1、信息檢索與文獻閱讀（化學0701-0702） 2009年9月3日第一部分 化學專業(yè)基礎英語閱讀 （20學時）第二部分 英文閱讀材料 （12學時）第三部分 信息檢索 （16學時）第一章 作為定量科學和物質科學的化學第二章 原子、分子和離子第三章 氣態(tài)第四章 熱化學第五章 有機化合物和基團的命名第六章 無機化學、有機化學、物理化學、分 析化學和生物化學化學術語 第一部分 化學專業(yè)基礎英語閱讀（20學時）第二部分 英文閱讀材料（12學時）第一章 松香酸度的標準測試方法 第二章 族半導體制備的新方法：InP納米晶 的超聲化學合成 第三章 分子離子材料的計算機模擬 第四章 銷售合同 第五章 專利說明書

2、第六章 透射Laue法的X射線衍射 第三部分 信息檢索（16學時）第一章 信息檢索基礎 第二章 超星圖書館 第三章 中國期刊網(wǎng) 第四章 維普 第五章 工程索引（Ei） 第六章 美國化學文摘（CA） 第七章 專利 教材和參考書：1、魏高原， 化學專業(yè)基礎英語知識（I）（Introductory Chemistry Speciality English）， 北京大學出版社，2004。 2、 Reading Materials (自編講義) 。3、 陳英，科技信息檢索（第二版），科學出版社，2005。4、 萬錫仁， Information Retrieval and Related Reading

3、Materials，（待出版）。5、 美 Philip Ball 著，魏高原等注釋， 化學專業(yè)基礎英語（II）， 北京大學出版社，2001。 課堂教學內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課教學要求說明詞匯預習課文閱讀理解第二節(jié)課課文閱讀理解（續(xù)）答疑布置課后作業(yè)課堂書面練習Chapter 1 Chemistry as a Quantitative Science and a Science of Matter第一章 作為定量科學和物質科學的化學一、教學要求掌握：1、化學測量中基本數(shù)字、單位和有 效數(shù)字的運算規(guī)則；2、原子結構、 原子與元素以及物質的概念；3、有 關專業(yè)英語詞匯。熟悉：化學變化的本質。了解：原子結構測

4、定的經(jīng)典實驗。 二、 詞匯(New words and expressions)swamp 沼澤地 rusting 生銹 curiosity 好奇心 irritation 刺激, 疼痛 rotten (rot) 腐爛的 a multitude of 許多的,大量的 mixture 混合物quantitative 定量的 accumulate積聚, 堆積 physical property 物理性質 significant figure 有效數(shù)字 instrument 儀器 analytical balance 分析天平 random error 隨機誤差 precision 精密度二、 詞匯

5、(New words and expressions) systematic error 系統(tǒng)誤差 accuracy 精確性 ambiguous (ambiguity )含糊不清的 decimal point 小數(shù)點 arithmetic 算術, 算法 round to 把四舍五入 addition and subtraction multiplication and division scientific notation 科學記數(shù)法 二、 詞匯 (New words and expressions) metric system 米制 discipline 學科 atmosphere 大氣壓

6、 dimensional method 量綱法 conversion factor 轉換因子 figure out 推斷 atom and element 原子和元素（單質） abbreviation 縮寫 二、 詞匯 (New words and expressions)Aluminum Al Carbon C Nitrogen N Silicon SiArsenic As Chlorine ClOxygen O Sulfur SBromine Br Chromium Cr Phosphorus P Uranium UCalcium Ca Hydrogen H Platinum Pt Zin

7、c Zn二、 詞匯 (New words and expressions)Antimony Sb Copper Cu Gold Au Iron Fe Lead Pb Mercury Hg Potassium K Silver Ag Sodium Na Tin Sn Tungsten W二、 詞匯 (New words and expressions)nucleus (nuclei )原子核proton 質子neutron 中子football stadium 足球場marble大理石,石子atomic number 原子序數(shù) mass number 質量數(shù)pure substance 純凈物二

8、、 詞匯 (New words and expressions)isotope 同位數(shù)homogeneous均勻的 solution 溶液intermingle 混合 heterogeneous 非均勻的 microscope 顯微鏡solute 溶質transition 轉變二、 詞匯 (New words and expressions)Length (l) meter ( or metre) mMass (m) kilogram kgTime (t) second sElectric current (I) ampere ATemperature (T) kelvin KLuminous

9、 intensity (Iv) candela (新)燭光(光度單位) cd發(fā)光強度Amount of substance (n) mole molSI Derived Physical Quantities and UnitsQuantity (symbol) Name of Unit (symbol) Derived UnitArea (A) square meter m2Volume (V) cubic meter m3Density () kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3Velocity (u) meter per second m/sPressure (p

10、) pascal (Pa) kg/(m.s2)Energy (E) joule (J) (kg.m2)/s2Frequency (v) hertz (Hz) 1/sQuantity of electricity (Q) coulomb (C) A . sElectromotive force (E) volt (V) (kg.m2)/(A.s3)電動勢Force(F) newton (N) kg.m/s2Prefixes for Multiples and Fractions of SI UnitsDecimal Location Prefix Prefix Symbol1012 tera T

11、109 giga G106 mega M103 kilo k102 hecto h10 deka da0.1 deci d10-2 centi c10-3 milli m10-6 micro 10-9 nano n10-12 pico P10-15 femto f10-18 atto .渺(微微微,毫塵) a三、課文的閱讀理解 學生閱讀課文510分鐘，教師指定學生逐段朗讀課文，并翻譯成中文，教師及時評講。 Chapter 2 Chemistry as a Quantitative Science and a Science of Matter作為定量科學和物質科學的化學2.1 Introduc

12、tion Every object in the world around you can be described in terms of chemistry. Many events that you can see occurring in nature involve chemical changes: the changing color of the leaves in the fall, the transformation of a pond into a swamp沼澤地, the rusting生銹of iron. Curiosity好奇心about what can be

13、 observed in the world has led to the study of chemistry. Lets describe what is seen in one specific chemical change. Two substances are involved. One is a black powdery solid. The other is a colorless liquid that causes irritation刺激, 疼痛if spilled on the skin. If some of the black solid is placed in

14、 a container and the liquid slowly added, things happen. The black solid begins to dissolve. The solution that is formed is not black, but very pale green. At the same time, a gas begins to bubble out of the solution. And the air is filled with a terrible smell, like that of rotten腐爛的 eggs. What a m

15、ultitude of adj.許多的,大量的 questions can be asked here. What are these substances? Why did the black solid dissolve? What was formed in its place? How much of the liquid does it take to dissolve all of the black solid? How much of the gas can be produced? How long did the change take? Will events speed

16、 up if we heat the mixture? If so, by how much per degree of temperature? Notice how many of the questions are quantitative ones. Observation and measurement both play vital roles in answering the questions of chemistry. A chemical change is not completely understood until it is understood quantitat

17、ively-in terms of measurements and numbers. Our understanding of chemistry is tested by making measurements. If a prediction is made based on what we think we understand, and if the prediction is shown to be correct by obtaining the predicted numbers in a quantitative test, we have greater confidenc

18、e in our understanding. In studying chemistry you will be presented with facts accumulated during hundreds of years of observation and measurement. You will also learn how the principles of chemistry are used to explain what has been observed. To test your understanding of chemical principles, you w

19、ill solve problems, frequently problems that utilize the results of measurements of physical properties.2.2 Numbers in Physical Quantities (物理量中的數(shù)字)Measurement and Significant Figures(測量和有效數(shù)字) (1) The result of measuring a physical property is expressed by a numerical value together with a unit of m

20、easurement, for example, 180 pounds 91 kilograms (2) Exact numbers are numbers with no uncertainty; they arise (產(chǎn)生)by directly counting whole items or by definition. Numbers that result from measurements are never exact. There is always some degree of uncertainty due to experimental errors: limitati

21、ons of the measuring instrument, variations in how each individual makes measurements, or other conditions of the experiment. (3) Significant figures in a number include all of the digits that are known with certainty, plus the first digit to the right that has an uncertain value. For example, the u

22、ncertainty in the mass of a powder sample, i.e. （也就是，即）3.1267g, as read from an analytical balance”, is 0.000 lg. (4) Errors in measurement:（4）測量誤差 (i) Random errors which result from uncontrolled variables in an experiment and affect precision-the reproducibility of the results of a measurement;(ii

23、) Systematic errors which can be assigned 分配, 指派to definite causes and affect accuracy the closeness to the true result of a measurement or an experiment. (1) The number of significant figures is found by counting from left to right, beginning with the first nonzero digit and ending with the digit t

24、hat has the uncertain value, e.g.,（舉例來說） 454(3) 0. 296(3) 7.31 (3) 0. 00846(3) 10.7(3) 1520(3) 1520. (4) N.B. (Lat.) 注意 (nota bene) Zeros at the end of a number given without a decimal point present a problem because they are ambiguous. In general, we recommend推薦 that such terminal zeros (should) be

25、 assumed to be not significant. The ambiguity is removed if a decimal point小數(shù)點is given; then all the zeros preceding the decimal point are significant 后跟賓語從句中的謂語常用“（should+）動詞原形”結構的動詞 . 堅持（insist），命令（order，command），建議（suggest，propose，advise，recommend）， . (2) Ex.（ Example 例如,例子）How many significant f

26、igures are in the numbers (a) 57, (b) 82.9, (c)340, (d) 700. , (e)10. 000, (f) 0.000002, (g) 0.0402, and (h) 0. 04020? 3. Arithmetic Using Significant Figures (利用有效數(shù)字的計算)(1) Addition and subtraction: Round the answer to the place (before or after the decimal point) with the greatest uncertainty, e.g

27、.,(2) Multiplication and division: Round the answer to the same number of significant figures as in the number with the fewest significant figures, e.g. 例如 (exempli gratia) (23.2)(0. 1257) = 2.91624 = 2.92 (3) Ex. Perform the following calculation and express the answer to the proper number of signi

28、ficant figures. 4. Scientific Notation（記數(shù)法)(Exponential Notation) (科學記數(shù)法) (1) In standard scientific notation the significant figures of a number are retained保持, 保留 in a factor between 1 and 10 and the location of the decimal point is indicated by a power of 10, e.g. 0. 0063 = 6.3 10-3 900,000,000 =

29、 9 108 (2) Arithmetic Using Scientific Notation (使用科學記數(shù)法計算)2.3 Units of Measurement (測量單位)1. Systems of Measurement（測量單位制） (1) The weight of an Englishman = 14 stone(英石，14 pounds) (89 kilograms) an American = 180 pounds (82 kilograms)(2) Metric system: 米制 devised by the French National Academy of Sc

30、iences in 1793.米制：1793年由法國國家科學院提出 (3) SI system n.國際單位制(for Systeme International): adopted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures國際計量局 in 1960, it is a revision and extension of the metric system. Scientists and engineers throughout the world in all disciplines are now being urged迫切要求t

31、o use only the SI system of units. (4) Equivalence between units (The equivalences marked by * are exact): 2. Units of Measurement in Chemistry( 化學的測量單位) Length: 1 = 10-10 m = 0. 1 nmVolume: 1 mL(milliliter=millilitre) = 10-3 L = 1 cm3 (centimeters) Mass and Weight: Both the SI and metric systems re

32、ly on the gram, and the multiples and fractions of the gram, as the units for mass作為質量的單位. Strictly speaking, weight should be expressed in units of force. In practice, however, the distinction between weight and mass is often ignored. Expressions such as weigh out 30 grams of this material”, or How

33、 many grams does that sample weigh? are often used. Density: g/cm3 = g/mLTemperature: There are three temperature scales: the SI scale, measured in Kelvin units; the Celsius or centigrade scale, measured in degrees Celsius (); and the Fahrenheit scale, measured in degrees Fahrenheit ().= ( +40)(5/9)

34、-40=(+40)(9/5)-40K=+273.15Heat and energy: 1 cal(calorie卡路里) = 4.184 JForce and pressure: 1N = 1kg m.s -2 1Pa= 1N/m2= 1kg/(m.s2)The units for pressure include atmospheres (atm), bars (bar), pounds per square inch (psi, n.磅/平方英寸), torr (Torr torr 托（真空度單位）,), and millimeters of mercury (mmHg). 2. 4 Th

35、e Dimensional Method and Problem Solving (量綱法和問題的求解) 1. The Dimensional Method (量綱法) (1) The numerical value of a measurement should always be expressed together with the correct unit. In a problem, units are multiplied, divided, and cancelled exactly as numbers would be. If the problem is correctly

36、 set up and worked, it should produce an answer in the correct units. 2. Conversion Factors (轉換因子) (1) The conversion of a physical quantity from one unit to another is done with conversion factors derived from the numerical relationship between the two units. Choosing the correct conversion factor

37、allows the cancellation of the unwanted units. Conversion factors or physical constants should include a sufficient number of significant figures so as not to affect the uncertainty of the answer. (If a conversion factor is an exact number it can be treated as having as many significant figures as n

38、eeded.)3. A Problem-Solving Method (1) To solve a problem, first make sure that you understand exactly what is known and what is unknown. Then try to figure out （推斷）how the knowns and unknowns in the problem are connected. Pay special attention to units and conversions. In setting up the problem and

39、 solving it, check to see if the answer emerges in the correct units. Make sure to obey the rules for the correct number of significant figures in the answer. Finally, see if the answer seems reasonable.四、答疑 一般情況下，爭對學生提出的問題進行個別答疑。1.Translate the technical terms in the text into Chinese by referring

40、to relevant dictionaries.2. (18 ) 01( (a),(b),(e),(k) );03( (a),(c) );073. Translate this text into Chinese.五、課后作業(yè)Exercises01 Perform the following calculations and express the answers in the proper number of significant figures.(a) 423.1+0.256+100 (b) 52. 987+9.3545+6.12(e) 14. 000/6.1 (k) (6.0+9.5

41、7+0.61)(1.113)03 Perform the following calculations and express the answer in standard scientific notation: (6.057103) + 9.35 (c) (4.5110-3)/ (8.78104) 07 The mass of an empty container is 66. 734 g. The mass of the container filled with water is 91. 786 g.Calculate the volume of the container using

42、 a density of 1. 0000 g/cm3 for water. A piece of metal was added to the empty container and the combined mass was 87. 807 g. (b) Calculate the mass of the metal. The container with the metal was filled with water and the mass of the entire system was 105. 408 g. (c) What mass of water was added? (d

43、) What volume of water was added? (e) What is the volume of the metal? (f) Calculate the density of the metal?01 Perform the following calculations and express the answers in the proper number of significant figures.(a) 423.1+0.256+100=500(b) 52. 987+9.3545+6.12=68.46(c) 14. 3920-4.4=10.0(d) (5183)(

44、2.2)=（11402.6）=11000(有兩位有效數(shù)字)(e) 14. 000/6.1=2.3(f) (6.11)()=19.2(g) (14.3)(60)=(858)=900 (60 有一位有效數(shù)字) (h) 1020/1.2=850 （2位）(i) (3.2)(454)/(8. 6214)=（168.51）=170(k) (6.0+9.57+0.61)(1.113)=18.0(l) (2.93)(14.7)+(1203)(0. 0296)+(9.38)(5.2)=(127.4558)=12703 Perform the following calculations and express

45、 the answer in standard scientific notation:(a) (6.057103) + 9.35=6.066103(b) (2.3510-14) - (7.110-15) =1.64 10-14(c) (4.5110-3)/ (8.78104) = 5.1410 - 8(d) (1812)(1492)/1979 = 1.36610 3 (7.3310-3)+(4.29101)/(5.8810-3)+(4.29101) =1.00(f) (5 km)(14.6)=(73) = 7 10 1 km (1位)預習內(nèi)容： 復習內(nèi)容：1、復習和整理本課文的專業(yè)詞匯；2、本課文的全文翻譯。 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 六、課堂練習swamprustingcuriosityirritationrottena multitude of mixture quantitative 1、翻譯下列詞匯： accumulate physical property significant figure instrument analytical balance random error precision systemati