1、專業英語課程教學大綱一、課程基本信息課程代碼： 34E01926課程名稱： 專業英語英文名稱： English for Biology students課程類別： 專業限選課 學 時： 32學分： 1.5適用對象: 生物工程專業本科生考核方式： 期末成績占總成績的70%，平時成績占總成績的30%先修課程： 大學英語，生物化學，微生物學，細胞生物學等二、課程簡介生物專業英語是面向生物科學、技術高年級本科生開設的限選課程，本課程教學內容主要涉及普通生物、微生物學、遺傳學、分子生物學等領域的專業基礎知識。通過本課程，向學生介紹如何撰寫科技論文、投稿等方面的知識；擴大專業英語的詞匯量，掌握專業英語書刊

2、的閱讀技巧、了解文獻檢索及寫作知識。本課程旨在拓寬學生的專業詞匯量和閱讀量，力求將英語與專業緊密結合，了解科技論文的文體特點和寫作方法。寫作習題取自專業文獻，重點在專業論文或摘要的常用表示方法。通過專業閱讀提高英語基礎及其應用能力。為將來的學術論文的閱讀寫作和交流打下堅實的基礎。三、課程性質與教學目的本課程為生物工程專業的專業選修課。通過學習使學生掌握英語這門工具，進行本專業的學習、研究與國際交流，為我國的社會主義建設服務。在教學中要堅持從實際出發、學以致用的原則，培養和提高本科生運用英語的能力。具體有以下幾方面：1掌握本學科所需的常用專業詞及詞組。2能比較順利地閱讀本專業的英文資料，理解正確

3、。3能借助詞典將本專業的資料進行漢英互譯，要求理解正確，譯文通順；正確表達思想，無重大語言錯誤。4能用英文書寫論文摘要，正確表達原意。四、教學內容及要求Lesson 1 Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts 教學目標掌握關于植物細胞各種細胞器的英文詞匯、詞根，熟悉相關的一些擴展詞匯。了解英語科技論文的組成部分以及標題的寫作注意事項。本章重點 各種細胞學的專業詞匯。英語科技論文的組成部分以及標題的寫作注意事項。本章難點 胞質的性質，內質網、高爾基復合體以及線粒體的結構和功能。講授內容1、單詞Ac

4、tin, centriole, chemotaxis, chloroplast, chromosome, cilia, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, dynein, flagella, lysosome, microfilament, microtubule, mitochondrion, myosin, nucleoid, nucleoli, nucleus, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, plastid, polysome, ribosome, stroma, tubulin, vacuole2、詞組 endoplasmic reticulum,

5、 nuclear envelope, Golgi complex, basal body3、重點句型分析分析This quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sits at which ammo acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes.During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA,”reading” the genetic sequen

6、ce coded in it and translating that sequence into protein.Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.A subset of vacuoles is the organelles known as lysosomes, w

7、hich contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex)that can break down most biological macromolecules.It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located.4、英語科技論文的組成部分。5、英語科技論文標題的寫作注意事項。Lesson 2Photosynthesis教學

8、目標掌握關于植物光合作用的原理及過程、反應步驟中所涉及的專業詞匯和句型。熟悉英語論文摘要和關鍵詞的寫作技巧。本章重點 Calvin-Benson cycle, cyclic photophosphorylation, photon, antenna complexes的概念和生化過程。英語科技論文摘要和關鍵詞的寫作注意事項。本章難點 葉綠體的結構，光反應、暗反應發生的部位和機制，以及課文中定語從句的使用。講授內容1、單詞Carotenoid, chlorophyll, chloroplast, C3 plant, C4 plant, photon, photophosphorylation,

9、photorespiration, photosynthesis, photosystem, thylakoid2、詞組Absorption spectrum, Calvin-Benson cycle, cyclic photophosphorylation, light-dependent reactions, light-independent reactions, noncyclic photophosphorylation, ribulose biphosphate3、重點句型分析During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesi

10、s, as the absorbing molecule returns to the ground state, the “excess”excitation energy is transmitted to other molecules and stored as chemical energy.Light striking any one of the pigment molecules is funneled to a special chlorophyll a molecule, termed a reaction-center chlorophyll, which directl

11、y participates in photosynthesis.This packaging takes place through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions set in motion when light strikes the p680 reaction center in photosystem2.The one-way flow of electrons through photosystems 2 and 1is called noncyclic photophosphorylation; plants also deri

12、ve additional ATP through cyclic photophosphorylation, in which some electrons are shunted back through the electron transport chain between photosystems 2and 1.The pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrum-a statement of the amount of light absorbed

13、by chlorophyll at different wavelengths.4、英語論文摘要和關鍵詞的寫作技巧。Lesson 3Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis教學目標 掌握細胞有絲分裂和減數分裂過程中涉及的各種專業詞匯和句型。理解課文中虛擬語氣的用法及強調句的形式。熟悉英語論文引言部分的寫作技巧。本章重點 減數分裂，和有絲分裂的各個時期中，細胞內出現的各種變化。英語論文引言的寫作技巧。本章難點 概念：著絲點與著絲粒的異同。虛擬語氣與強調句的用法。講授內容1、單詞：anaphase, centromere, chalone, chroma

14、tid, chromatin, cytokinesis, diploid, haploid, histone, karyotype, meiosis, metaphase, mitosis, nucleosome, prophase, spindle, telophase2、詞組：cell plate, homologous pair, interphase(cycle), metaphase plate3、重點句型分析：The fourth phase of the cell cycle is M phase, the period of mitosis, during which the

15、replicated chromosomes condense and move and the cell divides. During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric fibers, extend outward from the spindle poles to structures on the chromosomes called kinetochores.In animals it is associated with centriole, while in plant and fungal cells spindle f

16、ormation is associated with regions called microtubule organizing centers.Meiosis is a special form of cell division that takes place in the reproductive organs that produce sex cells.During this phase the homologous chromosome undergo synapsis, or pairing, which is brought about by a bridging struc

17、ture of proteins and RNA called the synaptinemal complex.It is this event that results in the halving of the chromosome number in the four daughter cells that result from meiosis.The advantages of this type of reproduction are that it preserves the parents successful genetic complement, requires lit

18、tle or no specialization of reproductive organs, and is more rapid than sexual reproduction.4、英語科技論文的引言部分的語言特點和寫作技巧。Lesson 4Foundations of Genetics教學目標了解早期的遺傳理論，孟德爾的生平及其經典遺傳實驗，遺傳定律。掌握英語科技論文的“材料與方法”部分的語言特點和寫作技巧。本章重點 孟德爾的遺傳學經典實驗，遺傳的分離和自由組合定律，以及關于遺傳學的專業詞匯。本章難點 早期的遺傳學理論包括泛生論，種質學說的基本觀點。講授內容1、單詞：allele, d

19、ominant, gene, genotype, heterozygous, homozygous, nondisjunction, pangenesis, phenotype, recessive2、詞組：dihybrid cross, germ plasm theory, incomplete dominance, law of independent assortment, law of segregation, Punnett square, test cross3、重點句型分析：Both of these early views incorporated the blending t

20、heory: they held that heritable traits of the two parents blend, so that the distinct characteristics of each are lost in offspring.Having been exposed to theories of the particulate nature of matter while a university student and having a background in mathematics, Mendel carried out a series of ca

21、refully planned experiments that demonstrated the particulate nature of heredity.An organism that inherits identical alleles for a trait from each parent is said to be homozygous for that trait; if different alleles for a trait are inherited, the organism is heterozygous for that trait.The retio of

22、dominant phenotypes (if any) in the progeny makes clear whether the unknown genotype is heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive.An apparent exception to Mendels laws is incomplete dominance, a phenomenon in which offspring of a cross exhibit a phenotype that is intermediate betwee

23、n those of the parents.4、論文中“材料與方法”的功能要求和語言特點。Lesson 5Discovering the Chemical Nature of the Gene 教學目標掌握基因的化學性質，核酸的化學和分子結構。理解DNA復制過程。了解在科學史上關于DNA分子結構的各種理論。熟悉科技論文中“結果與討論”部分的功能要求和語言特點。本章重點 基因的結構和功能涉及的專業詞匯。DNA復制的過程。研究基因化學本質過程中的一系列經典實驗。本章難點 一基因一酶假說與一基因一多肽假說的內容，聯系和區別。講授內容1、單詞：adenine, cytosine, guanine,

24、nucleoside, purine, pyrimidine, thymine2、詞組：DNA polymerase, double helix, Okazaki fragment, One-gen-one-enzyme hypothesis, semicoservative replication, X-ray diffraction3、重點句型分析：Nuclei acid, originally isolated by Johann Miescher in 1871,was identified as a prime constituent of chromosome through th

25、e use of the red-staining method developed by Feulgen in the early 1900s.At about the same time P.A. Levene discovered that DNA contained four nitrogenous bases, each of which was attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate group-a combination Levene termed a nucleotide.Disagreement over whether DN

26、A could carry complex genetic information was ended in the early 1950s by Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey, whose work with E. coli showed clearly that DNA, and not protein, is the bearer of genetic information.One was the suggestion of Linus Pauling that DNA might have a helical structure held in pl

27、ace by hydrogen bonds, and the other was X-ray diffraction photos of DNA, showing a helical structure with distance between the coils, taken by Franklin and Wilkins.4、專業論文寫作中“結果與討論”的寫作技巧。Lesson 6The Origin and Diversity of Life教學目標 掌握生命起源和演化的歷程。理解專業論文寫作中“致謝、參考文獻”的寫作技巧。掌握專業論文寫作與發表的一般程序和注意事項。本章重點 生命演化

28、過程中出現的團聚體、微球體和脂質體的結構和意義。宇宙大爆炸理論。本章難點 影響生命進化的多種因素，分類單位的界定。講授內容1、單詞Clade, class, coacervate, core, crust, division, family, genus, kingdom, liposome, mantle, order, phylum, proteinoid, species, taxon, taxonomy2、詞組Ozone layer, continental drift, big bang, binomial system of nomenclature3、重點句型分析The majo

29、r current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously an the early earth by means of current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously on the early earth by means of chemical evolution from nonliving substances.Evidence suggests that RNA, which can form spontaneously under conditions mimicki

30、ng those of the early, was the first informational molecule.Following the development of a lipid-protein surface layer and replicating RNA and DNA informational molecules, the events leading to the emergence of living cells would have included the origin of the genetic code; the sequestering of RNA

31、or DNA into cell-like structures; and development of metabolic pathways.The increasing quantity of atmospheric oxygen also permitted the evolution of aerobic cells and cellular respiration, which in turn signalled the beginning of the global carbon cycle.4、論文中“致謝、參考文獻”的寫作技巧。5、專業論文寫作與發表的一般程序和注意事項。Les

32、son 7Fungi：The Great Decomposers教學目標 了解真菌的特征、分類和結構。掌握學術刊物的分類及常見學術刊物的載稿特點。了解世界四大科學索引SCI、EI、ISTP、ISR的概況。本章重點 真菌的特征、分類和結構，關于菌類的專業詞匯及重點句型分析。本章難點 掌握學術刊物的分類及常見學術刊物的載稿特點。講授內容1、單詞Ascomycetes, ascus, basidiocarp, basidiomycetes, basidium, conidium, gametangium, haustorium, heterokaryon, hyphae, lichen, mycel

33、ium, rhizoid, saprobe, septate, sporangium2、詞組Fungi Imperfecti3、重點句型分析They may be saprobes that decompose dead organic matter, they may be parasites which obtain nutrients from living hosts; or they may live in symbiotic relationships with algae or with the roots of higher plants.Inspite of these va

34、riations, however, all fungi carry out extracellular digestion: they secrete enzymes that digest organic matter, and then they absorb the resulting nutrients.Finally, hyphae may or may not be septate having cross walls that segregate independent cells, each with at least one nucleus.Deuteromycetes i

35、mportant to humans include those used to ferment soybeans and rice to make soy sauce and sake respectively, and those responsible for producing citric acid and the highly dangerous aflatoxin.Lesson 8Animal Development教學目標 了解動物精子和卵子的產生、受精、卵裂、原腸胚形成、器官形成等。本章重點 動物發育中精子和卵子的產生、受精、卵裂、原腸胚形成、器官形成等專業詞匯及重點句型分析

36、。本章難點 掌握學術刊物的分類及常見學術刊物的載稿特點。講授內容1、單詞blastomere，blastula，cleavage，differentiation，dedifferentiation，ectoderm，endoderm，mesoderm，fertilization，gastrula，gastrulation，gene amplification，metamorphosis，morphogenesis，neurulation，oogenesis，ovaries，oviduct，parthenogenesis，regeneration， sperm，yolk，spermatogene

37、sis，zygote2、詞組acrosome reaction3、重點句型分析Virtually all developing animal ova are surrounded by helper cells, either follicle cells or nurse cells. Depending on the species, eggs also store varying amounts of yolk, a reservoir of nutrients produced by digestive-gland cells in the mothers body.The first

38、 contact of the sperm head with the eggs jelly coat triggers the acrosome reaction, in which enzymes are released to digest a hole through the eggs protective layers, and the plasma membrane of the sperm is brought into position to bind to the ovums surface.The amount of yolk present in the egg is a

39、 major factor in determining the pattern: in species having little yolk (such as mammals) the zygote cleaves completely through, forming cells that are roughly equivalent in size.Compensatory hypertrophy is a different, temporary growth response in which residual tissue increases in mass and cell nu

40、mber: cells undergo mitosis but do not dedifferentiate.Lesson 9The Origin of Species教學目標 了解物種的定義、物種的形成、物種形成的遺傳基礎、宏觀進化、微觀進化等。本章重點 物種的形成、物種形成的遺傳基礎、宏觀進化、微觀進化等專業詞匯及重點句型分析。本章難點 物種起源相關的概念的理解。講授內容1、單詞allopatric speciation, analogy, cline, extinction, homology, hybrid sterility, macroevolution, microevoluti

41、on, phylogeny2、詞組convergent evolution, divergent evolution, parallel evolution, punctuated equilibrium, sympatric speciation3、重點句型分析In behavioral isolation, related groups evolve differing behaviors such as specific mating rituals-that restrict the exchange of genes to members of the same group.That

42、 is, mating is physically impossible between members of different species because genitals of males and females are structurally incompatible or because molecules on the surfaces of sperm and egg fail to bind. Contrast this fact with the very different outcome of crossbreeding between two geneticall

43、y distant members of the same species, where the result is often heterozygote advantage (hybrid vigor).Populations of a species that are spread out over a broad geographical range are often arrayed in a cline-a gradual change in one or more characteristics as each population evolves adaptations to i

44、ts own local environment.The extent of differences between populations that are diverging into separate species or between species that have already diverged is represented by a statistic called genetic identity-the relative proportion of the same structural genes present in members of groups being

45、compared.This has led Biologists to hypothesize that small changes in regulatory genes may account for many of the large-scale changes responsible for speciation and the origin of higher taxonomic groups.These questions range from whether novel higher taxa result from as-yet undescribed radical gene

46、tic processes, to whether known processes such as genetic drift and small gene changes can plausibly account for the evolution of new genera, families, and orders.Lesson 10The Ecology of Populations教學目標 了解種群生態學及基本概念，如死亡率、出生率、種群密度、存活曲線、種間競爭、種內競爭等。本章重點 種群生態學等專業詞匯及重點句型分析。本章難點 種群生態學基本概念的理解專業詞匯的記憶。講授內容1、單詞Allelopathy, mortality, natality2、詞組age structure, Carrying capacity, character displacement, density-dependent factors, density-independent factors, exponential growth curve, interspe