1、英語旅游系2011級專八備考人文知識復(fù)習(xí)資料之英語國家概況 英語國家概況第一部分英國概況一、概述國名全稱:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland( 國旗(National Flag ):為橫長方形米字旗(Union Jack )，由深藍(lán) 底色和紅、白兩色組成。旗幟中央帶白邊的紅色十字代表英格 蘭守護(hù)神圣喬治，紅、白色交叉分別代表愛爾蘭守護(hù)神圣帕特 里克和蘇格蘭守護(hù)神圣安德魯。國徽(Natianal Emblem):即英國王徽。中心圖案為一枚盾徽， 其左上角和右下角分別有三只紅底金獅，象征英格蘭；右上角金底上半立狀的金獅象

2、征蘇格蘭；左下角藍(lán)底上金黃色豎琴象 征愛爾蘭。盾徽左右兩側(cè)各有一只頭戴王冠、分別代表英格蘭 和蘇格蘭的獅子和獨(dú)角獸護(hù)衛(wèi)。盾徽周圍用法語寫著“惡有惡 報(bào)”，下端懸掛著嘉德勛章，飾帶上則寫著“天有上帝，我有 權(quán)利”。國歌(Natio nal An them) : God Save the Quee n天佑女王 在位君主為男性則為 God Save the Kin g) 國慶日：按照歷史慣例，英國國慶日就是國王的生日。日立在六月的第二個(gè)星期四。)國花：玫瑰。首都：倫敦，英國及歐洲最大的城市，且為英國第一大港口，世界三大金融中心之一。語言:官方語言為英語，此外英國各地區(qū)有自己的通用語，如蘇格蘭語(Sc

3、ots )、蘇格蘭蓋爾語(ScottishGaelic )、凱爾特語(Cornish )、威爾士語(Welsh )、愛爾蘭語等(Irish )。英聯(lián)邦(the Comm on wealth ):前身是英帝國，由英國及其自治領(lǐng)和其他已獨(dú)立的前殖民地、附屬國組成。 成立于1931年，目前共有53個(gè)成員國。二、英國地理地理位置英國是大不列顛島和愛爾蘭島東北部及附近許多島嶼組成的島國。東瀕北海(North Sea);西鄰愛爾蘭，橫隔大西洋(Atlantic Ocean )，北過大西洋可達(dá)冰島；南穿英吉利海峽(English Channel)行33公里就到法國。行政區(qū)劃英國包括英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北

4、愛爾蘭四個(gè)部分。大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國$(如A C(英在位女王生日為四月，但因天氣原因，英國國慶En gla nd位于不列顛島南部面積最大、人口最多Scotla nd位于不列顛島北部首府為愛丁堡(Edinburgh)Welsh位于不列顛島西部首府為加的夫(Cardiff )Norther n Irela nd位于愛爾蘭島首府為貝爾法斯特(Belfast)3.地理特征 自測題：Most of the metropolis cities of Britain are located in the fertile soil.A. highla nd zone B. lowla nd zone C

5、. easter n zone D. wester n zone根據(jù)英國的地形特點(diǎn)，可以分為兩個(gè)自然區(qū)域：高地和低地(highland zone and lowland zone)。英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。威爾士、蘇格蘭和英格蘭的部分地區(qū)位于高地地區(qū)，這 里地形陡峭，山路崎嶇，氣候較低地地區(qū)更涼爽，降雨量較多，但陽光不夠充足，土壤貧痔低地平原地區(qū) 地勢平坦，降雨量較少而陽光充足，土壤更加肥沃。倫敦等大部分英國的大城市都位于此，大多數(shù)英國人 也居住在這里。,which enjoys more sunshine and more4山脈、河流與湖泊本尼維斯山(Ben Ne

6、vis )，英國最高的山峰，位于蘇格蘭西部的格蘭扁山脈，海拔達(dá)1344米。奔寧山脈 (the Pennine Cha in )，位于英格蘭北部，有“英格蘭脊梁”(backbo ne of En gla nd)之稱。泰晤士河(Thames River )，英國最重要的河流，也是英國第二大河，流經(jīng)倫敦。塞文河(Severn River)，英國第一大河。內(nèi)伊湖(Lough Neagh )，英國最大的淡水湖 (freshwater lake )，位于北愛爾蘭。5氣候英國屬中緯海洋性氣候 (mid-latitude oceanic climate )，夏季不太炎熱，冬季也不太寒冷，全年降雨量充足(P l

7、e ntiful p reci pi tld on timoughout the year)。盡管天氣變幻莫測，但全年氣溫變化幅度小(Te mp eraturevariations throughout the year are relatively small.)。人口is the least.自測題：In Britain, is the most densely populated whileA. England, Scotland B. England, WelshC. England， North Ireland D. Welsh, ScotlandAs the most densel

8、y populated area, England makes up more than of the total population.A. 60 %B . 70 %C. 80 %D. 90 %84 %，蘇格蘭8. 5%，威爾士 5%,而北愛爾蘭不到 3%。英國人口相對密集，到 2008年英國居住人口達(dá) 60,943,912，平均年齡為39歲。其中英格蘭人口最為 密集而蘇格蘭最稀疏。英格蘭人口占總?cè)丝诘募s主要城市年真題）C. Ma nchester自測題：D. LondonThe capital of Scotland is . (2009A. GlasgowB. Edin burgh倫敦：

9、英國首都，也是英國政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化中心，位于英格蘭東南部平原上。在行政區(qū)劃上它包括處于核心部分的倫敦城和“大倫敦”地區(qū)；后者又分為12個(gè)內(nèi)倫敦鎮(zhèn)和20個(gè)外倫敦鎮(zhèn)。倫敦最著名的景點(diǎn)有威斯敏斯特教堂 (the Westmi nster Abbey)、倫敦塔(the Tower of Lon do n)、格林威治天文臺原址(thehistoric settleme nt of Gree nwich )、白金漢宮(Buck in gham P alace)以及大本鐘(the Big Ben)等。愛丁堡(Edinburgh ):蘇格蘭首府及其經(jīng)濟(jì)文化中心。愛丁堡大學(xué)位于此，每年舉辦一場國際性的音 樂藝術(shù)

10、節(jié)加的夫(Cardiff ):威爾士首府及重要港口，是一個(gè)工業(yè)化城市，威爾士經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的發(fā)動機(jī)。貝爾法斯特(Belfast):北愛爾蘭首府及其第一大城市，也是愛爾蘭島的第二大城市。伯明翰(Birmingham):英國第二大城市，是一座位于英格蘭中部的大型工業(yè)城市。曼徹斯特(Manchester):又稱“棉都” (Cottonopolis )，在工業(yè)革命時(shí)期以其棉紡織業(yè)聞名于世，目前 為英國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長最快的城市之一。格拉斯哥(Glasgow):蘇格蘭地區(qū)最大的城市，英國第三大城市，制造業(yè)和造船業(yè)中心。利物浦(Liverpool ):位于英格蘭的西北部，英國第二大港口。曾是英國最富有的城市，自20世紀(jì)

11、60年代成為青年文化中心，為“甲殼蟲”樂隊(duì)的誕生地。三、歷史自測題： The majority of the current population in the UK respectively EXCEPT .(2007 年真題)A. the An glosB. the CeltsC. the Jutes封建時(shí)代以前are decedents of all the following tribesD. the Saxons伊比利亞人是英國已知的最早居民。從公元前700年至公元前100年有三次蓋爾人入侵浪潮。早期居民羅馬統(tǒng)治時(shí)期(55B. C. -410 A. D.)公元前55到54年，愷撒兩次

12、率部隊(duì)入侵英國但并未真正占領(lǐng)。羅馬統(tǒng)治始于公元43年，在道路建設(shè)和基督教方面影響較為突出，且集中于上層貴族，但在語言和文化方面，尤其對普通大眾未帶來太大影響。Between 55 and 54 B. C. , Julius Caesar invaded Britain twice. But it was only nominal conquest for 96 years. The real conq uest bega n in 43 A. D. and lasted for almost 350 years.The Roma ns n ever did succeed in subdu i

13、ng all of Brita in. One of the greatest achieveme nts of the Roma n Empire was its system of roads . The in flue nee of Roma n thought survived in Brita in only through the Church . Romanization was not successful in other areas like Ianguage and culture .The result ing growth of the civilizati on u

14、n der the in flue nee of the Roma ns was more obvious in urba n areas and on the aristocracy while the vast majority of the populace remained relatively untouched .盎格魯一撒克遜時(shí)代盎格魯一撒克遜人在5世紀(jì)中期定居于此，他們在很大程度上決定了后世英國人的傳統(tǒng)、語言及外貌特征。基督教在此時(shí)成為將七個(gè)獨(dú)立王國維系在一起的唯一紐帶。到8世紀(jì)丹麥人開始入侵英國，后來“艾爾弗雷德大王”擊敗丹麥人并逐漸統(tǒng)一英國。Angl o-Sax on p

15、eriodAbout the middle of the 5th century , the Germanic tribesAnglo-Saxons ”settled.English people owe much of their tradition, Ianguage, and p hysical heritage to these in vaders.Christia nity came; the church was a very important force; the only truly national entity tying together the differe nt

16、An glo-Sax on kin gdoms .The seven kingdoms: Northumbria,Mercia, East An glia, Essex , Kent , Sussex and WessexIviki ng In vasi onBy the 8 century the Danish began to invade England in a successful way un til Alfred the Great, a young king of Wessex, defeated them.諾曼征服1066年愛德華國王死后無合法繼承人，諾曼底公爵威廉擊敗哈羅德

17、并于1066年被加冕為英格蘭國王。他以其強(qiáng)有力的統(tǒng)治建立了新的政府和貴族體系，英國的封建統(tǒng)治開始得到確立。上層教士隨世俗社會的 等級秩序被封建化。The Norma n Conq uestWhen Edward the Con fessor died in 1066 without a male heir, Harold claimed the thro ne.Duke of Norma ndy , who defeated Harold and wascrow nedWilliam I in London on Christmas Day, 1066./a new dynasty for E

18、ngland and a new aristocracythe weak Saxon rule rep laced with a strong Norma n government , with the feudal system compietely estab- fished in En gla ndThe upper ranks of the clergy were Norma ni zed and feudalized, following the pattern of lay society, with the atte ndant cha nges in the relatio n

19、s of Church and State.封建時(shí)代William sRule(1066 1087);法語為王室和上威廉統(tǒng)治時(shí)期君主制得到確立，各部落基于對國王的共同尊重組成了一個(gè)新的民族層貴族普遍使用，直到14世紀(jì)喬叟出現(xiàn)才有所改變。A strong Monarchy was established; from all the varying tribes that dwelled in England , with their mutually incomprehensible dialects and varying legal customs and traditions, a new

20、 nation was being forged out of thecom mon resp ect for the Kin gs writ.The French Ianguage became the Ianguage of the court and upper classes until the 14 th century( Geoffrey Chaucer).Domesday Book , the product of William I great survey of his realm in 1086He nry Ils Reform(1154 1189)金雀花王朝的創(chuàng)立者亨利二

21、世進(jìn)一步鞏固了王權(quán)，并實(shí)現(xiàn)了由普遍法代替封建法的改革。其獨(dú)特創(chuàng)新 之一在于12人陪審團(tuán)制度的建立。Henry , the founder of the Plantagenet Dynasty (金雀花王朝 ),also a scholar and churchman , one of the most po werful rulers in EuropeCivil and legal reform: Hen rys greatest acco mp lishme nt was to rep lace the feudal law by a body of royal or com mon la

22、w. A major inno vati on was the rep laceme nt of the older system of a swor n oath or an ordeal to establish truth by the jury of 12 swor n menMagna Carts(the Great Charter);它最重要的影響在于支持了與專制政府相對的1215年的大憲章被后人看成是現(xiàn)代英國憲法的基礎(chǔ)個(gè)人權(quán)利。In 1215, signed by John(11991216) under the force of the barons, later regard

23、ed as the basis of the moder n En glish con stituti on ; the most last ing effect of the somewhat vague con diti ons of the Magna Carts was the up holdi ng of in dividual rights aga inst arbitrary gover nmentthe P arliame nt1265年蒙特福德爵士第一次召集了由平民參加的議會，成為英國歷史上的一個(gè)里程碑。Under Henry III Sreign , in 1265 , c

24、alled by Simon de Montfort , the Parliament in which commoners sat for the first time was p roduced as the milest one of the En glish history.the Hun dred YearsWar(1337 1453)由于封建領(lǐng)地，更由于經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的沖突而持續(xù)一百年的多場英法戰(zhàn)爭，法國最后獲得了勝利。giving impetus to ideas of both French and English nationalitysignificanee |the first

25、 sta nding armiesin Wester n Europe in troducedthe growing bourgeoisie pushed onto a higher rung of the social ladderthe fall of the French Ian guage in En gla ndwas con firmedthe Black Death(1348)400萬人，死亡人數(shù)就達(dá) 150萬，勞動力中世紀(jì)由于鼠疫而在歐洲蔓延的傳染病，當(dāng)時(shí)人口大約共有 缺乏導(dǎo)致許多貴族從農(nóng)耕農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向畜牧業(yè)。estimated total of 4 millio nsp read

26、 by rat fleaskilled 1.5 million of anfor the lack of manpo wer, grain farming became less popular while many lords turned to shee p farmingWat Tyler s Uprising(1381)本次農(nóng)民起義標(biāo)志著中世紀(jì)的農(nóng)奴制開始走向沒落。Its one of a number of popular revolts in late medieval Europe ，in fighting against the Poil Tax in 1380 ，the th

27、ird of such taxes in four years.It marked the begi nning of the end of serfdom in medieval En gla nd.the War of the Roses(14551485)(Henry Tudor, Henry VII)獲勝并建立都14551485年間紅白玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭，蘭開斯特家族后代亨利都鐸鐸王朝，標(biāo)志著歐洲現(xiàn)代世界的開端。House of York, white rose|House of Lan caster, red rose1commercial-m in ded gentry in the Sou

28、thWbackward Ian dow ners in the North and WestrThe ending of the war marked the ending of the Middle Ages in European history and the begi nning of moder n world .3.走向現(xiàn)代英國(15-18世紀(jì))Henry VHI(1509 1547)a nd the Reformati on在亨利八世統(tǒng)治下英國擺脫羅馬天主教會控制成為獨(dú)立英格蘭教會，國王成為世俗和宗教雙重意義上 的首腦，即英國作為一個(gè)民族國家的真正首腦；英國從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教國家。

29、In 1530s，the Church of England separated from Roman Catholicism. The king of England became thehead of both the secular and religious world; he became the real head of England as a nation state .Elizabeth 1(1558 1603):英格蘭教會保持都鐸時(shí)代最后一任君主，終身未婚以最大限度保證國家利益，深受愛戴，成果卓著 了其國教地位；擊敗西班牙無敵戰(zhàn)艦表明其海軍力量增強(qiáng)。The last Tud

30、or mon arch ， n ever got married for the good of the n ati on; one of the most glorious rulers in En glish historyA secure Church of En gla nd was established, a compro mise betwee n Roma n Catholicism and P rotesta ntism.The destructi on of the Spanish Armada showed En gla nds sup eriority as a n a

31、val po wer.the En glish Ren aissa nee16世紀(jì)初到17世紀(jì)英格蘭一場文化藝術(shù)運(yùn)動the greatest En glish huma nistSir Thomas More ( Utopia )forest dramatistsChrist op her Marlowe, Ben Joh nson, William Shakes pearenon-dramatic po etsEdmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, Shakespeare and John Donne, JohnMilton ( Paradise Lost)p roge

32、 nitor of En glish materialismFrancis Bac onthe Civil Wars(1642 1651)伊麗莎白去世后，詹姆斯一世和查爾斯一世過于專權(quán)，引起議會不滿。1642年戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)，議會獲勝,查爾斯一世1649年遭處決。1653 1659年英國采用共和政體，克倫威爾為護(hù)國公。In 1642 , the war broke out.P arliame ntary victoryin 1651executi on of Charles Iin 1649Protectorate ( 1653 1659)underOliver Cromwell and his s

33、onRestoratio n (1660)1660年長期流亡在外的查爾斯二世應(yīng)新議會要求回國成為新的國王，即王政復(fù)辟。Since a king was an in tegral part of their history and a source of great n ati onal p ride whe n thi ngs went well En gla nd was tired of being without a king.crow ned in April 1660.Glorious Revoluti on (1688 )由于詹姆斯二世企圖恢復(fù)天主教地位，王位。由于這場占領(lǐng)沒有流一

34、滴血，因此史稱開端。Charles II retur ned with big welcomeof a London mob and was1688年英議會邀請信奉新教的荷蘭奧蘭治親王威廉入侵并奪取“光榮革命”。它標(biāo)志著英國封建主義的結(jié)束和資本主義的In 1688, king James II of England was overthrown by a union of P arliame ntaria ns with an in vadi ng army led by the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange .The Bill of Rights (

35、1689) was p assed, con firm ing the principle of p arliame ntary sup remacy. Autocratic mon archy was rep laced with a con stituti onal mon archy .It marked the end of medieval period the period of feudalism and the beginning of the modern period the period of capitalism .1707年“聯(lián)合法案”統(tǒng)一英格蘭和蘇格蘭，不列顛形成。

36、Britain came into being in 1707 with the Act of Union which united England and Scotland in the reign of his successor Anne.英語旅游系2011級專八備考人文知識復(fù)習(xí)資料之英語國家概況 英語旅游系2011級專八備考人文知識復(fù)習(xí)資料之英語國家概況Whigs and Tories輝格和托利兩黨名皆源于光榮革命，輝格派主張改革而托利派反對改革。The Whigsthose who opposed to the religious policies of Charles II and

37、 favored reformLiberalThe Toriesmonarchists , who favored royal authority， the established church and the traditional political structure and opposed parliamentary reformCon servativeEnclosure圈地運(yùn)動大規(guī)模圈地運(yùn)動始于都鐸時(shí)代 ；18 19世紀(jì)，議會通過“圈地法案”。一方面，許多農(nóng)民流離失所，且 對雇主依賴性增強(qiáng)。但另一方面，它利于改進(jìn)農(nóng)耕手段，提高產(chǎn)量，利于資本積累和工業(yè)投資，還有助于 為工業(yè)發(fā)展提供足

38、夠的糧食和剩余勞動力。Piecemeal enclosure took place throughout the medieval p eriodsa significant rise during the Tudor p eriodDuring the 18 th and 19th centuries, theEnclosure Acts by the ParliamentPeasa ntHarmfarmersSigni fica neeweredispossessed of their land ; those who were empioyed were much more depend

39、ent on their owner.better farming methodsp ossiblean accumulafi on of cap ital abundant food for the in dustrial cen tersa steady supply of chea p and mobile labour for her in dustrializati on1. factors favorable to En gla nd英國首先實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)革命的有利因素Industrialization 工業(yè)革命:獨(dú)特地理位置；穩(wěn)定的政局；不干涉政策、議會主導(dǎo)地位；經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā) 展；農(nóng)業(yè)增一長

40、及剩余勞動力；自然資源；原材料；健全的貨幣體系和廉價(jià)資本；有利的社會和技術(shù)因素。Favorable FactorsGeogra phical situati onFavorable for trade and its own econo mic deve lopmentP olitical stability, laissez-faire p olicyA p arliame nt compo sed largely of cap italistic Ian dow ners and some mercha ntsEcono mic factorsPurchas ing po wer grow

41、 ing; con siderable marketsAgricultureGrow ing agricultural p roduct ion and a larger workforceNatural resourcesLocal supp lies of coal iron, lead, copper, tin, limest one and water po wer; damp, mild weather con diti on in the North WestRaw materialsAbundant and chea p fuel an dmaterials , mainly a

42、t home but also in her coloniesSound mon etary system and chea p cap italThe successes in tradi ng op eratio ns, large scale agriculture and exte nsive n etwork of banksSocial factorsLess rigid structure; early British in dustrialists with enterp rise and man agerial skillTech no logical factorsA lo

43、ng accumulatio n of scie ntific kno wledge; the rising dema nd n eces sitated new tech niq ues and inven tio nValue systemP rotesta nt work ethic3. consequences工業(yè)革命為英國帶來了新一代工業(yè)家，工業(yè)生產(chǎn)極大繁榮，成為“世界工廠”；城鎮(zhèn)興起，大城市在中北部出現(xiàn)并成為國家財(cái)富的來源 ；階級結(jié)構(gòu)簡化，中產(chǎn)階級占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位 ；無產(chǎn)階級出現(xiàn)，勞資關(guān)系惡 化，工會出現(xiàn)。The new in dustrialistsapp eared and in

44、dustrial p roduct ion prosp ered;Towns grew up and many big cities sprang up in Central and Northern England ，and became the sources of the n ati ons wealth;The class structure was simplified and the middle class became the ruling element in the society;A class of proletariat appearedand relations b

45、etween capital and labor were aggravated; The trade unioncame into being.4.19世紀(jì)英國The Chartist Moveme nt (1836 1848);人民憲章憲章運(yùn)動是19世紀(jì)中期一場政治和社會運(yùn)動，這或許是世界上第一場大規(guī)模工人運(yùn)動 中的六條要求后來基本實(shí)現(xiàn)，為英國后來實(shí)現(xiàn)普選權(quán)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。Parliame ntary Reforms:(1832 1885)經(jīng)歷過多次改革后普通大眾基本獲得19世紀(jì)英國經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的發(fā)展使民眾要求改革的呼聲日益增強(qiáng)， 了選舉權(quán)，英國社會變得更加民主。the Reform Bill

46、of 1832 Newly formed in dustrial tow ns were now rep rese nted in p arliame nt and the urba n middle class had an increasing voice(the act extended the right to vote to any man owning a household worth 10).In 1867 , the Great Reform Bill fin ally en ded the Chartist Moveme nt Forty-five new seats we

47、re created , and the vote was give n to many work ing men as well as tenants of small farms.The 1884 Third Reform Act and 1885 Redistributi on Act trip led the electorate aga in, givi ng the vote to most agricultural laborers. By this time , voting was becoming a right rather than the property of th

48、e privileged.Colonial expansion英國的殖民擴(kuò)張始于16世紀(jì)，到19世紀(jì)末達(dá)到頂峰，被稱為日不落帝國”。其擴(kuò)張的動機(jī)主要來源于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、工業(yè)革命及對市場的需要、奪取世界霸權(quán)和充當(dāng)?shù)赖伦o(hù)衛(wèi)者的目的。The motivati on of the expansion: econo mic motivati on; in dustrial revoluti on and search for new markets; the struggle for mastery;ma intaining order in p rofitable areas; the moral gua

49、rdia nthe dominions : English colonial expansion started with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Afterdefeating Napoleon in 1815, she spent the 19th century building up a great overseas empire where “ thesun never sets . Between 1870 and 1900 the formal Empire expanded to occupy an area of 4

50、million square miles . Not only was she now head of the self-governing colonies , such asAustralia , Canada , New Zealand ; but also the vast Empire of Indiaand a veritable host of dependent territories , like Burma , Sudan, Egypt and largeswathes of Africa all over the worlds oceans.5.20世紀(jì)英國The Lab

51、our Party工黨的前身是1893年成立于布拉德福的獨(dú)立工黨。它在 1914年取代自由黨成為英國第二大黨。The Independent Labour Party was foun ded in Bradford in 1893 and was the orig in of the Labour P arty. It took the place of the Liberal Party as the second major party since 1914 .First World War英國作為協(xié)約國一方參加了一戰(zhàn)，在戰(zhàn)爭中損失慘重，實(shí)力被大大削弱。The war was fough

52、t from 1914 to 1918 between the two European power blocs: the Central Powers”， including Germany and Austria-Hungary ， and theAllies ， including Britain ， France and Russia.During the war Britain lost over a million people and its economy and society were much destroyed . Britain was greatly weakene

53、d by the war .Between the wars二戰(zhàn)期間英國經(jīng)歷了遍及歐洲的“大蕭條”；工黨于1924年在麥克唐納領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下首次組閣。Econo mically, the p eriod betwee n the two World Wars was domin ated by econo mic weak ness known as the Great Dep ressi on”.Labour had become the chief challenger to the Conservative Party , and formed its first government in 1

54、924 under James Ramsey MacDonald . 英語旅游系2011級專八備考人文知識復(fù)習(xí)資料之英語國家概況Second World War1939年9月參戰(zhàn)。appeasement under the Prime Minister Chamberlain .Britain was forced to declare war on Germany on英國開始曾奉行綏靖政策，但戰(zhàn)爭的現(xiàn)實(shí)迫使其在By the eve of the war, $rita in followed the p olicy ofBut two days after Hitlers armies ha

55、d invaded Poland, Sep tember 3， 1939.P ostwar Britai n;戰(zhàn)爭加速了英帝國的瓦解，其殖民地先后獨(dú)立,二戰(zhàn)后英國更加貧窮，1948年開始成為“福利國家”其中不少加入了“英聯(lián)邦國家”。Government had taken on an emergency welfareBritain was greatly impoverished by the war. The responsibility;in 1948 ，the Welfare State had begun.The war hastened the end of Britain emp

56、ire and its former colonies won independence one after another; many became charter members of the British Common wealth of Nati onsJoi ning the EEC1973年1月英國成為歐共體的一名正式成員，開始重新融人歐洲。In January 1973，Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community，which was calledthe Common Market at that

57、 time， and began its integration into Europe again.Thatcher and her era撒切爾是英國歷史上第一任女首相，因其對英國財(cái)政政策的嚴(yán)格掌控而贏得了“鐵娘子”之名。其主 要政策內(nèi)容包括國有工業(yè)私有化，利用財(cái)政政策控制通貨膨脹，削弱工會，加強(qiáng)市場作用，強(qiáng)調(diào)法律和秩 序等。在她任首相期間，英國人總體生活水平有所提高。6.21世紀(jì)英國Iraq War and a War Aga inst Terrorism“9. 11”以后英國與美國聯(lián)盟開始反恐戰(zhàn)爭。2003年英美聯(lián)軍人侵伊拉克。After the Se ptember 11 attac

58、ks on the Uni ted States in 2001，Blair allied the Un ited Kin gdom with theUn ited States and its p reside nt George W. Bush, in a global war aga inst terrorism .In March 2003，Bush and Blair led a coalition of military forces in an attack on Iraq.Blair and Brow n布萊爾連續(xù)三屆當(dāng)選為首相；2007年在他的第三個(gè)任期中下臺，為布朗所取代。

59、Tony Blair , the party leader of the Labour Party from 19972007，stepped down in the middle of his third term as British Prime Minister and Gordon Brown became the new prime minister as the Labour Party leader in 2007.Brita in and EU隨著歐盟范圍及權(quán)力的擴(kuò)大，英國要求減少受歐盟約束的呼聲越來越高。As EU grows more po werful， resista

60、nee grew;the p oils by Global Visio n in 2007 showed that the vast majority of people in Brita in would likea looser relati onship with the EU.They do not want Brita in to be runby Brussels.三、英國經(jīng)濟(jì)自測題：British agriculture does not p roduce eno ugh food to meet the country basic n eed: aboutof itsfood