1、美國文學.殖民地時期及獨立革命戰(zhàn)爭時期的美國文學PhilipFreneau(菲利普弗瑞諾)(1)Hewasconsideredasthe“PoetoftheAmericanrevolution”asthemostoutstandingpoetinAmericaofthe18thcentury.(2)Hewasasatirist,abitterpolemicist.(3)HewrotemanypoemsencouragingrevolutionandencouragingtheglorythatwouldbewonbyovercomingtheBritish.TheWildHoneySuckle

2、野金銀花TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人的殯葬地TheBritishShip英國囚船TheRisingGloryofAmerica美洲光輝的興起(1)TheWildHoneySuckleisFreneausbestlyric(2)Itanticipatedthe19thcenturyuseofsimplenatureimagery.TheIndianBuryingGroundanticipatedromanticprimitivismandthecelebrationofthe“NobleSavage”.ThomasJefferson(托馬斯杰弗遜)TheDeclarati

3、onofIndependence獨立宣言(1)TheDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedJuly4,1776.(2)Itnotonlyannouncedthebirthofanewnation,butalsoexpoundedaphilosophyofhumanfreedom.(3)Itlists13crueltiescommittedbytheKingofBritain.(4)Thefamouslinesare:“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcer

4、tainunalienablerights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.”(5)ThomasJeffersonsthoughtwasinspiredbythethoughtsofJohnLocke.浪漫主義時期的美國文學Calvinism(加爾文主義)(1)CalvinismreferstothereligiousteachingsofJohnCalvinandhisfollowers.(2)Calvintaughtthatonlycertainpersons,theelect,werechosenbyGodtob

5、esaved,andthesecouldbesavedonlybyGodsgrace.(3)CalvinismformsthebasisforthedoctrinesandpracticesoftheHuguenots,Puritans,Presbyterians,andtheReformedchurches.AmericanRomanticism(美國浪漫主義)(1)AmericanRomanticismisoneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.(2)Itwasarebellionagainsttheobje

6、ctivitoyfrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theyemphasizedindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup.Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself,andcherishedstronginterestinthepast,thewild,theremote,themysteriousandthestrange.Theystressed

7、theelement“Americanness”intheirworks.(3)ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrvingsTheSketchBookandendedwithWaltWhitmansLeavesofGrass.(4)BeingaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,itisalsocalled“theAmericanRenaissance.”(5)AmericanRomanticistsincludesuchliteraryfiguresasWashingtonIrving,R

8、alphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryWordsworthLongfellow,NathanielHawthorne,EdgarAllanPoe,HermanMelville,WaltWhitmanandsomeothers.Transcendentalism(超驗主義)(1)TranscendentalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmersonandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800s,w

9、hichemphasizedtheimportanceofindividualinspirationandintuition,theOversoul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,selfreliant.(2)NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinationofnativeAmericanPu

10、ritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.Freeverse(自由體詩歌)(1)Freeversemeanstherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutpayingattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.(2)FreeversewasoriginatedbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.(3)Theirpurposewastofreethemselvesfromtherestrictionsofformalmetricalpatternsandtorecre

11、ateinsteadthefreerhythmsofnaturalspeech.(4)WaltWhitmansLeavesofGrassis,perhaps,themostnotableexample.Symbol(象征)(1)Symbolmeansanact,aperson,athing,oraspectaclethatstandsforsomethingelse,usuallysomethinglesspalpablethanthenamedsymbol.(2)Therelationshipbetweenthesymbolanditsreferentisnotoftenoneofsimpl

12、eequivalence.Allegoricalsymbolsusuallyexpressaneaterequivalencewithwhattheystanorthanthesymbolsfoundinmodernrealisticfiction.equivalencewithwhattheystanTheme(主題)Thememeanstheunifyingpointorgeneralideaofaliterarywork.(2)Itprovidesanasuchquestionsas“Whatistheworkabout?”(3)Eachliteraryworkcarriesitsown

13、themeorthemes.Forexample,KingLearhasmanythemes,amongwhichareblindnessandmadness.3.現(xiàn)實主義與自然主義時期的美國文學AmericanNaturalism(美國自然主義)TheAmericanNaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativienterpretationofDarwinsevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorles

14、scomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.AmericanNaturalismisevolvefdromrealismwhentheauthorstoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Dreise

15、risaleadingfigureofhisschool.Darwinism(達爾文主義)(1)DarwinismisatermthatcomesfromCharlesDarwsinevolutionarytheory.(2)Darwinistthinkthatthosewhosurvivientheworldarethefittestandthosewhofailtoadaptthemselvestotheenvironmentwillperish.TheybelievethatmanhasevolvedfromlowerformsofHumansarespecialnotbecauseGo

16、dcreatedtheminHisimage,butbecausetheyhavesuccessfullyadaptedtochangingenvironmentalconditionsandhavepassedontheirsurvival-makingcharagenetically.Influencedbythistheory,someAmericannaturalistwritersapplyDarwinismasanexplanationhumannatureandsocialreality.LocalColorists(鄉(xiāng)土作家)(1)Generallyspeakingt,hewr

17、itingoflocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince.Thecharacteristicsettingistheisolatedsmalltown.(2)Localcoloristswereconsciouslynostalgichistorianofavanishingwayoflife,recordersofaTheodoreDreiser（西奧多德萊塞）WorksSisterCarrieWorksSisterCarrie嘉莉妹妹Si）sterCarrieJennieGerhard

18、t珍妮姑娘TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲aT.heFinancier金融家bT.heTitan巨人cT.heStoic斯多葛TheGenius天才AnAmericanTragedy美國的悲劇AAmericanTragedySherwoodAnderson（舍伍德安德森）(2)HetremendouslyinfluencedsuchwritersasHemingwayandFaulkner.WorksWinesburg,Ohio小鎮(zhèn)畸人Winesburg,Ohioisacollectionof23interrelatedstoriesofsamll-townlife.Thesestor

19、iessoundmorbidandgrotesque,butUnderneaththemrunsastrongdesiretocommunicate,andloveandbeloved.ItwontheauthoraforemostpositionincontemporaryAmericanliterary.4.現(xiàn)代時期的美國文學TheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代)TheLostGenerationisatermfirstusedbyGertrudeSteintodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandw

20、omenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.Thethreebest-knowrepresentativesofLostGenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,Ernest

21、HemingwayandJohnDosPassos.OthersusuallyincludedamongthelistareSherwoodAnderson,KayBoyle,HartCrane,FordMaddoxFordandZeldaFitzgerald.Imagism(意象派詩歌)(1)ImagismcameintobeinginBritainansU.S.around1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.Theimagists,withEzr

22、aPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.Imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;economyofexpression;asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceo

23、fmetronome.（4）EzraPoundsInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knownimagistpoem.TheBeatGeneration（垮掉的一代）（1）ThemembersoftheBeatGenerationwerenewbohemianlibertines,whoengagedinaspontaneous,sometimesmessy,creativity.（2）Thebeatwritersproducedabodyofwrittenworkcontroversialbothforitsadvocacyofnon-conformityandforit

24、snon-conformingstyle.（3）ThemajorbeatwritingsareJackKerouacsOntheRoadandAllenGinsbergsHowl.HowlbecamethemanifestooftheBeatGeneration.AmericanDream（美國夢）（1）AmericanDreamreferstothedreamofmaterialsuccess,inwhichone,regardlessofsocialstatus,acquireswealthandgainssuccessbyworkinghardandgoodluck.（2）Inliter

25、ature,thethemeofAmericanDreamrecurs.InTheGreatGatsby,Gatsbycomesfromthewesttotheeastwiththedreamofmaterialsuccess.Bybootleggingandotherillegalmeanshefulfilledhisdreambutendedupbeingkilled.ThenoveltellstheshatteringofAmericanDreamratherthanitssuccess.Expressionism（表現(xiàn)主義）（1）Expressionismreferstoamoveme

26、ntinGermanyearlyinthe20thcentury,inwhichanumberofpainterssoughttoavoidtherepresentationofexternalrealityand,instead,toprojectahighlypersonalorsubjectivevisionoftheworld.（2）Expressionismisareactionagainstrealismornaturalism,aimingatpresentingapost-warworldviolentlydistorted.（3）Worksnotedforexpression

27、isminclude:EugeneONeillsTheEmperorJones,JamesJoycesUlyssesandFinnegansWake,andT.S.EliotsTheWasteLand,etc.（4）Inafurthersense,thetermissometimesappliedtothebeliefthatliteraryworksareessentiallyexpressionsoftheirownauthorsmoodsandthoughts;thishasbeenthedominantassumptionaboutliteraturesincetheriseofRom

28、anticism.Feminism（女權主義）Feminismincorporatesbothadoctrineofequalrightsforwomenandanideologyofsocialtransformationaimingtocreateaworldforwomenbeyondsimplesocialequality.Ingeneral,feminismistheideologyofwomensliberationbasedonthebeliefthatwomensufferinjusticebecauseoftheirsex.Underthisbroadumbrellavari

29、ousfeministsofferdifferinganalysesofthecauses,oragents,offemaleoppression.Definitionsoffeminismbyfeministstendtobeshapedbytheirtraining,ideologyorrace.So,forexample,MarxistandSocialistfeministsstresstheinteractionwithinfeminismofclasswithgenderandfocusonsocialdistinctionsbetweenmenandwomen.Blackfemi

30、nistsarguemuchmoreforanintegratedanalysiswhichcanunlockthemultiplesystemsofoppression.HemingwayCodeHero（海明威式英雄）（1）HemingwayHero,alsocalledcodehero,isonewho,woundedbutstrong,moresensitive,enjoysthepleasuresoflife（sex,alcohol,sport）infaceofruinanddeath,andmaintains,throughsomenotionofacode,anidealofhi

31、mself.（2）BarnesinTheSunAlsoRises,HenryinAFarewelltoArmsandSantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeaaretypicalofHemingwayHero.HarlemRenaissance（哈萊姆文藝復興）（1）HarlemRenaissancereferstoaperiodofoutstandingliteraryvigorandcreativitythatoccurredintheUnitedStatesduringthe1920s.（2）TheHarlemRenaissancechangedtheimagesoflit

32、eraturecreatedbymanyblackandwhiteAmericanwriters.Newblackimageswerenolongerobedientanddocile,insteadtheyshowedanewconfidenceandracialpride.（3）TheleadingfiguresareLangstonHughs,JamesWeldonJohnson,WallaceThurman,etc.Impressionism（印象主義）（1）Impressionismisastyleofpaintingthatgivestheimpressionmadebythesubjectontheartistwithoutmuchattentiontodetails.Writersacceptedthesameconvictionthatthepersonalattitudesandmo