住在富人區的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-廣東工業大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據實際調整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Theyhavelaunchedacampaigntogetonlineticketingcompaniesto（）addedcoststocustomerswhenbuyingtickets.

問題1選項

A.clarify

B.identify

C.justify

D.magnify

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項clarify表示“澄清，闡明”；B選項identify表示“確定，鑒定，識別”；C選項justify表示“證明合法，替……辯護”；D選項magnify表示“方大，贊美，夸大”。

由句意可知，購票者可以在網上購票平臺確定附加費。因此本題正確答案為B選項。

2.單選題

（）asplanneddependsontheweather.

問題1選項

A.We'llgoontheexcursion

B.Thatwe'llgoontheexcursion

C.Howwe'llgoontheexcursion

D.Whetherwe'llgoontheexcursion

【答案】D

【解析】考查主語從句。原句表示，我們是否能按計劃出去郊游取決于天氣。因此本題正確答案為D選項。

3.單選題

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappealtobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationpfrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogetherchallenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Paragraph1statesthattheprocessofdiscoveryhasthecharacteristicsof（）.

2.Paragraph2suggeststhatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertAzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthispassage?

問題1選項

A.logicalityandobjectivity

B.uncertaintyandcomplexity

C.systematicnessandregularity

D.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

問題2選項

A.sharedefforts

B.strictinspection

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

問題3選項

A.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

B.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

C.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

D.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

問題4選項

A.Scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.Discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.Effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

問題5選項

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

D.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節事實題。根據關鍵詞thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery可定位至原文第一段第二句。由原文信息可知，在日常的科學實踐中發現的過程通常是含糊和復雜的。選項B中的uncertainty和complexity分別為ambiguous和complicated的同義替換，故本題正確答案為B選項。

2.推理判斷題。根據題干關鍵詞credibilityprocess定位至第二段第三四句。這兩句話介紹了可信性的證實過程。由原文信息可知，經過集體的詳細審查和認可一項科學發現聲明才能變為可靠的科學發現。在這個過程中，單個研究者的“我”、“這里”和“現在”變成了科學界里的“任何人”、“任何地方”和“任何時間”。由此可知，可信性證實過程需要整個科學界的審查和認可，是集體努力的結果，因此本題正確答案為A選項。

3.細節事實題。根據題干信息可定位至文章第三段。作者在這一段詳細介紹了科學發現可信性的證實過程，指出在科學界復雜的社會結構下，研究者發表發現內容，編輯和審查者審核論文發表過程，其他科學家利用該發現的成果，最后，大眾知曉這一發現，這一可信性證實過程是在大家的共同努力下得以完成。后文又講到，在一項發現聲明被業界審查的過程中，相關觀點的融合和碰撞把個人的發現聲明變成了科學界的可靠發現。由此可知，個人的發現聲明需要經過整個科學界的審查才能變成可靠的發現。選項A.、B.、D.都只是可信性證實過程中的一個方面，不足以概括整個過程，均可排除。因此，本題正確答案為C選項。

4.推理判斷題。根據題干信息可定位至原文第四段第七句。這句話闡述了阿爾貝特?圣捷爾吉對發現的描述，即“見世人所見，思無人所思”。由此可知，阿爾貝特?圣捷爾吉強調科學發現不能循規蹈矩，要有創新精神和批判精神，所以D選項表述最符合原文含義。因此本題正確答案為D選項。

5.主旨大意題。本文首先指明日常科學研究充滿了不確定性和復雜性。接著作者指出科學發現聲明需要經過可信性證實過程才能變為可靠的科學發現。而在第三段，作者詳細介紹了科學發現可信性的證實過程，并在第四段指出了可信性證實過程中存在的兩個矛盾。第五段作者對科學的可信性證實過程進行了總結。綜上所述，文章始終都在論述科學發現聲明是如何變為可靠科學發現的過程，即科學可信性的證實過程。因此，D選項最適合作為文章的標題。

4.單選題

Speakersandlistenersareoftenatodds:languagethatiseasyforthereceivertounderstandisoftendifficulttoproduce,andthatwhichiseasilyformulatedcanbehardto（）.

問題1選項

A.comprehend

B.ignore

C.confirm

D.defend

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。comprehend理解，包含；ignore忽視，不理睬confirm確認，確定；defend辯護。由前半句可知說話者與接受者之間存在矛盾，故后面可推知這兩者之間還存在另一種矛盾，即容易表達的話卻難以理解。故A項正確。句意：說話者和傾聽者常常意見不一致:容易讓接受者理解的語言往往很難產生，而容易表達的語言卻很難理解。

5.單選題

Thecouncilinchargerefusedtogiveits（）tothebuildingschemeproposesbythisjointventurecompany.

問題1選項

A.sanction

B.guarantee

C.trust

D.confirmation

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。sanction制裁；guarantee保證，擔保；trust信任，信賴；confirmation確實，證實。句意：主管委員會拒絕對這家合資公司提出的建筑方案給予確認。只有D項符合題意。

6.單選題

Awearabletechnologydeveloped-byresearchersatWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicinemayhelpsurgeonsto（）cancercells,whichwillhelptoensurethatnostraytumorcellsareleft-behindduringsurgicalprocedures.

問題1選項

A.utilize

B.visualize

C.transcend

D.transform

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。utilize利用；visualize顯現，可視化；transcend勝過，超越；transform變換，改變。由which引導的從句內容可知“這可穿戴的技術可以幫助確保癌細胞無殘留”說明這項技術能夠讓外科醫生在手術過程過看清楚癌細胞。故B項符合題意。句意：華盛頓大學醫學院的研究人員開發的一種可穿戴技術可能有助于外科醫生看清楚癌細胞，這將有助于確保在手術過程中不會留下任何游離的腫瘤細胞。

7.單選題

Withinthatexclusivegroupofliterarycharacterswhohavesurvivedthroughthecenturies—fromHamlettoHuckleberryFinn-fewcanrivaltheculturalimpactofSherlockHolmes.Sincehisfirstpublicappearance20yearsago,thegentlemanwiththecurvedpipeandatasteforcocaine,themasterofdeductivereasoningandelaboratedisguise,haslefthismarkeverywhere—incrimeliterature,filmandtelevision,cartoonsandcomicbooks.

AtHolmes'side,ofcourse,washistrustedfriendDr.Watson.Loomingevenlarger,however,wasanotherdoctor,onewhosemedicalpracticewassoslowitallowedhimplentyoftimetopursuehisliteraryambition.Hisname:ArthurConanDoyle.Asthecreatorofthesefictionalicons,ConanDoylehashimselfbecomesomethingofacultfigure,theobjectofcountlesscriticalstudies,biographiesandfanclubs.

ConanDoylewasborninEdinburghin1859,inarespectablemiddle-classCatholicfamily.Still,itwasfarfromaneasylife.Therewasneverenoughmoney;theymovedfrequentlyinsearchoflowerrents;andhisfather,acivilservantandillustratorwasanalcoholicwhohadtobeinstitutionalized.Yettheearlylettershewrotetohismotheraresurprisinglyoptimistic,concernedmainlywithfood,clothes,allowancesandschoolwork.At14camehisfirstunforgettablevisittoLondon,includingMadameTussaud's,wherehewas"delightedwiththeroomofHorrors,andtheimagesofthemurderers."

Asuperbstudent,ConanDoylewentontomedicalschool,wherehewasattractedbyDr.JosephBell,aprofessorwithanuncannyabilitytodiagnosepatientsevenbeforetheyopenedtheirmouths.ForatimeheworkedasBell'soutpatientclerkandwouldwatch,amazed,athowthelocationofacalluscouldrevealaman'sprofession,orhowaquicklookataskinrashtoldBellthatthepatienthadoncelivedinBermuda.In1886,ConanDoyleoutlinedhisfirstnovel,AStudyinScarlet,whichhedescribedas"asimpletaleofmysterytomakealittleextramoney."Itsmaincharacter,initiallycalledSherringfordHopeandlatercalledSherlockHolmes,wasbasedlargelyonBell.ButHolmes'firstappearancewentalmostunnoticed,andthestrugglingdoctordevotednearlyallofhissparetimetowritinglonghistoricalnovelsinthestyleofSirWalterScott—novelsthathewasconvincedwouldmakehisreputation.Itwasn'ttobe.In1888,HolmesreappearedinAScandalinBohemia，ashortstoryinStrandMagazine.Andthistime,itsherotookanimmediatehitandConanDoyle'slifewouldneverbethesame.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTproperindescribingSherlockHolmes?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutConanDoyleandhisfamily?

3.ConanDoylefelt（）abouthisfirstvisittoLondon.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

5.ConanDoyle'sshortstory"AScandalinBohemia"turnedouttobe（）atlast.

問題1選項

A.Sociable

B.Rational

C.Cunning

D.Intelligent

問題2選項

A.Hecamefromamiddle-classfamily.

B.Hismotherhadreceivedlittleeducation.

C.Hisfatherwasaddictedtodrinking.

D.TheyledahardlifeinEdinburgh.

問題3選項

A.awful

B.pleasant

C.memorable

D.horrible

問題4選項

A.themorecallusesapersonhas,themoreprofessionalhewouldbe

B.writersoftenbasetheirwritingonpersonalexperiences

C.inspirationwasveryimportantforapersontocreatesomething

D.ConanDoylehasgonethroughaperiodofhardshiponhiswaytosuccess

問題5選項

A.ridiculous

B.powerful

C.successful

D.frustrating

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節事實題。題干詢問：下列哪一項不適合描述夏洛克?福爾摩斯？根據原文第一段第二句“Sincehisfirstpublicappearance20yearsago,thegentlemanwiththecurvedpipeandatasteforcocaine,themasterofdeductivereasoningandelaboratedisguise,haslefthismarkeverywhere—incrimeliterature,filmandtelevision,cartoonsandcomicbooks”可知，福爾摩斯的形象是：有著彎曲煙斗和喜好可卡因的紳士，善于演繹推理和精心偽裝的大師，并且在犯罪文學、電影、電視、漫畫和漫畫書中都留下了印記。由此可知，B、C、D選項均屬于對福爾摩斯人物的描述，但原文并未提及他的社交方面，由此可判斷B選項錯誤。故本題正確答案為A選項。

2.細節事實題。題干詢問：下列對柯南道爾和他的家庭描述中哪一項表述不正確？根據原文第三段可知，柯南道爾出生于愛丁堡一個中產階級家庭，生活并不輕松，錢總是不夠用，還得經常搬家。他的父親是個公務員兼插畫家，還是個酒鬼，不得不送去了收容機構。由此可判斷A、C、D選項描述均正確。在原文中并沒有過多提到福爾摩斯的母親，只提到他早期給母親寫過信，因此無從判斷他母親接受教育的情況。因此本題正確答案為B選項。

3.細節事實題。題干詢問：柯南道爾對第一次倫敦之行感到……。根據題干關鍵信息“hisfirstvisittoLondon”可定位到原文第三段最后一句，作者用到了“unforgettable”來描述，由此可知這段旅行應該是“難忘的”。故本題正確答案為C選項。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問：由文章最后一段可推斷得出……。原文最后一段講述的是柯南道爾經歷了種種失敗和挫折后最后取得成功的故事。由此可以判斷D選項表述正確。由原文最后一段第二句“ForatimeheworkedasBell'soutpatientclerkandwouldwatch,amazed,athowthelocationofacalluscouldrevealaman'sprofession…”可知，老繭的位置可以揭示一個人的職業，但并不表示老繭越多，他就越專業，可判斷A選項表述錯誤。原文只是提到柯南道爾的其中一部文學作品是以Bell醫生為原型，但無法得出作家經常以個人經歷作為寫作基礎，可排除B選項。C選項“靈感對于個人創作非常重要”不能由原文最后一段推斷得出，也可排除。故本題正確答案為D選項。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問：柯南?道爾的短篇小說《波西米亞丑聞》最終被證明是（）。根據題干關鍵信息定位到原文最后一段最后兩句。由原文信息可知，1888年，福爾摩斯在Strand雜志上刊登了短篇小說《波西米亞丑聞》，這篇小說的男主角風靡一時，柯南道爾的人生也因此發生了變化。由此可以判斷，柯南道爾的小說最后大獲成功。本題正確答案為C選項

8.單選題

Intheworldofbigbusiness;JamesLintonisprecociousintheextreme.Justtwoyearsintothejobofrevivingoneofthemostillustriousnamesinretailfinance,RoCom,hehasfoundhimselfakeyplayer,inoneoftherichestandcertainlymostaudaciousdealsintheindustryPTL’stakeoverofRoCorm.

PTLispaying￡25ashareforRoCom---approximately40percentmorethanthemarketvalueoftheshares—anditsofferdocumentboastedthat“PTLattachesgreatimportancetokeyemployeeshavingappropriateperformancerelatedremuneration.”Initiallywaryaboutthetakeover,Lintonhasnownegotiatedahands-offagreementwithPTL,whichconfirmsitsintentiontoleavehimverymuchtohisowndevicestocontinuebuildingthebusiness.Allthisandhewillnotturn38foranotherfortnight!

AlthoughLintoniscreditedwithturningRoComaround,thisismoreamatterofworkinprogressthanactualachievement.Yethedoesseemtohaveinstitutedthebiggesttop-levelshake-upinitsnear70-yearhistory,promotedsomebig-hittersamongstkeystaffandtransformedRoCom’swayofdoingbusiness.

Lintonhas,however,warnedthatthetakeoverisbynomeansaguaranteeoffuturesuccess;indeed,deterioratingmarketconditionssuggestthatthewayforwardwillbeanythingbutsmooth.Lintonrecentlyventuredthehypothesisthatbeingshareholderownedhad,inrecentyears,helpedthebusinessfocusandarguedthatthesector’sexperienceofrivaltakeoverswasnotencouraging.Indeed,therecentlyreportedperformanceofrivalorganizationssuchasMaftenLimitedhasnotpromotedtheno-Linton.

ItmayhavebeenhisideasaboutindependencethatmadeLintonaddressRoCom's900staffonthedaythetakeoverwasannounced,ratherthandoinghigh-profilemediainterviewsonwhatwasimmediatelyseenasafantasticdealforshare-holders.Heisacutelyawareoftheneedtonurturehisstaffifthebusinessistosucceed,somethingwhichisnotlostonthem.Thisisnotamanagement-schooldictum.Itisagenuinebeliefthateverymemberofstaffhascontributedtothefirmandenabledittonet￡1.9billionfromPTL.OtherCEOssayheisarrogant,butthisprobablyreflectsthefactthatLintonmayfindtalkingtothemdifficult.Heisalsoferociouslyintelligent,and,whileinothersthiscouldappearintimidating,inLintonitawakesfurtheradmirationamongstloyalemployees.Theyclearlydonotfeeltheyhavetogrovelinfrontofthismastermind,andclaimthatalthoughhe’sincrediblydedicatedtohiswork,hehasanaffablemanner.

LintonboaststhatstaffturnoverratesatRoComhaveremainedlowfortheindustry,atabout12percentsincehetookoverasCEOtwoyearsago.“PeoplehavearealaffectionforRoCom,andthatrunsrightthroughtheofficehere.Theyallwantustobenumberone.”hesays.Heisawareofthepossibilitythatthecollegiateethoshehasworkedsohardtocreate,themeritocracyonwhichhethinksmuchofRoCom’ssuccessdepends,couldbedestroyedifPTListooheavy-handed.HewillneedallhisskillstokeepRoComoncourse,particularlywhenattentionhasimmediatelyfocusedonthepossibilitythatSusanMarshall,itsrespectedinvestmentchief,mightbethefirstcasualtyofthetakeover.WhateverthefutureholdsforRoCom,wearecertaintogoonhearingalotmoreofJamesLinton.

1.WhatisPTLdoing,accordingtoparagraph2?

2.WhatdowelearnaboutLinton’sworkatRoCominparagraph3?

3.WhatdoesLintonsayaboutRoCominparagraph4?

4.WhichofthefollowingissaidaboutLinton’smanagementstyle?

5.HowdoesLintonfeelaboutthetakeover,accordingtoparagraph6?

問題1選項

A.AllowingLintontorunRoCominthewayhewishesto

B.PurchasingmajorityoftheRoComsharesonoffer

C.GivingallRoComstaffregularbonusestopromotemotivation

D.DrawingupnewemploymentcontractsforRoComemployees

問題2選項

A.HehasachievedmorethananyoneinRoCom’shistory.

B.HehaswidenedtherangeofRoCom’sbusinessactivities.

C.Hehastakenonanumberofnewemployees.

D.Hehasmadechangestoseniormanagement.

問題3選項

A.Thecompanyislikelytofacedifficulttimes.

B.Thecompanyhaslostanumberofexperiencedstaff.

C.Thecompanyisexpectingtoreportencouragingresultsshortly.

D.Thecompanyneedstochangeitsfocustoremaincompetitive.

問題4選項

A.Heinvolvesothersinthedecision-makingprocess.

B.Hisstafffindhimapproachable.

C.Heexpectshisstafftoworkashardashedoes.

D.HisstylediffersfromthatofotherCEOs.

問題5選項

A.Pleasedthatstaffturnoverfinallystartedtofalltwoyearsago

B.AfraidthathewilllosehisjobtoSusanMarshall

C.Worriedthatthecompanyculturemightchange

D.Happythatemployemployeeshavebeensosupportiveofhiswork

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節事實題。文章第二段倒數第二句提到現在，林頓已經與PTL談判達成了一項不干涉協議，這證實了PTL打算讓林頓根據自己的意愿繼續發展業務（Lintonhasnownegotiatedahands-offagreementwithPTL,whichconfirmsitsintentiontoleavehimverymuchtohisowndevicestocontinuebuildingthebusiness），因此選項A符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。文章第三段提到林頓似乎確實實施了公司近70年歷史上規模最大的高層人事變動，在關鍵員工中提拔了一些重量級人物，并改變了RoCom的經營方式Y（ethedoesseemtohaveinstitutedthebiggesttop-levelshake-upinitsnear70-yearhistory,promotedsomebig-hittersamongstkeystaffandtransformedRoCom’swayofdoingbusiness），選項D符合題意。

3.細節事實題。文章第四段第一句可以知道公司正面臨一些問題，處在艱難時期，選項A符合題意。

4.細節事實題。文章倒數第二段倒數第一句提到雖然林頓全身心投入工作，但是他依然給人一種和藹可親的感覺（theyclearlydonotfeeltheyhavetogrovelinfrontofthismastermind,andclaimthatalthoughhe’sincrediblydedicatedtohiswork,hehasanaffablemanner），選項B符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。文章最后一段提到林頓認為如果PTL太過嚴厲，他努力經營的學員風氣就會被摧毀（Heisawareofthepossibilitythatthecollegiateethoshehasworkedsohardtocreate,themeritocracyonwhichhethinksmuchfRoCom’ssuccessdepends,couldbedestroyedifPTListooheavy-handeD.，由此可知他是害怕公司文化會改變，選項C符合題意。

9.單選題

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher5sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search，notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second，noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach,other’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

問題1選項

A.uncertaintyandcomplexity

B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

C.logicalityandobjectivity

D.systematicnessandregularity

問題2選項

A.strictinspection

B.sharedefforts

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

問題3選項

A.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

B.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

問題4選項

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

問題5選項

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

D.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節事實題。由題干關鍵詞thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery定位至第一段句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但在科學的日常實踐中，發現常常遵循一條模糊而復雜的路線。A項中的uncertainty和complexity分別為ambiguous和complicated的同義替換，故A項正確。由第一段最后一句“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.”科學發現過程中可能存在很多誤解、錯誤和自欺。但這些只是可能性，不是科學發現過程的本質特點，故排除B項。本段第一句“Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科學是如何進行的理想化狀態中，關于世界的事實正等著被客觀的研究人員觀察和收集，他們用科學的方法來進行他們的工作。”CD兩項提到的都是理想化的特點，不是科學發現過程的真實特點，故排除。

2.細節事實題。由題干關鍵詞credibilityprocess定位到第二段"Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.這就是可信度的過程，通過這個過程，個體研究者的我，在這里，現在變成了社區的任何人，任何地方，任何時間。客觀知識是目標，不是起點。可知科學發現獲得公眾可信度的過程需要每個人的努力，故B項正確。ACD三項都是該過程的一個方面。

3.細節事實題。根據第三段“Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.”當一項科學發現在科學界中傳播時，關于所涉及的科學和技術的共享和相互競爭的信念之間的相互作用和對抗會將個人的發現轉變為科學界的可靠發現。”可知經過科學界的檢查后，科學發現將變得可靠。故B項正確。

4.細節事實題。由題干定位到第四段NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”諾貝爾獎獲得者、生理學家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾將發現描述為“看到每個人看到的，思考沒有人想過的”。由此可知，阿爾貝特?圣捷爾吉強調科學發現不能循規蹈矩，要有創新精神和批判精神。故D項正確。

5.主旨大意題。第一段講述了日常科學研究存在不確定性和復雜性。第二段指出，科學發現需要經過可信性證實過程才能變為可靠的。第三段介紹了科學發現可信性的證實過程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性證實過程中存在的兩個矛盾。由此可知本文通篇都在論述科學可信性的證實過程。所以C項正確。

10.單選題

Thedisparitybetweeneducationalobjectivesthatstressindependenceandindividualityandthosethatemphasizeobediencetorulesandcooperationwithothersreflectsa（）thatarisesfromthevaluesonwhichtheseobjectivesarebased.

問題1選項

A.predictability

B.redundancy

C.conflict

D.wisdom

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。predictability可預測性；redundancy冗余，裁員；conflict沖突；wisdom智慧。強調獨立性和個性的教育目標與強調服從規則并與他人合作的教育目標，這兩者的不一致說明存在分歧，沖突。故C項正確。句意：強調獨立和個性的教育目標與強調服從規則和與他人合作的教育目標之間的差異反映了這些目標所基于的價值觀之間的沖突。

11.單選題

Thepoemperfectly（）tothereaderthepoet'slonelinessanddisillusionmentwiththeindustrialsociety.

問題1選項

A.conjures

B.conveys

C.consents

D.converse

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。conjure提出，懇求，用魔法驅趕；convey表達；consent同意，準許；converse交談，談話。句意：這首詩完美地向讀者傳達了詩人對工業社會的孤獨和幻滅。只有B項符合句意。

12.單選題

（）thehelpofhisrichuncle,hecouldnotbelivingawealthylifetoday.

問題1選項

A.Becauseof

B.Butfor

C.Inspiteof

D.Asfor

【答案】B

【解析】考查介詞短語辨析。A選項Becauseof表示“因為”；B選項Butfor表示“要不是”；C選項Inspiteof表示“盡管”；D選項Asfor表示“關于，至于”。分析句意可知，要不是他有錢的叔叔幫忙，他今天不可能過著富裕的生活。因此本題正確答案為B選項。

13.單選題

Despitemediareportsthattheplanewashijacked,expertswerestillinvestigatingallpossibilitiesastowhathadcausedMH370to（）fromitsoriginalflightpath.

問題1選項

A.detach

B.deviate

C.differ

D.discharge

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項detach表示“使分離，派遣”；B選項deviate表示“使偏離，越軌”；C選項differ表示“使不同，意見分歧”；D選項discharge表示“離開，放電，釋放，撤銷”。根據關鍵詞“fromitsoriginalflightpath”可知，原文講的是飛機偏離航線，因此deviate含義最符合原文句意，故本題正確答案為B選項。

14.單選題

Thenewfindings,reportedbyU.S.andUKscientistsintheJournalofEpidemiologyandCommunityHealth,suggestthatformaldehydeinfoodpackagingmay（）yourfood,butthatdoesn’tmakeitdangerous.

問題1選項

A.contaminate

B.contemplate

C.denounce

D.disrupt

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項contaminate表示“污染，弄臟”；B選項contemplate表示“沉思，注視”；C選項denounce表示“譴責，告發，公然抨擊”；D選項disrupt表示“破壞，分裂，瓦解”。由句意可知，這項新發現表明食品包裝中的甲醛可能會污染食物，因此contaminate的詞義最符合句意。故本題正確答案為A選項。

15.單選題

TheAppleProject,code-named“Titan”,employedseveralhundredpeopleworkingafewmilesfromApple’sheadquartersinCupertino,and（）autoindustryexperts.

問題1選項

A.allowed

B.sponsored

C.gathered

D.recruited

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項allowed表示“允許，承認，接受”，B選項sponsored表示“贊助，發起，籌款”，C選項gathered表示“聚集，集中”，D選項recruited表示“招聘，雇傭，招募”。分析句子結構可知，空缺處缺少部分為句子謂語動詞。由前文關鍵信息“employedseveralhundredpeople”可知，后文也應表示“招聘了一些自動化專家”，因此本題正確答案為D選項。

16.單選題

Althoughhehadbeengivenseveraltraffictickets,thedriver（）thathehadnotbeenresponsibleforasingleaccident.

問題1選項

A.defended

B.acknowledged

C.inferred

D.contended

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。defend辯護；acknowledged承認，確認；inferred推測；contended主張，為…競爭。句意：盡管他收到了幾張交通罰單，但司機辯護稱他對這幾起交通事故都沒有責任。由Although可知前后兩句是讓步關系。雖然該司機收到幾張罰單，但他辯護….故A項符合句意。

17.單選題

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionis