1、StaphylococcusClassificationMorphology and cell structurePathogenic mechanism and substancesInfection and potential transmissionLaboratory diagnosis Clinical management and preventionFramework of Minimum and Essential Information of a Given BacteriaClassification: A general view of the biological ev

2、olution and characteristics shared by the family membersMorphology and cell structure: For diagnosis by microscopy, better understanding of pathogenesis, potential development of vaccine and diagnosis technology based on immunology and molecular biology principles.Practical significance of the infor

3、mationClassificationMorphology and cell structurePathogenic mechanism and substancesInfection and potential transmissionLaboratory diagnosis Clinical management and preventionThe Framework of Minimum and Essential Information of a Given BacteriaSurface molecules with potential immunogenicity Potenti

4、al antigen molecules which evoke CMI or antibody responseReceptor-based ligand search and evaluationRisk assessment of immunogenicity like super-Ag and those may stimulate autoimmunity and/or allergyDifferentiation of pathogenic and protective AgCell Structure for vaccine development Classification

5、of immunoglobulinsMechanisms of anti-infection through AbKinetics of antibody responseNeed for change of Ab response by vaccinationAntibody and immunityNeutralizing Ab and serological evidence of protectionCirculation antibody or surface antibody?Co-factors involved in Ab protection like NK in ADCC

6、processPotential risk of germ releasing and autoimmune disordersCan Ab protect a vaccinee against infection ?Epidemiology survey of pathogenic strain and global (local) distributionImmunological bio-marker of natural infection and its significance in vaccination program designImmuno-bridging with cl

7、inical evidence based on genotyping tree profileTyping of pathogensFlora of human bodyThe Family Tree of StaphylococcusStaph. aureusStaph. SaprophyticusStaph. EpidermidisMicrococcusStaphylococcusPlanococcusMicrococcaceaeMorphology & identification 1. Spherical cells about 1 m in diameter arrange in

8、irregular clusters G+ 2. Nonmotile Non-spore forming L-forms 3. Grow on most bacteriologic media, aerobic 3537C (2025C is best for the pigments synthesis)The StaphylococciMorphology & identification 4. Colonies: round, smooth, raised (clinical significance?) color: S. Aureus - deep yellow S. epiderm

9、idis - white to gray 5. Fermentation Ferment many carbohydrates producing lactic acid but no gas ! (clinical significance?)The StaphylococciThe StaphylococciStaphylococcusStaphylococcus aureus聚糖骨架（N-乙酰胞壁酸）-1,4糖苷鍵（N-乙酰葡萄糖胺）肽聚糖聚糖骨架NAMNAG-1,4糖苷鍵（N-乙酰胞壁酸）（N-乙酰葡萄糖胺）肽聚糖四肽側鏈四肽側鏈五肽交聯橋肽聚糖 （革蘭氏陽性菌）四肽側鏈Antigen

10、ic Structure Protein A ( Jeansons protein) Toxins & Enzymes 1. Catalase: hydrogen peroxide water + O2 2. Coagulase 3. Exotoxins toxin (hemolysin) toxin OthersAntigenic Structure of Staphylococci Toxins & Enzymes 4. Leukocidin 5. TSST-1 6. Enterotoxin (AF) all six toxins are produced by 50% S. Aureus

11、 (biological significance of typing toxin?)Pathogenic factors of StaphylococciSEpidermidis The member of normal flora of skin，respiratory tract，gastrointestinal tract.Pathogenic effect of S. Aureus Invasive properties + extracellular factors bactermia food poisning abcessessPathogenic S. Aureus usua

12、lly show yellow colour, coagulase and hemolysisPathogenisis of Staphylococci Stye 麥粒腫Carbuncle 癰Impetigo：膿皰瘡Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal infectionsSkin and wound infectionInfections associated with indwelling devicesExfoliation caused by Staphylococcus infection1. Sampling2. Smear3. Culture4. Cata

13、lase test5. Coagulase test Immunologic method6. TypingSensitivity patternsPhage typingDiagnostic lab. TestsA. MicroscopyB. Primary media ( BAP )C. Differential Tests. Mannitol Salts Coagulase DNase D. Phage typing (if necessary for what?) LaboratoryPotential positive resultOf isolation bacteria from

14、 Infection focus The infections Caused by Staphylococci & treatment Abscesses drainage + antibiotics Osteomyelitis antibiotics Bacterium, endocarditis, pneumonia antibiotics Treatment and prevention Prevention of Staphylococcus infectionHygiene approaches applied in community environmentInfection co

15、ntrol in health institutesIdiotypic vaccinationTreatment and prevention Mutates DNADestroys proteins and enzymesBlocks molecule passage into cellAntibacterial Action of SilverToxin B, a new risk of terrorist attack by the spreading of aerosol in: Subway system Any place with crowd populationTreatment and prevention MRSA：二十一世紀最大的健康威脅之一MRSA：耐甲氧青霉素的金黃色葡萄球菌中國大城市醫院中，MRSA 占葡萄球菌感染的65% 75%MRSA 由醫院環境向社區環境擴散是全球性的趨勢空氣污染是否有可能成為MRSA 污染的途徑之一？SulphonamidesTetra