TheJeaningofAmericaCarinQuinnUnit101THEJEANINGOFAMERICAbankersdeadbeatsFashiondesignersBeerdrinkersAmericanSymbolbluejeansLesson1:OverviewPre-readingquestionsBackgroundinformationGettingtoknowthenewwordsGlobalunderstanding6Pre-readingQuestionsHowmanyjeansdoyouhaveinyourwardrobe?Doyoulikebluejeans?Why/Whynot?Whatdoyourthinkarethemeritsanddemeritsofjeans?Doyouknowanyfamous brandnamesofjeans?7SomeFamousDesignersLeeCalvinKleinLEVISWranglerDKNYFAIRWHALEMisssixtyTexwood8TypesofJeansAcid-washjeansDesignerjeansDouble-kneedjeansBoot-cutjeans9TypesofJeansBell-bottomedFlareSkinnySlimfitRelaxfitLoosefitLowrise

OverallCuffed→10FashionSetBoot-cutJeansTeenagewear11CategoriesofFashionDesign

Hautecouture:(Frenchfor“high-fashion”) 高級時裝Ready-to-wear:Ready-to-wearcollectionsareusuallypresentedbyfashionhouseseachseasonduringaperiodknownasFashionWeek. 成衣Massmarket:Themassmarketcatersforawiderangeofcustomers,producingready-to-wearclothesinlargequantitiesandstandardsizes.12GettingtoknowthenewwordsPronunciationcheck(page190)ConceptvisualizedWordclassificationWordderivationWorddifferentiation13ConceptVisualizedHookLoopRivet14Coupling15ConceptVisualizedDitch:narrowchanneldugatthesideofaroadorfieldLode:<BrE>排水道；排水溝；礦脈16ConceptVisualizedIndigoInseam=insidelegOre17ConceptVisualizedDudeRanch:(inthewesternUS)acattleranchconvertedtoaholidaycentrefortourists度假牧場（農場）Dude:(oftenasaformofaddress)aman;aguy18Meaning&Use

dude

<AmE><sl.>:amanHe’sarealcool~.Hey,~,what’sup?ranch:alargefarmHewenttoworkona~.19Sundries:smallarticlesofvarioustypes20ClassificationofWordsPeopleofaCertainKindpeddler<AmE>=pedlar<BrE>小販deadbeat<slang>懶漢lumberjack=lumberman伐木工proletariat無產階級；工人階級proletarian

<ant.>

aristocrat/aristocracy貴族bureaucrat官僚（主義者）bureaucracy<ant.>

democrat21ClassificationofWords<adj.>sturdy;

tough;

stiff;manlyShoesare_______usuallywhentheyarenew.Withhis________legshecouldkeeprunningforhours.Only________breedsofsheepcanliveinthemountains.Helookedso_________inhisuniform.stiffsturdytoughmanly22ClassificationofWordsNouns

___________areusedtojointhecarriagesofthetraintogether.（掛鉤）Wedon’tuse_________tosellourproducts.（噱頭；花招）Itemssuchasenvelopes,paper,andstampswerelumpedtogetherinthebillas_________.（雜項；雜物）Thetreeisonemeterin______.（圍長）Couplingsgimmickssundriesgirthperimeter23ClassificationofWordsNouns

Thedrainage_______alongthesidesoftheroadhasbeencovered.（溝、渠） Lightshonethrougha

______

underthedoor.（切/裂口）Themetalplatesusedinmakingshipsusedtobe_______together,butnowthey’reusuallywelded.（鉚接）ditchslitriveted24ClassificationofWordsNounsThedoghadbeentrainedtojumpthrough_______. （環；大圈）Hetieda______ofropearoundhisarm.

（環，繩圈）Ihadafishontheendofmy_______.

（掛鉤；吊鉤）loophookhoop25ClassificationofWordsAdjectives&Adverbs

Thousandswerekilledinthe________battle.(=following)_________wehadnofurthercommunicationwiththem.(=afterwards)ThetownwasbuiltnearabridgeontheRiverCam;_________thenameCambridge.(=therefore)ensuingThereafterhence26Meaning&Usebeckon:<v.>tocallCitylife~smanyacountryboy.Thepeddler~edmetofollowhim.Anentirenewera,theeraofknowledgeeconomy,is~inguson.Coffeehouses,fast-foodjoints,andeverykindofrestaurant~edustotryeverykindoffood.27Meaning&Use

Pacify:<v.>calmorsoothetheangerordistressof(sb)使（某人）平靜,息怒;撫慰Hepacifiedhiscryingchildwithabottle.Inspiteofmyeffortsto~itthebabycontinuedtocry.Itwasdifficultforthepoliceto~theangrycrowd.Hetriedto~hiscreditorsbyrepayingpartofthemoney.為安撫債權人他償還了部分債務.28Meaning&Use

Appropriate:<v.>盜用；侵吞；撥（?？睿〩eissuspectedofappropriatinggovernmentfunds.Congress~d$5millionforInternationalWoman'sYear.Someoftheoppositionparty’spolicieshavebeen~dbythegovernment.29Meaning&Use

Tear:<v.>Hetorehisshirtonanail.Theboytoreapageoutofthebook.Thechildwastornfromitsmother'sarms.Thiscloth~seasily.Iraqisnowacountrytornbywar.Herheartwastornbygrief.30Meaning&Use

Marginal:<adj.>There'sonlya~differencebetweenthetwoestimates.Thisonceimportantsocialgroupisbecomingmoreandmore~(tothewaythecountryisrun).Thestorywillonlybeof~interesttoourreaders.31Meaning&Use

Legitimate:<adj.>Isthisbusinessstrictly~?Thearmymustgivepowerbacktothe~government.Itseemedaperfectly~question.Politiciansare~targetsforsatire.<syn.>legal;lawful32Meaning&Use

seekafter:totrytogetHispaintingsaremuchsoughtafter.Onemustn’t~aftercomfort,personalfameandgains.Obviouslytheycamehereto~aftertruth.Heis~ingafter/forsomethingtoserveasatable.Ourfightersare~ingaftertheenemy. Thegirlissoughtafterbymyfriend.

33Meaning&Use

standupto:Thiscoatwillnot~uptotheseverewinters.Thatclothisdesignedto~uptoalotofwearandtear.Theoldman’shealthwillnot~uptothecolddampclimate.34Meaning&Use

jumpat:WhenIheardaboutGmail,I~edatthechancetogetanaccount.Whenhewasinvitedtogoridinginthecountry,he~edatthechance.She~edatthechanceofatriptoParis.35Meaning&Use

ekeout:

賠償不足；填補……不足They~doutapoorexistencebysellingflowers.They~douttheensuingmonthspennybypenny. She~doutherwagesbyworkingSundays.36Meaning&Use

breakupMeetingshavebeenbrokenup.Hedecidedto~uphisdullroutineandwentonanadventurearoundtheworld.Thepolicebrokeupthefightamongthetwoblackgangs.Thecrowdstartedto~upwhenthenightfell.37WordDerivationN.symbol

V.prosperpacifystuffA.N.V.patent

hookA.tough

legitimatesymbolizesymbolicprosperityprosperouspacificationpacificstuffstuffypatentpatenthookhookedtough/toughnesstoughlegitimacylegitimize38WordDerivationN.immigrantboostV.A.stifffaultyN.legendbureaucrat

N.sundriesreliability

coupling

tribute

A.stiffnessstiffenfaultfaultimmigrateboostlegendarybureaucraticsundryreliablecoupletributary39WordDerivationN.

loopV.slitemigrateconfine

N.rivetV.purchase

appropriatehaulN.A.proletarian

ubiquitousmarginalmanlyslitloopemigration-mentpurchaserivetappropriationhaulproletarian-nessmarginmanliness40WordDifferentiationBoostvs.Boom

Thisnewshasgivensharepricesabig_____.Theunexpectedwin________theteam‘smorale（士氣）.Thebigtaxcutsfuelledaconsumer_______.Livingstandardsimprovedrapidlyduringthepost-war________.California_________whengoldwasdiscoveredthere.boostboostedboomboomboomed41WordDifferentiation

Emigrantvs.ImmigrantTheshipwasfullof__________leavingLiverpoolforAustralia.Illegal__________willbesentbacktotheirowncountriesiftheyarecaught. Summer_________nesthere.________workersmovefromcountrytocountryinsearchofwork.emigrantsimmigrantsmigrantsMigrant42WordDifferentiation

Dyingvs.DyeingThesmalltowniswellknownforitsprintingand_________industry.Iwillrememberittomy_________days.Shelookedafterher________motherformonths.Thisishisdyingwish.Susan_______herhairblondeyesterday.dyeingdyingdyingdyed43WordDifferentiation

Stiffvs.StuffThisistoo______;Ican’tbenditwithmyhands.Theicehasmadeeverything_______._______thecushionandthensewupthefinalseam.They’dbeen_________themselveswithsnacksallafternoon,sotheydidn’twantanydinner.stiffstiffStuffstuffing44WordDifferentiation

Slotvs.SlitIputmymoneyinthe_____andpressedthebuttonbutnothingcameout.She_____opentheenvelopewithaknife.He’sbeengivenaregularten-minute______ontheradio.Makeasmall_____ineachchickenbreastandpushinapieceofgarlic.slotslotslitslit45Word-Formationout-=beyond;further;defeat;soastobebetterthanIcanout-argueyouanyday.Hehasoutlivedhistwinbrotherbythreeyears.He’sout-grownhisclothes.TheywerebusysoIleft—Ididn’twanttoout-staymywelcome.46Word-Formationidio-=personal;distinctKeepingpetsnakesisanidiosyncrasyofhis.（癖好）Aperson’sparticularuseoflanguageisoftenreferredtoashisidiolect.HespeaksinthefamiliarWashingtonidiom.47Abstraction&NominalizationTonominalizemeanstoformanounfromaverboranadjective.Whensuchsuffixesas“-ness”,“-ing”,“-tion”,“-ity”and“-dom”areaddedtoaverboranadjective,theycanturntheverboradjectiveintoanabstractnoun.Theword“jeaning”isanabstractionbasedon“jean”,meaningtheprocessofmakingjeanspartoftheAmericanculture.48BackgroundInformationLeviStrauss49GlobalUnderstandingWhatdoyouthinkistheauthor’spurposeofwriting?TotellhowthebluejeanscameintobeingandhavebecomeanAmericansymbol.Whatdoyouthinkischaracteristicofaninvestigativewriting?Research-basedFactual

andobjective50AGlobalPicture“JeaningofAmerica"isaprimeexampleofhowsomethingbecomesAmericanized.ThisarticleisaboutLeviStrauss,adirtpoorimmigrantwhomadehiswaytoAmerica,headedwest,foundaneedforanewtypeofclothing,madethefirstlevis,andtherestishistory.Whowouldhavethoughtthatasimple,yettoughfabric,sewntogether,withrivetsreinforcingthepockets,couldhavechangedthewaythatsocietydressed?51AGlobalPictureThisisapieceofinvestigativewritingwhichexploresthehistoryofthebluejeans,oneofAmerica’ssymbolstoday.Theauthorprovidessomeimportantinformationconcerningwhotheinventorwaswhenandhowthepantscameintobeingwhytheyhavebecomepopularwhattheysymbolize.52StructureoftheTextPartI(para.1)StatusofbluejeansPartII(para.2-3)IntroductionofLeviStraussPartIII(para.4-5)BirthofthefirstbluejeansPartIV(para.6)GrowthandpopularityofthebluejeansPartV(pa.7)Meritsofthebluejeans53Lesson2:OverviewWordreviewBackgroundinformationTextanalysis54Whichwordmeans…?StrongandfirmRigidandfirmDefectiveIncreaseDependabilityTocallLawfulBad-temperedSturdyStiffFaultyBoostReliabilityBeckonLegitimateMean-tempered55Whichwordmeans…?TobuyAthingofvalueAlazyaimlesspersonBarelyadequateTochangeintoToexistlongerthanTotakeforoneselfAfterwardsFollowingTolimitorrestrictPurchaseCommodityDeadbeatMarginalConvertintoOutliveAppropriateThereafterEnsuingConfine56WhatdoesitmeaninChinese?ProletarianBureaucratPatentCanvasOreAcidRivetCouplingLoopHook無產階級官僚專利帆布礦石酸鉚釘/接車鉤；掛鉤環；繩圈掛鉤57WordReviewCompletethefollowingsentences.SheiswritingathesisonIrishl_______andmythology.MillionsofGermanse_______fromEuropetoAmericainthe19thcentury.Ourlanguageisnowunderthepressurefromtheu__________spreadofEnglish.AUNforcehasbeensentintotryandp______theareaworstaffectedbythecivilwar.Heb________hertositbutthenignoredher.legendemigratedubiquitouspacifybeckoned58WordReviewTheyhavebeengivenpermissiontorungamblinghalls,theonlyl____________gamblinginthearea.Ap_______willberefusedifdetailsoftheitemhavealreadybeenreleasedtothepublic.Thepromiseoflowertaxationmayhavebeenjustanelectiong__________togainvotes.Therewasatremendousc______forelaboratehairstylesin1980s.Theparty’spowerbasewasc_________tooneprovince.legitimatepatentgimmickcrazeconfined59IdiomReviewWhenhewasinvitedtogoridinginthecountry,he______________thechance.They_____________apoorexistencebysellingflowers.Theoldman’shealthwillnot____________thecolddampclimate.Theminister_______________themenwhohadfoughttheearthquake.Hewasmuch______________onaccountofhiswidereadingsandbrilliantconversationalpowers.jumpedatekedoutstanduptopaidtributetosoughtafter60IdiomReviewHe_________hisdollars______poundsuponarrivinginLondon.Theman_______________thesmallbranchesbeforecuttingdownthetree.They_______________along-runninglegalbattlewiththeirneighbours.Tropicalplants____________thejungle.Theythrewhimoutbecauseword__________thathewastakingdrugs.convertedintochoppedoffareengagedinaboundingotaround61BackgroundInformation (appearingintwovolumes:1835and1840)TheOldRegimeandtheRevolution(1856)Inbothoftheseworks,heexploredtheeffectsoftherisingequalityofsocialconditionsontheindividualandthestateinwesternsocieties.AlexisdeTocqueville(1805–1859)wasaFrenchpoliticalthinkerandhistorianbestknownforhisbooks:DemocracyinAmerica62BackgroundInformationN?mes（尼姆）(para.5)acityinsouthernFrancenotedforitsmanywell-preservedRomanremains.N?meshasarichhistory,datingbacktotheRomanEmpire,anditisapopulartouristdestination.63BackgroundInformationNevada(para.5)ItslargestcityisLasVegas.Thestate'snicknameisthe“SilverState”,duetothelargenumberofsilverdepositsthatwerediscoveredandminedthere.wellknownforitseasymarriageanddivorceproceedings,entertainment,legalizedgamblingandlegalizedactivebrothels（妓院）.64BackgroundInformationSmithsonianInstitute(para.7)aUSfoundationforeducationandscientificresearchinWashingtonD.C.openedin1846originatedina￡100,000bequest（遺贈）inthewilloftheEnglishchemistandmineralogistJamesSmithson(1765-1829)nowresponsibleforadministeringmanymuseums,artgalleries,andotherestablishments.

65SmithsonianInstitute66SmithsonianMuseum67LanguagePointsDrawadistinction(para.1)It’simportanttodrawa~betweenthepoliciesoftheleadersandtheviewsoftheirsupporters.Shedrawsanimportant~betweenthedifferentkindsofillness.Wedrawno~betweenthetwokindsofspelling.Authority(para.1)Thegovernmentisthehighest~inthecountry.The~iesinSpainhaverefusedtoallowhimtoenterthecountry.68SentenceHighlightTheydrawnodistinctionsandrecognizenoclasses:theyaremerelyAmerican.(para.1)Theydonotshowdifferencesinthewearers'professionsandsocialstatus.TheyarejustanAmericansymbol.穿著它們人不分階級，不考究差異：它們只不過是美國象征。69LanguagePointsBlackmarket(para.1)Gangsarebuyingassault（攻擊性）weaponsontheblackmarket.Awomansellingblackmarketcigaretteswasbeatenonthestreet.Havebeenaround(para.1):havealotofvariedexperienceandunderstandingoftheworldThatguy’sbeenaround.那個家伙見過世面。70SentenceHighlightYettheyaresoughtafteralmosteverywhereintheworld—includingRussia,whereauthoritiesrecentlybrokeupateenagedgangthatwassellingthemontheblackmarketfortwohundreddollarsapair.(para.1)但它們卻幾乎在全世界都受到了人們追捧——包含在俄羅斯，那里政府當局最近剛才搗毀了一個少年犯罪團伙，他們在黑市上以200美元一條高價兜售牛仔褲。71LanguagePointsBavaria(para.2):巴伐利亞州astateofsouthernGermany,formerlyanindependentkingdomTurmoil(para.3):stateofconfusionShecouldn’tthink;hermindwasin(a)complete~.Hisassassinationthrewthecountryinto~.72LanguagePointsTakeachance/takechances(onsth)/takeone’schance(s)(para.3)Theydecidetotakeachancewithweather.Althoughheknewtheoddswereagainsthim,hedecidedtotakehischancesinthegame.Thestoreclosesinhalfanhour.Let’stakeourchancesandseeifwecanmakeitintime.73LanguagePointsThemainchance(para.3)Mr.Brownisadeveloperwithaneyeonthemainchance.Ifeelcalledupontodoit;thismaybemymainchance.

我感到非做不可，這可能是我大好機會。Push(para.3):

promotethesaleoruseDon’t~hertojoininifshedoesn’twantto.Thecompanyare~ingtheirnewproducts.Heusedthesalesconferenceto~hislatestideas.74SentenceHighlight

Fortwoyearshewasalowlypeddler,haulingsome180poundsofsundriesdoortodoortoekeoutamarginalliving.(para.3)Lowly(para.3):

lowinstatus;

humbleShe’sbeentoogoodforher~position.Itwasunheardofforatradesmanofsuch~statustothreatenhiscustomersinsuchafashion.Fortwoyears,heworkedasapeddleroflowsocialstatus,draggingheavybagsofvariousarticlesfromdoortodoorandtryingtosellthem.Buthecouldbarelymanagetosupporthimself.75LanguagePointsBoltsofcanvas(para.3):largequantitiesofrolledclothTheroomwasstackedwithboltsofcloth.Tent(para.3):somethingusedformakingsheltersforcampersTherefugeeshadbeenlivinginmakeshift~sforayear.We~edbythelake.76SentenceHighlightWhenamarriedsisterinSanFranciscoofferedtopayhiswayWestin1850,hejumpedattheopportunity,takingwithhimboltsofcanvashehopedtosellfortenting.(para.3)1850年，一個婚后居住在舊金山姐姐給他提供去西部路費，他立刻抓住了這個機會，隨身帶了數卷帆布準備賣給那些需要搭建帳篷居民。77LanguagePointsRigor(para.4):

severeandharshconditionsAtthebeginningstage,wesufferedthe~soffundraising.最初階段，我們經受了籌款艱辛。Theexpeditionsufferedallthe~sofaCanadianwinter.Onthespot(para.4)Anyonebreakingtheruleswillbeaskedtoleaveonthe~.(=atonce)Whenthefightingstartedpoliceandreportersweresoononthe~.(=arriveattheplace)Thegymteachermadeusdorunningonthe~.78LanguagePointsGolddust(para.4):goldintheformofafinepowderGoodcomputerpersonnel arelikegolddust.Wordgotaround(para.4):

wordsspreadWordgotaroundthathewas onthevergeofretirement.Thewordgotaroundthathe hadresigned.79LanguagePointsInbusiness(para.4):operating,espincommerceTheywillhavetoimportfromoverseastoremainin~.The15-membercommitteeisexpectedtobein~byearlyJune.(=startworking)Serge(para.5):adurable twilled(斜紋)woolenor worsted(精紡)fabric嗶嘰Genoa(para.5):acityin NorthwestofItaly熱那亞80BackgroundInformationJacobW.Davis

wasborninLatvia（拉脫維亞）in1831andcametoNevadain1868.Atailor,Davisusedsmallcopperrivetstoreinforceandstrengthenitemsincludingharnesses（馬具）.In1871,awomanapproachedDavistomakepantsforherhusband,whowasquitelarge.Davisdecidedtousethecopperrivetstoreinforcethepantsformen.Atthetime,Davisusedwhiteduck,acanvas-typematerialhehadboughtfromLeviStrauss&CoaSanFranciscomerchant.Worriedaboutotherspiratinghisproduct,heaskedLeviStrausstosupporthiminapatentapplication.HeofferedtosharethepatentrightswiththeSanFranciscocompany.81BackgroundInformationLeviStraussagreed,andthepatentwasgrantedonMay20,1873.Davisnotonlypartneredwiththecompany,hemovedhisfamilytoSanFranciscoandbecameproductionmanagerforalineofLevi'scopper-rivetedclothing,a positionhehelduntil hisdeathin1908.82LanguagePointsPatent(para.5):<v.>obtainapatentfor(aninvention)Aninventionisnotyourownuntilitis~ed.A~willberefusedifdetailsoftheitemhavealreadybeenreleasedtothepublic.Gimmick(para.5)Aqualitynewspapershouldn’thavetoresortto~slikebingo.Thepromiseoflowertaxationmayhavebeenjustanelection~togainvotes.83LanguagePointsProminence(para.6):

importanceTheyoungfashiondesignerisrisingto/cominginto~.Shecametonational~asanartistinthe1960s.Andthelike(para.6)Thereisabigsportshallfortennis,badminton,andthe~.Heenjoysallkindsofsports,running,swimming,andthe~.84LanguagePointsCraze(para.6):anenthusiasmforaparticularactivityTherewasatremendous~forelaboratehairstyles.Theactorisquitethe~.這位演員紅極一時。Duderanchcraze:theenormousinterestoftheEastersinspendingtheirvacationonranchesintheWestForce(para.6):agroupofpeopletrainedforsomekindofactionShejoinedthepolice~.Asmall~ofdoctorsandnurseswasrushedtothesceneofthebigfire.TheBritishairfighting~iscalledtheRoyalAirForce.85LanguagePointsMarketing(para.6):theactionorbusinessofpromotingandsellingproductsorservices,includingmarketresearchandadvertisingWordofmouth(para.6)：oralcommunicationThatrestaurantiswellknownbywordofmouth.Folktalesarestoriespasseddownbywordof~generationaftergeneration.Alltheordersweregivenbywordof~sothatnowrittenevidencecouldbedi