰主導,因此題干的表述也是不對的,錯誤。

7.單選題

Thesmallbuildingwasmarkedwithamodestbrass(

,statingthenameandthebusinessoftheoccupiers.

問題1選項

A.plaque

B.plateau

C.plague

D.plaster

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近名詞辨析。plaque“匾額”;plateau“高原”;plague“瘟疫”;plaster“石膏”。句意:這座小小的建筑有一塊黃銅匾額,上面寫著主人的名字還有營業內容。選項A符合題意。

8.單選題

Whenhecameouttothelobbytohelpusfindataxiaswewereabouttoheadforthe

airport,wethankedhimforallthehelpshehadgivenusduringourstayandinvited

himtolookusupinShanghaiifheeverfoundhimselfthere.

問題1選項

A.aswewereabouttoheadfor

B.helpshehadgivenus

C.lookusupin

D.everfoundhimselfthere.

E.沒有錯誤

【答案】B

【解析】語法題。名詞的數誤用。Helps改為help。Help表示“幫助”時,是不可數名詞。

9.單選題

Progressiveandreactionarypopulistmovementsarenotnecessarily_______:eachmay,andusuallydoes,possessfeaturesoftheother.

問題1選項

A.subversive

B.efficacious

C.untenable

D.dichotomous

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項subversive“破壞性的”;B選項efficacious“有效的”;C選項untenable“(理論等)站不住腳的;不能維持的”;D選項dichotomous“二元對立的”。句意:進步和反動的民粹主義運動不一定_______:相互可能,而且是通常具有對方的特征。根據語境,這里指的是進步和反動的民粹主義有相同的特性,不是完全對立,所以dichotomous“二元對立的”符合題意。因此D選項正確。

10.單選題

Howmightwestabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphere?Thatquestionloomslargeintheeyesofscientistsandpoliticalleadersasthelevelsofcarbondioxidegrow.Carbondioxideandmethanehavelonglivesintheatmosphereand,oncetheyarethere,Earthmaybedestinedtobecomewarmer.Ifwefindthattheclimateisbecomingtoowarm,thereisnoeasyorrapidwaytoremovethegasesandreturntoanearlierclimatepattern.

Wemaybeabletocontrolfossilfueluseandratesofdeforestation,butthereisnodirectwaytocontroltheaccelerationofdecayexceptbystoppingthewarming.Tostabilizethecompositionoftheatmosphereimmediately,wewouldhavetocutpresentreleaseabout4billiontonsofcarbonannually.Itisnotnowpossibletoaccomplishthiswithoutreducingbothdeforestationandourconsumptionoffossilfuels.

Mostscientistsbelievethatifimmediateglobalactionisnottaken,therapidincreasesofatmosphericcarbonfromdecaywillexceedthereductionsmadepossiblethroughcontroloffossilfueluseandmanagementofforests.In1990,theUnitedNationsgatheredmanyscientistsfromaroundtheworldtoreviewtheseissues.Thisgroup,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,concludedthatanimmediate60percentreductioninfossilfuelusewouldbenecessary.ButbyApril1992,nonationhadacceptedthegoal,thoughseveralhadrecognizedaneedforreducingemissionsby20percent.

AttheEarthSummitinJune1992,leadersfrommostindustrializednationsagreedinprincipletoreturntoearlierlevelsofcarbondioxideemissions—thoughoppositionfromtheUnitedStatespreventedthemfromagreeingtospecifictargetsforemissions,asmanyscientistshadhoped.Theleadersalsoagreedtoassistdevelopingnationsinlimitingtheirreleasesofgreenhousegases.

Humanbeingsareonlyoneofmillionsoforganismssufficientlydifferentoneanothertoberecognizedasspecies.Untilthe1980s,scien

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