1、關于財務報表分析雙語第一張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #2 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1、你是如何理解“雙語課程”( bilingual teaching)的？2、通過本學期雙語課程的學習，你期望得到哪些收獲與提高？3、在本學期的學習過程中，你期望從老師那里獲得哪些幫助？第二張

2、，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Course Title: Financial Reporting AnalysisLectured By: Jinxun TAN (譚津璕）My Email Address: tanjinxunCourse Objectives: Know well a

3、bout financial reportingImprove English proficiency (4 skills esp. R&W)Cultivate independent learning ability (Search & Research)Course Introduction第三張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #4 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly

4、 accessible website, in whole or in part. Course RequirementsSelf-learning before each lecture (Learn in group; 1 chapter/week)Attentive listening in class (Take notes)Active participation in class (Ask & answer questions)Good performance on assignments第四張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #5 2011

5、 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Main questionsWhy FS analysis is neededWho need FSInformation available to users第五張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #6 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rig

6、hts Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Why FS analysis is neededInformation asymmetry is the foundation of accounting theory and FS analysis which causes:Adverse selectionMoral hazard 第六張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1,

7、Slide #7 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Financial statements dont fully reflect firms true economic position because:Accounting recognition and measurement dont correspond with eco

8、nomic events;Financial statements dont reflect the whole economic events (assets, liabilities);Management choice of accounting methods;Accounting principles differ in different country.第七張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #8 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied o

9、r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Who need FSCreditors and equity investorsGovernment (executive and legislative branches), regulatory bodies, and tax authoritiesThe general public and special interest groups, labor unions, suppliers and costumer第八張，PPT共五

10、十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #9 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Equity investors and creditors are the primary users. Hence, financial accounting standards are geared to the purpo

11、ses and perceptions of investors and creditors. 第九張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #10 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Information available to usersPrincipal financial stateme

12、ntsOther source of financial informationRole of auditor第十張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction toFinancial ReportingChapter 1第十一張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Cha

13、pter 1, Slide #12 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The U.S financial reporting system第十二張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #13 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not

14、be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. GAAPU.S GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Standards是由會計師協會(APB)和財務會計準則委員會(FASB)，SEC在意見書和公報中所規定的會計準則、方法和程序所組成的。企業會計人員記錄、匯總會計數據和編制會計報表所必須遵循，也是審計人員審核企業會計報表的依據。 第十三張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #

15、14 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Development of GAAP 1934年美國國會依據證券交易法成立證券交易委員會（SEC），授權其進行會計立法，以彌補資本市場會計法規的空白，增強財務報告透明性及相關性，并重建投資者信心。SEC頒布的會計準則分為三類：財務信息披露規則，是會計報表呈報格式及內容的管理條例；財務報告文

16、件，匯集SEC對會計和審計的觀點；工作人員會計公告，匯總SEC對證券法中披露條款的解釋和對披露管理的說明。第十四張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #15 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Securities and Exchange CommissionSecurities Act of

17、 1933Regulates IPOs (initial public offerings)Securities Exchange Act of 1934Regulates secondary market and national exchangesSEC was created by this ActSEC has the authority to determine GAAPRegulation S-X describes disclosure requirements第十五張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #16 2011 Cengage Le

18、arning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. GAAPGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in United StatesMajor Sources of GAAPSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC)American Institute of Certified Pub

19、lic Accountants (AICPA)Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)第十六張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #17 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. AICPAs Role in GAAPOrganizationYears o

20、f ActivityIssuedCommittees on Accounting Procedures & Terminology1939.1959Accounting Research Bulletins (ARBs)Accounting Principles Board1959.1973APB Opinions(APBOs)第十七張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #18 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or p

21、osted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The FASBThe FASB is a nongovernmental body （非政府組織或機構）with seven full-time members. The board sets accounting standards （制定會計準則） for all companies issuing audited financial statement. The FASB is an independent body （獨立機構）whose members are

22、required to sever （斷絕）all ties with previous employers.第十八張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #19 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The FASBFinancial Accounting Standards BoardPromu

23、lgates GAAPSFASs: Statements of Financial Accounting StandardsInterpretations of SFASs, APBOs, and ARBsTechnical BulletinsStatement of Financial Accounting ConceptsConceptual FrameworkStatements of Accounting Concepts (not GAAP)第十九張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #20 2011 Cengage Learning. All

24、Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FASB StructureExhibit 1-1第二十張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #21 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publi

25、cly accessible website, in whole or in part. FASB organizational structure 第二十一張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #22 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FASB Operating ProcedureTopi

26、c is added to the technical agendaPublic comments solicited(征求意見）Discussion Memorandum（備忘錄)Invitation to CommentHolds hearing to review commentsIssues Exposure Draft第二十二張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #23 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

27、posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FASB Conceptual FrameworkA system of interrelated objectives and underlying conceptsServes as the basis for evaluating existing standards of financial accounting and reportingSFACsStatements of Financial Accounting Concepts第二十三張，PPT共五十九頁，

28、創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #24 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Objectives of Financial Reporting (SFAC 1)Provide information useful in making business and economic decisionsInformat

29、ion is comprehensible(可理解性的） to those having a reasonable understanding of business and economic activitiesHelps users to assess future cash flowsPrimary focus is earnings and its componentsInformation is provided about economic resources and the claims against those resources第二十四張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年

30、6月Chapter 1, Slide #25 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. A Hierarchy (分層）of Accounting QualitiesSource: “Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information.” Adapted from Figure 1

31、in FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2 (Stamford, Conn.: Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1980).Exhibit 1-2第二十五張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #26 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible web

32、site, in whole or in part. Elements of Financial Statements (SFAC 6)AssetsProbable future economic benefits obtained or controlled; the result of past business transactionsLiabilitiesObligations to transfer assets or provide services in the future; the result of past business transactionsEquityThe o

33、wners residual interest in the assets after deducting liabilities第二十六張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #27 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Elements of Financial Statements (SFAC

34、 6) (cont)Investments by ownersIncreases in equity due to transfers of value for the purpose of obtaining or increasing ownershipDistribution to ownersDecrease in equity resulting from transfer of asset, rendering of service, or incurrence of liabilities by the entity to ownersComprehensive incomeTh

35、e change in equity during a period due to nonowner transactions, events, and circumstances第二十七張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #28 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Elements of F

36、inancial Statements (SFAC 6) (cont)RevenuesInflows and other enhancements of revenue or reductions of liabilities from delivering or providing goods or services related to the central operationsExpensesOutflows or consumption of assets from delivering or providing goods or services related to the ce

37、ntral operationsGainsIncreases in equity from peripheral transactions of the entityLossesDecreases in equity from peripheral transactions of the entity第二十八張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #29 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a pu

38、blicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Recognition and Measurement (SFAC 5)To be recognized an item should beOne of the defined elementsMeasurable with sufficient reliabilityBased on information that isRelevantReliableMeasurement attributesHistorical cost/proceedsCurrent costCurrent market

39、valueNet realizable (settlement) valuePresent (discounted) value of future cash flows第二十九張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #30 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Recognition and Me

40、asurement (SFAC 5)(contd)A full set of financial statements for a period should showFinancial position at the end of the periodEarnings (net income)Comprehensive income (total nonowner change in equity)Cash flows during the periodInvestments by and distributions to owners during the period第三十張，PPT共五

41、十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #31 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. American Institute of Certified Public AccountantsPre-1973ARB (ARBs)APB Opinions (APBOs)Post-1972Accounting Standa

42、rds DivisionAccounting Standards Executive CommitteeIndustry Audit GuidesIndustry Accounting GuidesStatements of PositionPart of GAAP第三十一張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #32 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible

43、website, in whole or in part. Emerging Issues Task ForceEstablished by the FASB (1984)IdentifiesEmerging issues affecting reportingProblems in implementing authoritative pronouncementsAbility to react quicklyIssues statements that are part of GAAP第三十二張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #33 2011 Ce

44、ngage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. A New RealityMajor financial failuresEnronWorldComMajor legislation: Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Public Companies Accounting Oversight BoardImpact on the AICP

45、As role in audit standard settingFee-based financial supportCEOs and CFOs must certify financial statement disclosuresSection 404 requires companies to document adequate internal controls and proceduresFASB Accounting Standards Codification (Codification)2009 single source of authoritative U.S. GAAP

46、 and FASB第三十三張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #34 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Annual Report on Internal Control SystemsRequired by the SEC to includeA statement of manageme

47、nts responsibilities for established and maintaining an adequate systemIdentification of the framework used to evaluate the internal controlsA statement as to whether or not the internal control system is effective as of year-endThe disclosure of any material weaknesses in the systemA statement that

48、 the companys auditors have issued an audit report on managements assessment（估計）第三十四張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #35 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Public Company Acco

49、unting Oversight Board (PCAOB)Created by the Sarbanes-Oxley ActAn arm of the SEC5 members: 2 CPAs, 3 non-CPAsPromulgates auditing standards for companies subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley ActAICPA still issues auditing standards for non-public companies第三十五張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #36 2011

50、Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FASB Accounting Standards CodificationProvide single source of authoritative U.S. GAAP 2009 Codification organized in a tiered structure.- Organized in ei

51、ght areas from industry-specific to general financial statement matters. - Electronic real time updates.第三十六張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #37 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

52、 Traditional Assumptions of the Accounting ModelBusiness EntityGoing Concern (Continuity)Time PeriodMonetary UnitHistorical CostConservatismRealizationMatchingConsistencyFull DisclosureMaterialityIndustry PracticesTransaction ApproachCash BasisAccrual Basis第三十七張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #

53、38 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Business EntityThe business entity is separate and distinct from the owners of the entityThe entity is an economic unit that stands on its own第三十八

54、張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #39 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Going Concern (Continuity)The entity will remain in business for an indefinite period of timeDisregards pos

55、sibility of liquidation or bankruptcyImpacts how assets and liabilities are measured and reportedFinancial statements must disclose if the presumption of continuity is not applicable第三十九張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #40 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied o

56、r duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Time PeriodFinite reporting periods applied to the presumed indefinite life of a businessNatural business yearCalendar yearFiscal year52-53 Week fiscal yearAllows measurement of the results of operations prior to the liqu

57、idation of a business entitys life第四十張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #41 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Monetary UnitStandard of measure for business transactionsU.S. dollar

58、for domestic entitiesSupplementary disclosure of inflation-adjusted financial data currently not required by U.S. GAAP第四十一張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #42 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in who

59、le or in part. Historical CostOften used because it is objective and determinableAcceptable deviationsWhen it becomes apparent that the historical cost cannot be recovered (justified by the conservatism concept)Where specific standards call for another measurement attribute such as current market va

60、lue, net realizable value, or present value第四十二張，PPT共五十九頁，創作于2022年6月Chapter 1, Slide #43 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ConservatismSelect from various measures of valueEach of the