1、Lecture 3剛性與柔性Rigid vs. Supple英漢對比之剛性與柔性第1頁一、英語剛性 英語有綜合語特點，受形態(tài)約束，其語法含有剛性，沒有彈性。漢語是分析語，不受形態(tài)約束，其語法具柔性，富于彈性。上述差異組成英漢互譯和中國學(xué)生英語寫作錯誤之源。比如：英漢對比之剛性與柔性第2頁E.g. Run-on sentencesBecause of AIDS only have the four infect ways, we stay with HIV carriers is safety （It is safe for us to because there are only four c

2、hannels for HIV to spread. ）.英漢對比之剛性與柔性第3頁（一）英語基本句型及其擴展句型英語剛性表達在句子有嚴謹主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。即：名詞性短語（NP）+ 動詞性短語（VP）。 主語 + 謂語 注意：主語不可或缺，謂語動詞是句子軸心，二者協(xié)調(diào)一致（S-V concord）。特點：英語句子主次分明，層次清楚，前呼后應(yīng)，嚴密規(guī)范，句式呈“聚集型”（compactness）。英漢對比之剛性與柔性第4頁Fragments 破碎句/碎片句若主謂結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，只有詞、短語或從句，則稱為破碎句/碎片句（fragments）。E.g.1) Then how to solve the probl

3、em?2) Avoiding using Chinese thinking way to make English sentence.As we all known, AIDS is.英漢對比之剛性與柔性第5頁盡管英語句子錯綜復(fù)雜，千變?nèi)f化，但其主謂結(jié)構(gòu)能夠歸結(jié)為五種基本句型：SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, SVOC.注意：從句三大成份缺一不可conj. + S + PVWhen I going (X), As we all known, AIDS is.(X)英漢對比之剛性與柔性第6頁基本句型一：主語+動詞 SVThe telephone rang. The meeting has

4、begun.基本句型二：主語+動詞+表語 SVPWe are students. She appeared cheerful. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第7頁基本句型三：主語+動詞+賓語 SVOLabor created man. The news surprised me. 基本句型四：主語+動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 SVoOShe sang us a song. I sent him a letter. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第8頁基本句型五：主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補足語 SVOCHe painted the door green. We elected him our monitor. 英漢對

5、比之剛性與柔性第9頁英語各種長短句均可看成是這五種基本句型及其變式、擴展、組合、省略、倒裝。1基本句型變式。a) 陳說句變疑問句Has the meeting begun?b) 必定句變否定句We are not students.c) 主動句變被動句The door was painted green. d) “There+be+主語”結(jié)構(gòu)There was a meeting yesterday. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第10頁（二）. 基本句型擴展伎倆。1. 增加修飾語 主-謂-賓 The lady was scolding the girl. 定主-狀謂-定賓-狀 The middle-

6、aged lady was angrily scolding the pitiful girl yesterday.英漢對比之剛性與柔性第11頁2.擴展基本句型成份狀(從) 定主定（從）-狀謂-定賓定（從）狀（從)When I got in, the middle-aged lady who you may know was angrily scolding the pitiful girl who may just have come from the country in the restaurant for she had spilt soup on her dress. 英漢對比之剛性

7、與柔性第12頁3. 基本句型組合。使用并列連詞與標(biāo)點符號組成并列復(fù)合句A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millio

8、ns of earths. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第13頁4. 基本句型省略。Late afternoon. The sky hunkers down, presses, like a lover, against the land. Small sounds. A far sheep, faint barking. Time to drive on, toward Strathpeffer, friends, a phone call from my father. ( From Culloden- a travelers journal in stream of consciousness)

9、英漢對比之剛性與柔性第14頁5. 基本句型倒裝。The greatest truths are the simplest, so are the greatest men. Neither could theory do without practice, nor (could) practice (do) without theory.英漢對比之剛性與柔性第15頁（三）、英語聚集型句式成因原因1聚集句子伎倆眾多重視句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，結(jié)構(gòu)形式規(guī)范，使用形態(tài)標(biāo)志及連接詞語使各種成份關(guān)系明確，使用表照應(yīng)關(guān)系“it”、“there”以及大量其它代詞使句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、完整。英漢對比之剛性與柔性第16頁原因2

10、：句子成份之間或詞語之間必須在人稱、數(shù)、性和意義等方面保持協(xié)調(diào)一致關(guān)系。a) 語法一致（grammatical concord）She is a student.They are students. I found the boy a bright pupil. I found the boys bright pupils. The girl has seen her mother.英漢對比之剛性與柔性第17頁b) 意義一致（notional concord）Two thousand dollars is more than he can afford. My family are all f

11、ond of playing table tennis. Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities, the pandas are reported to have settled down very well. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第18頁c) 就近標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（principle of proximity）Either you or I am going. Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第19頁二、漢語柔性 漢語不受形態(tài)約束，無“主謂一致”之剛性要求，含有多樣性、復(fù)

12、雜性、靈活性等柔性特點，因而句式呈“流散型”。（一）、漢語句型結(jié)構(gòu)大致分類形式多樣主語；漢語主語不但形式多樣，而且可有可無；它可表示施事、受事，也可表示時間、地點；可用名詞、動詞，也可用形容詞、數(shù)量詞；句子能夠沒有主語，也能夠省略主語，還能夠變換主語并給予隱含。英漢對比之剛性與柔性第20頁形式多樣漢語主語 文章翻譯完了。The article has been translated. 累得我站不起來了。Im so exhausted that I cant stand up. 他有個女兒，（）在北京工作，（）已經(jīng)打電話去了，（）聽說明天就能回來。He has a daughter, who w

13、orks in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第21頁漢語謂語復(fù)雜多樣 它能夠是動詞、名詞、形容詞；能夠是一個動詞，也能夠是多個動詞，還能夠沒有動詞；它能夠是一個單詞，也能夠是多個詞組;能夠是連動式、兼語式、把字時、緊縮式或主謂式；能夠無須與主語搭配而獨立成句，組成非主謂句。英漢對比之剛性與柔性第22頁漢語謂語復(fù)雜多樣天高云淡。（形容詞作謂語）The sky is high and the clouds are pale. 他出國留學(xué)去了。（連動式

14、）He has gone abroad for further studies. 我介紹他加入?yún)f(xié)會。（兼語式）I recommended him for membership of the association. 這項協(xié)議經(jīng)理要署名。（主謂詞組）This contract should be signed by the manager. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第23頁漢語句型英語重形合（hypotaxis），普通以成份格局為主、功效意義為輔來劃分句型；漢語重意合（parataxis），普通以功效意義為主、成份格局為輔來劃分句型。漢語主謂結(jié)構(gòu)大約占50%話題結(jié)構(gòu)約占50%，即“話題(topic)

15、+說明(comment)”。英漢對比之剛性與柔性第24頁按表意功效及表示形式，漢語句型大致分為九大類：1話題句：話題語+評論語開車他沒有經(jīng)驗。He is inexperienced in driving. 2. 施事句：施事語+動作語他在學(xué)習(xí)開車。He is learning how to drive. 3. 關(guān)系句（因為）他天天練習(xí)開車，（所以）很快就學(xué)會了。He soon learnt how to drive because of his daily practice. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第25頁4. 呼嘆句是呀，他車開得真好！Yes, he is an excellent drive

16、r!5. 祈使句請勿酒后開車。Please dont drink and drive. 6. 存現(xiàn)句黑暗中來了一輛車。A car is coming in the dark. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第26頁7. 有沒有句：領(lǐng)有者+（沒）有+被領(lǐng)有者他有兩部小車。He has two cars. 8. 描寫句：主題語+描寫語（形容詞）這部小車很新。This car is brand-new.9. 說明句：主題語+說明語（名詞）這箱子八十磅。This box weighs eighty pounds. 英漢對比之剛性與柔性第27頁漢語中非邏輯表示盡管漢語能夠從功效意義劃分出幾大類型，但其表現(xiàn)形式仍十

17、分復(fù)雜。許多表示形式靈活多變，往往靠約定俗成。從形式看，似乎有不少非邏輯表示方式（illogical expressions）：曬太陽to bask in the sun吃食堂to have ones meals in the mess清掃衛(wèi)生to do some cleaning恢復(fù)疲勞to get refreshed英漢對比之剛性與柔性第28頁漢語缺乏形態(tài)改變，缺乏詞性標(biāo)識，較少使用連接詞，語句結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系較難分辨，因而語法歧義現(xiàn)象也比較多：兩個鄉(xiāng)干部two village cadrescadres from two villages雞不吃了。The chicken has stopped e

18、ating.I wont eat any more chicken.英漢對比之剛性與柔性第29頁漢語偏重意會，略于形式，因而脫離一定語境語句也較輕易產(chǎn)生語法歧義：準(zhǔn)備了兩年食物對于他態(tài)度英漢對比之剛性與柔性第30頁英語語法歧義 英語受形態(tài)改變規(guī)則約束，語法歧義比漢語少。英語語法歧義主要見于表意形式含糊結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是模棱兩可修飾關(guān)系：He loves the dog more than his wife. than he loves his wife than his wife loves the dog英漢對比之剛性與柔性第31頁（二）、漢語流散型句式成因漢語里有整句（full sentence），也有零句（minor sentence）。整句有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；零句沒有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，由詞或詞組組成。零句是漢語基本句型，能夠作整句主語，也能夠作整句謂語。整句由零句組成，復(fù)雜多樣，靈活多變.整句與零句混合交織，組成了流水句。這種句式口語及書面語中均不乏其例。英漢對比之剛性與柔性第32頁河面大小船只泊定后，莫不點了小小油燈，拉了篷。各個船上皆在后艙燒了火，用鐵鼎罐煮飯，飯燜熟后，又換鍋子熬油，嘩把蔬菜倒進熱鍋里去。一切齊全了，各人蹲在艙板上三碗五碗把腹中填滿后，天已夜了。After the boats large and sma