Appliedlinguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué)（樂眉云）第一講王燕芳1-Appliedlinguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué)（樂眉云）第Unit1WhatisAppliedLinguistics?AbriefhistoryDefinitionandscopeTheroleofappliedlinguisticsTheoreticalbasesThenatureofappliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsandthelanguageteacherDiscussionquestions2-Unit1WhatisAppliedLinguiAbriefhistory(abroad)In1870PolishlinguistJ.BaudouindeCourtenay（博杜恩德庫爾特內(nèi)）——“appliedlinguistics”,thedistinctionbetweenpurelinguisticsandappliedlinguisticsandthepurposeofappliedlinguistics.3-Abriefhistory(abroad)In187inthe1940sIn1946,theUniversityofMichiganfoundedtheEnglishLanguageInstitute.UndertheguidanceofCharlesC.FriesandRobertLado,peopletherestudiedproblemsofteachingEnglishtoforeigners.TheypublishedthefamousjournalLanguageLearning,subtitledJournalofAppliedLinguistics（1949）.Itwasthefirstjournalintheworldtohavetheterm―appliedlinguisticsinitstitle.4-inthe1940s4-inthe1950sInthe1950s,alongwiththerevolutionbroughtaboutbyChomsky,linguisticsshookoffthefettersofstructuralism.Thispavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthehybriddisciplinessuchassociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics.

5-inthe1950s5-inthe1960sGenerallyspeaking,peoplethoughtthemid-1960swasthedevelopingperiodofappliedlinguistics.In1964,thefirstworldconferenceofAppliedLinguisticswasheldinNancy,France,andtheInternationalAssociationofAppliedLinguisticswassetup.Thismarkedtherecognitionofthestatusofappliedlinguisticsasanindependentdiscipline.6-inthe1960s6-Whydidappliedlinguisticsdevelopsoquickinthe1960s?Thereare4reasons(Gui,1988:11):Theneedsofpractice.Thedevelopingoflinguisticsitself.Thedevelopingofeducation.Thematurityofappliedlinguistics.7-WhydidappliedlinguisticsdedevelopmentofappliedlinguisticsinChinaWhenappliedlinguisticsdevelopedquicklyabroad,ChinahappenedtoundergotheCulturalRevolution.Notuntilthe10-yearCulturalRevolutionwasoverdidforeignlanguageteachershavechancetostudyappliedlinguistics.However,appliedlinguisticsdevelopsquickly.8-developmentofappliedlinguisIn1980,withthejointinitiation,theConferenceofAppliedLinguisticsandEnglishTeachingwasheld.In1985,theInternationalConferenceoftheTeachingofEnglishinChinawasheldinGuangzhouwhichwasjointlyinitiatedbytheResearchAssociationofTheTeachingofEnglishinChinaandGuangzhouForeignLanguageInstitute.Since1978,GuangzhouForeignLanguageInstitutehasbeguntoenrollgraduatesoflinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.9-In1980,withthejointinitiaDefinitionandscopeRoughlyspeaking,appliedlinguisticsisusingwhatweknowabout(a)language,(b)howitislearnedand(c)howitisused,inordertoachievesomepurposesorsolvesomeproblemsintherealworld.Thosepurposesaremanyandvaried.10-DefinitionandscopeRoughlyspAsappliedlinguisticsisacomparativelynewdiscipline,thereisyetnoconsensusofopinionsastowhatitsdefinitionisandhowwideitsscopeshouldbe.However,thedifferentviewsonitsdefinitionandscopefallintothreegeneralcategories:11-Asappliedlinguisticsisaco1)Thenarrowview:ThisisrepresentedbyR.L.Politzer,whodiscussesappliedlinguisticswithparticularreferencetoforeignlanguageteaching.Henotesthatappliedlinguisticsinforeignlanguageteachingrequirestheuseoflinguisticstoformulateassumptions.“Appliedlinguistics”hesays,“…isultimatelyahabit,awayofusinglinguisticconceptualizationtodefineandsolvepedagogicalproblems”12-1)Thenarrowview:12-

Thebroadview:ThisisrepresentedbyDavidCrystal(1981)andL.Pap(1972)saysthatappliedlinguistics“mayineffectbeconsideredasacrossroad,aninterdisciplinaryarea,acombinationoflinguisticswithpsychology,pedagogy,mathematics,electronics,politicalscience,andsoforth.”Inthebroadview,therefore,“anydefinableareaofhumanendeavor”towhich“theinvestigationofthetheories,methodsandempiricalfindingsoflinguisticscouldbeapplied”fallsintothescopeofappliedlinguistics.13-Thebroadview:13-Themoderateview:ThisisrepresentedbyJ.Richardetal(1985),whocompiledLongmanDictionaryofAppliedLinguistics.Accordingtothem,appliedlinguisticsrefersto“appliedlinguisticsoflanguageteaching”,ratherthantothebroaderapplicationsoflanguagestudyinsuchareaasmedicine,law,stylistics,languageplanningordictionarycompilation.14-Themoderateview:14-Theysay,“…ingeneralusage,thetermreferstothestudyoflanguageteachingandlearning”.Intheirview,thecontentandsubjectmatteroftheappliedlinguisticsoflanguageteachingandlearninggenerallyincludethefollowingareasofstudy:15-Theysay,“…roductorylinguistics,includingphonology,phonetics,syntax,morphologyandsemantics2.Englishgrammar(orthegrammarofthelanguagethestudentisspecializingin)3.discourseanalysis4.sociolinguistics,includingthesociologyoflanguageandcommunicativecompetence5.psycholinguistics,includingfirstandsecondlanguageacquisitionSLA,contrastiveanalysis,roductorylinguistics,i6.theteachingoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting7.themethodologyoflanguageteaching,includingmethods,courseandsyllabusdesign8.languagetestingandbasicstatistics17-6.theteachingoflistening,TheroleofappliedlinguisticsLinguistics,etcAppliedlinguisticsLanguageteaching,etc18-TheroleofappliedlinguisticTheoreticalbasesGenerallyspeaking,applieddisciplineisjustthecounterpartoftheoreticaldiscipline.Theapplieddisciplinereferstotheonewhichappliesthetheory,rules,principles,methodandfindingsofthetheoreticaldisciplineintothefieldotherthanthistheoreticalfieldofitsown.Forexample,theappliedmathematics,appliedphysicsbelongtothiscategory.But,appliedlinguisticsisnotso.19-TheoreticalbasesGenerallyspeIthasitsowncharacteristics:a)Whatappliedlinguisticsappliesisnotjusttheories,butalsothedescriptionoflanguage.Forexample,thedescriptionofsoundscanbeusedtoteachingphoneticsandcreatingcomputerlanguage.b)Whatappliedlinguisticsappliesisneitherjustlinguistics.Inlanguageteachingandresearch,peoplealsousepsychology,educationaltheory,statisticsandetc.c)Thefieldsappliedlinguisticsisappliedintoaremostlyrelatedtolanguage.Itwillnotappliedintotheareaslikethemachinemanufacturing,textile,chemicalindustryandsoon.20-IthasitsowncharacteristicThenatureofappliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguisticshasthefollowingcharacteristicfeatures:1)Itisanindependentdisciplineinitsownright.2)Itisaninterdisciplinaryscience.3)Itisanappliedscience.4)Itisanempiricalscience.21-ThenatureofappliedlinguistTheearlyonesareBloomfieldandCharlesC.Frieswhowereinvolvedinspecializedlanguage-teachingprogramsduringandimmediatelyaftertheSecondWorldWar,othersareS.PitCorderinEdinburghUniversity,JackRichard,GuiShichuninGuangWai)22-TheearlyonesareBloomfieldAppliedlinguisticsandlanguageteacherAppliedlinguisticsaimstoprovidelanguageteacherswithgoodlanguageteachingtheories,principlesandmethodology.Thelanguageteachercanbenefitfromappliedlinguisticsinthefollowingthreeareas.Inshort,appliedlinguisticswillhelpthelanguageteacherteachmoreeffectively.23-AppliedlinguisticsandlanguReferencesBaudouindeCourtenay,J.1972.Somegeneralremarksaboutlingusiticsandlanguage.InE.Stankiewicz(ed.),BaudouindeCourtenayAnthology.BloomingtonandLondon:IndianaUniversityPressCorder,S.P.1967.Thesignificanceoflearner’serrors.IRAL5:161-170Fries,C.1945.TeachingandLearningEnglishasaForeignLanguage.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress.Gui,Shichun.1988.AppliedLinguistics.Changsha:HunanEducationPress.24-ReferencesBaudouindeCourtenAssignmentDiscussionquestions25-AssignmentDiscussionquestionAppliedlinguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué)（樂眉云）第一講王燕芳26-Appliedlinguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué)（樂眉云）第Unit1WhatisAppliedLinguistics?AbriefhistoryDefinitionandscopeTheroleofappliedlinguisticsTheoreticalbasesThenatureofappliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsandthelanguageteacherDiscussionquestions27-Unit1WhatisAppliedLinguiAbriefhistory(abroad)In1870PolishlinguistJ.BaudouindeCourtenay（博杜恩德庫爾特內(nèi)）——“appliedlinguistics”,thedistinctionbetweenpurelinguisticsandappliedlinguisticsandthepurposeofappliedlinguistics.28-Abriefhistory(abroad)In187inthe1940sIn1946,theUniversityofMichiganfoundedtheEnglishLanguageInstitute.UndertheguidanceofCharlesC.FriesandRobertLado,peopletherestudiedproblemsofteachingEnglishtoforeigners.TheypublishedthefamousjournalLanguageLearning,subtitledJournalofAppliedLinguistics（1949）.Itwasthefirstjournalintheworldtohavetheterm―appliedlinguisticsinitstitle.29-inthe1940s4-inthe1950sInthe1950s,alongwiththerevolutionbroughtaboutbyChomsky,linguisticsshookoffthefettersofstructuralism.Thispavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthehybriddisciplinessuchassociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics.

30-inthe1950s5-inthe1960sGenerallyspeaking,peoplethoughtthemid-1960swasthedevelopingperiodofappliedlinguistics.In1964,thefirstworldconferenceofAppliedLinguisticswasheldinNancy,France,andtheInternationalAssociationofAppliedLinguisticswassetup.Thismarkedtherecognitionofthestatusofappliedlinguisticsasanindependentdiscipline.31-inthe1960s6-Whydidappliedlinguisticsdevelopsoquickinthe1960s?Thereare4reasons(Gui,1988:11):Theneedsofpractice.Thedevelopingoflinguisticsitself.Thedevelopingofeducation.Thematurityofappliedlinguistics.32-WhydidappliedlinguisticsdedevelopmentofappliedlinguisticsinChinaWhenappliedlinguisticsdevelopedquicklyabroad,ChinahappenedtoundergotheCulturalRevolution.Notuntilthe10-yearCulturalRevolutionwasoverdidforeignlanguageteachershavechancetostudyappliedlinguistics.However,appliedlinguisticsdevelopsquickly.33-developmentofappliedlinguisIn1980,withthejointinitiation,theConferenceofAppliedLinguisticsandEnglishTeachingwasheld.In1985,theInternationalConferenceoftheTeachingofEnglishinChinawasheldinGuangzhouwhichwasjointlyinitiatedbytheResearchAssociationofTheTeachingofEnglishinChinaandGuangzhouForeignLanguageInstitute.Since1978,GuangzhouForeignLanguageInstitutehasbeguntoenrollgraduatesoflinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.34-In1980,withthejointinitiaDefinitionandscopeRoughlyspeaking,appliedlinguisticsisusingwhatweknowabout(a)language,(b)howitislearnedand(c)howitisused,inordertoachievesomepurposesorsolvesomeproblemsintherealworld.Thosepurposesaremanyandvaried.35-DefinitionandscopeRoughlyspAsappliedlinguisticsisacomparativelynewdiscipline,thereisyetnoconsensusofopinionsastowhatitsdefinitionisandhowwideitsscopeshouldbe.However,thedifferentviewsonitsdefinitionandscopefallintothreegeneralcategories:36-Asappliedlinguisticsisaco1)Thenarrowview:ThisisrepresentedbyR.L.Politzer,whodiscussesappliedlinguisticswithparticularreferencetoforeignlanguageteaching.Henotesthatappliedlinguisticsinforeignlanguageteachingrequirestheuseoflinguisticstoformulateassumptions.“Appliedlinguistics”hesays,“…isultimatelyahabit,awayofusinglinguisticconceptualizationtodefineandsolvepedagogicalproblems”37-1)Thenarrowview:12-

Thebroadview:ThisisrepresentedbyDavidCrystal(1981)andL.Pap(1972)saysthatappliedlinguistics“mayineffectbeconsideredasacrossroad,aninterdisciplinaryarea,acombinationoflinguisticswithpsychology,pedagogy,mathematics,electronics,politicalscience,andsoforth.”Inthebroadview,therefore,“anydefinableareaofhumanendeavor”towhich“theinvestigationofthetheories,methodsandempiricalfindingsoflinguisticscouldbeapplied”fallsintothescopeofappliedlinguistics.38-Thebroadview:13-Themoderateview:ThisisrepresentedbyJ.Richardetal(1985),whocompiledLongmanDictionaryofAppliedLinguistics.Accordingtothem,appliedlinguisticsrefersto“appliedlinguisticsoflanguageteaching”,ratherthantothebroaderapplicationsoflanguagestudyinsuchareaasmedicine,law,stylistics,languageplanningordictionarycompilation.39-Themoderateview:14-Theysay,“…ingeneralusage,thetermreferstothestudyoflanguageteachingandlearning”.Intheirview,thecontentandsubjectmatteroftheappliedlinguisticsoflanguageteachingandlearninggenerallyincludethefollowingareasofstudy:40-Theysay,“…roductorylinguistics,includingphonology,phonetics,syntax,morphologyandsemantics2.Englishgrammar(orthegrammarofthelanguagethestudentisspecializingin)3.discourseanalysis4.sociolinguistics,includingthesociologyoflanguageandcommunicativecompetence5.psycholinguistics,includingfirstandsecondlanguageacquisitionSLA,contrastiveanalysis,roductorylinguistics,i6.theteachingoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting7.themethodologyoflanguageteaching,includingmethods,courseandsyllabusdesign8.languagetestingandbasicstatistics42-6.theteachingoflistening,TheroleofappliedlinguisticsLinguistics,etcAppliedlinguisticsLanguageteaching,etc43-TheroleofappliedlinguisticTheoreticalbasesGenerallyspeaking,applieddisciplineisjustthecounterpartoftheoreticaldiscipline.Theapplieddisciplinereferstotheonewhichappliesthetheory,rules,principles,methodandfindingsofthetheoreticaldisciplineintothefieldotherthanthistheoreticalfieldofitsown.Forexample,theappliedmathematics,appliedphysicsbelongtothiscategory.But,appliedlinguisticsisnotso.44-TheoreticalbasesGenerallyspeIthasitsowncharacteristics:a)Whatappliedlinguisticsappliesisnotjusttheories,butalsothedescriptionoflanguage.Forexample,thedescriptionofsoundscanbeusedtoteachingphoneticsandcreatingcomputerlanguage.b)Whatappliedlinguisticsappliesisneitherjustlinguistics.Inlanguageteachingandresearch,peoplealsousepsychology,educationaltheory,statisticsandetc.c)Thefieldsappliedlinguisticsisappl