1、無線射頻識別技術外文翻譯參考文獻（文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯）翻譯：當前無線射頻識別技術應用略述摘要無線射頻識別技術可以自動識別多目標并以非接觸式方式移動目標。越 來越多的零售商、銀行、交通管理系統、展覽及物流供應商將這項新技術應 用于他們的產品和服務。因此，這給RFID技術的研究帶來了機遇和挑戰。本 文簡單介紹了 RFID系統的組成、原理及RFID技術的特點。本文比較了 RFID 與傳統條碼，然后提供了一個簡短的關于目前RFID應用情況的調查報告。關鍵詞：無線射頻識別技術應用物流、簡介無線射頻識別(RFID)是一種識別技術。與RFID技術的前身條碼 技術相比，RFID技術具有很多的

2、優點。但由于其成本高，RFID技術至今未 能廣泛應用到各行各業。RFID技術因其無需視線掃描而具有無可比擬的先進 性，它能夠降低勞動力水平，提高知名度并改善庫存管理。RFID技術的普及提供了一項人或物體定位及追蹤的解決方案。RFID定 位與跟蹤系統根據獨特的識別標簽、閱讀器與物體標簽間射頻通信的信號強 度確定物體的空間位置，主要適用于室內，而GPS系統是不適合應用于室內 的。RFID技術是一項基于“無線電頻率”的非接觸式的自動識別技術，自動 識別靜態或動態的人和對象。RFID標簽是一個特殊的微芯片，植入商品中， 可以跟蹤和管理物理對象，是物流管理信息化和跟蹤信息化的重要手段。RFID的系統組成

3、部分包括：標簽(應答器)：對象植入待確定。閱讀器：可以讀或讀/寫，按結構和技術。正如圖1-1，RFID的工作 原理圖1-1 RFID的工作原理二、目前RFID技術的研究重點由于RFID技術日趨成熟且RFID標簽價格下降，RFID越來越受到工業界 和學術界的關注。通過在物品上貼射頻標簽，我們就可以跟蹤和管理這些對 象。這項技術會逐漸取代目前的廣泛采用的條碼系統。（一）RFID標簽與條碼條碼技術廣泛采用于商品和對象的識別。我們能夠在超市的任何包裝產 品上找到條碼。Zebra公司是領先的條碼供應商之一，它為全世界超過一百個 國家提供專業數碼印刷及自動識別解決方案。二十年前，該公司主要生產標 準標簽。

4、如今，Zebra開展RFID業務。從應用角度來看，尤其是在零售業方 面，條碼和RFID有著相似的市場應用點。RFID技術會取代條碼嗎？從概念的角度來看，RFID標簽和條碼標簽也有相似之處。通過提供一種 易于識別的取貨碼，管理便利店商品。兩者之間的主要差別是條碼技術采用 只讀方式且必須在閱讀器規定的線路上讀取。與條碼相比，RFID通過無線電 傳輸數據且能夠改變存儲在RFID標簽上的數據。這種遠距離的非接觸式自動 化操作有效減少人力需求。RFID最先進的一點是它可以在同類型的產品中識 別個別物品。RFID為供應鏈所有進程中單一商品提供實時跟蹤環境。基于這 些功能，RFID技術減少了倉儲，配送和庫存

5、成本。這直接為企業帶來更多的 利潤，顯著提高客戶服務質量。（二）射頻標準的發展企業逐漸認識到RFID產品和服務創造的巨大商機。RFID技術主要在美 國，日本，韓國和中國發展。美國食品和藥品管理局國際部已經開始推動RFID 技術的發展，沃爾瑪就是一個成功的例子。沃爾瑪用RFID產品取代條碼節省 67億美元，6億美元存儲成本及5.7億美元丟失盜竊成本。然而，RFID技術 還沒有一個單一的全球標準。美國正在建立本國的RFID硬件和應用標準，歐 洲標準主要遵循美國的標準。日本在智能通信和家電領域有深入的研究。日本提出的UID標準目前只 應用于本土。日本經濟貿易和產業部（METI）正在推動RFID在日本

6、的發展 和應用。日本經濟貿易產業部的兩個主要任務是降低RFID標簽成本、促進日 本標準全球化。韓國的研究和開發集中在自動化和智能家電方面。中國政府也意識到了 RFID產業價值，并制定自己的RFID標準。中國因 其大規模寬領域的工業而被稱為“世界工廠”。因此，中國有潛力發展自己 的標準。雖然與上述國家相比中國的RFID行業起步較晚，但其成長迅速，正 逐漸成為全球極具競爭力的國家。一些公司如Invengo,正在開發其自主品牌 的RFID產品。（三）目前射頻技術的發展硬件組件對于所有RFID系統而言是共同的，而不同的軟件形成不同的 RFID應用。硬件方面的主要問題包括：產品小型化、降低成本、大制作等

7、。一些公司如德國西門子，加快RFID芯片的發展，快速豐富自己的產品以 滿足用戶的需求。目前超高頻RFID芯片的集成度已大大增加。第二代（Gen.2）RFID標簽很快取代上一代，并在應用市場占主導份額。 富士通首次開發的64 KB內存RFID標簽訪問速度高、存儲量大，已經成功應 用于航空業。閱讀器的價格不斷遞減，RFID讀取器的功能不斷加強而價格卻 不斷遞減。最近一年，微軟發布了 BizTalk Server，這種服務器將RFID技術 與微軟的產品應用集成。由于RFID系統成為日常生活的重要部分，敏感且私人信息都可能存儲在 RFID標簽中。這一安全威脅變得越來越嚴重，限制了 RFID技術的推動和

8、發 展。由于RFID標簽成本和空間的限制，RFID技術通常不具備高功率的安全 機制。RFID標簽是易受攻擊的。如果沒有適當的安全措施，任何人都可以用 RFID讀寫裝置閱讀、修改和刪除一個RFID標簽上的數據。而且RFID標簽 很容易復制，這對門禁系統而言是一大威脅。現在，一些安全措施可供應用方面使用。例如，ISO為數據認證頒布的 15693標準已經應用于銀行卡授權和建設門禁系統。然而，所有的安全措施都 有一些缺點，它已成為關于RFID技術的熱門研究話題。三、射頻技術的主要應用RFID技術的應用主要集中在物流、零售業、收費系統、機票、醫療保健， 安全和識別系統。（一）物流其中最著名的RFID技術

9、的應用之一是供應鏈管理。RFID標簽附在商品 上。RFID閱讀器跟蹤供應鏈中的物品或零件及所有的物品從產地到銷售點。 Megatrux是世界100強物流公司之一，其將摩托羅拉公司的RFID計劃應用到 供應鏈管理。他們的客戶服務得到改善，而成本卻大大降低。RFID技術在產品交付方面很有價值。我們利用貼在物品上的RFID標簽 跟蹤產品從揀貨到提交的移交過程和當前位置。RFID技術能夠緩解人為失誤 造成的錯誤交貨，并不要求像條碼一樣一對一的視線閱讀。在識別大批量的 貨物時，減少了時間并節約閱讀標簽成本。在2005年，澳大利亞郵政開始在 國內郵政服務范圍內處理RFID標簽信封。聯邦快遞開始測試RFID

10、技術的應 用，用其跟蹤包裹的溫度、位置、濕度水平和交貨狀態。在服裝行業，RFID技術應用于生產、分銷和零售。RFID系統可以提供 庫存可視性，加強顧客購物體驗。該系統能夠知道哪些衣服客戶挑選的頻率 最高，并根據標簽提供服裝定制廣告。美國服飾在其旗下的八個商店運用RFID 系統。該系統每周節省勞動力約60-80小時。日本服裝制造商Sankei在制造 過程利用RFID系統跟蹤服裝并促進網上銷售。（二）零售業在零售行業，RFID技術通常用于收集客戶數據。通過跟蹤這些數據，用 戶可以獲得關于產品庫存的實時信息。進一步利用數據能夠提供更多有用的 信息并協助決策。例如，在一家超市，當顧客進入超市時，給每位

11、顧客提供 一個互動裝置。他們可以利用該裝置輸入個人信息（年齡、性別、職業等） 并擬定購物清單。然后，該設備向顧客返回建議購物路線、相關產品和折扣 信息。當顧客就近選取商品或向自己的購物車放入商品時，先前部署的RFID 閱讀器將匯總這些變化。隨后，應用軟件將分析這些資料，向顧客發送新的 建議。數據挖掘和其他器械學習技巧能夠發現隱藏的顧客行為、購物習慣、 商品與青睞物品之間的關聯。結束語RFID技術具有很多優點，如以高精度、非接觸的方式同步采集大量數據 等。RFID技術對我們的生活影響越來越大，逐漸取代超市和物流管理中的條 碼。目前，射頻技術最廣泛的應用是的訪問控制和貨物位置追蹤。實際上， RFI

12、D技術提供個體物品識別和在線多變數據存儲的功能。對于這些附加功能， 我們要創造一個更好的工具。因此，我們期待新一代的RFID應用納入智能化。 智能化的RFID應用可能帶來新的研究和商業機會。此外，它有助于進一步降 低成本、提高客戶服務，并提供商業模式更新的洞察力。五、參考文獻1 Kuo shien Huang and Shun ruing Tang,RFID Application Strategy and Deployment in Bike RentingSystem,International Conference on Advanced CommunicationTechnology,

13、PP.660-663,Feb,2008 Landt J.The history of RFID,Potentials,Vol 24,No.4，PP. 8.11,Nov.2Michael K.and MeCathie L.,The Pros and Cons of RFID in Supply Chain Management. InternationalConference on Mobile Business， PP. 623. 629，July 2005.Allen Nogee, Tags and Chip:Changing the World for Less Then The Pric

14、c of A Cup Of Coffee,In-Stat/MDE,PP. 14，December,2004原文:A Brief Survey on Current RFID ApplicationsAbstractRFID can automatically identify multi-target and moving target in non-contact method. there are an increasing number of retailers,banks,traffic managements,exhibitions and logistic providers pr

15、acticing this new technology to their products and services.Therefore,it brings both opportunities and challenges to RFID researchers.This article briefly introduced component, principle and characteristic of the RFID technology.In this paper we compared RFID and the traditional bar code,and then pr

16、ovide a brief survey on RFID applications .Keywords:RFID Application LogisticIntroductionRadio frequency identification (RFID) is a new identification technology. RFID has a greater number of benefits than its predecessor, the bar code. It is not universally adopted in many industries due to its hig

17、h cost hitherto. However, RFID is unmatched advanced because it does not require sight scanning, it acts to reduce labor levels, enhances visibility, and improves inventory management.The popularization of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) provides a solution of the location/ tracing of human or

18、 objects. RFID location and tracing system,measures the space location of object based on unique identification tag and signal intensity of RF communication between reader and tag in object, mainly apply to indoor location, which GPS system is not suitable for .RFID, a non-contact automatic identifi

19、cation technology based on “Radio Frequency”，automatically identify static/moving object/human. RFID tag, a special microchip, implanted in commodity, can trace and manage physical object, is an important means of logistics management informatization and tracing informatization .The component of RFI

20、D system including:Tag (transponder): implanted in object to be identified.Reader: can read or write/read, according to the structure and technology. As figure 1, RFID work principle.TagCommunicate with computerReadereEmit ID code and dataElectromagnetic wave (operation instruction and new data)Comm

21、unicate with computerEmit ID code and dataReadereTagElectromagnetic wave (operation instruction and new data)Figure 1-1,RFID work principleCurrent Research Focuses of RFIDWith the growing maturity of RFID technology and the drop in price of RFID tags,RFID attracts increasing interests from both indu

22、stry and academic.By attaching RFID tags on objects,one could keep track on and manage those objects.This technology gradually replaces current widely adopted barcode systems.2. 1.RFID Tag and Bar codeBar code is widely adopted for goods and object identification.One could find bar code on every pac

23、kaged item in supermarkets. Zebra Company is one of the leading bar code providers and provides on-demand specialty digital printing and automatic identification solutions in more than 100 countries around the world.About twenty years ago, the company mainly produced the standard labels. Now Zebra a

24、lso moves to RFID business.From the application point of view, bar code and RFID share a similar market, especially in retail aspect. Will RFID replace bar code?From conceptual point of view, RFID tag and bar code are also similar.Both of them target to facilitate goods management by providing an ea

25、sy to fetch identification code.There are two major differences between them, barcode is read-only and must be in line-of-sight from the reader .Comparing with bar code.RFID is able to transmit data by radio frequency and alter data stored on the RFID tag chip.This long range and non-contact operati

26、on allows automation to reduce man power requirement.The most important advancement of RFID over barcode is that it allows identification of individual item from a group of same type products.RFID also provides real-time traceability environment for individual item through all process in the supply

27、chain. Owing to these features, RFID reduces the cost for warehouse, distribution and inventory.This directly brings more profit to companies and improves customer service remarkably.Development of RFID StandardEnterprises gradually realize the great business opportunities created by RFID products a

28、nd services.Major developments of RFID technologies are located at USA,Japan,Korea and China.For examples, Wal-Mart,the international department of the United States,the United States Food and Drug Administration have promoted the development of RFID.A successful example is Wal-Mart.They replaced so

29、me barcodes by RFID products which saved US$6.7 billion barcode cost,US$0.6 billion storage cost and US$0.57 billion missing and theft cost.However, RFID does not have a single global standard yet. USA is developing its RFID standard for both hardware and application areas.The RFID standard of Europ

30、ean mainly follows the USA standard.Japan has strong research and product lines on intelligent communication and home appliances.Japanese proposed the UID standard which is adopted in Japan homeland only.Japanese Ministry of Economy ,Trade and Industry(METI) is pushing for the development and applic

31、ations of RFID in Japan.The two major missions of METI are to reduce the cost of RFID tags and to promote the Japanese standard to worldwide.Korea focuses their RFID research and development on automation and home appliances5 intelligent.The China government also realizes the industrial value of RFI

32、D and is formulating its own RFID standard. China is considered as the “world factory” because of its large scale and wide range of industry. Therefore, China has the potential to develop its own standard. In comparison to aforementioned countries, although China is late in starting its RFID industr

33、y, it grows up rapidly and is gradually becoming very competitive in worldwide. Several companies,e.g. Invengo,in China are making progress on the development of their own brands of RFID products.Current RFID Technology DevelopmentHardware components are common to all RFID applications while differe

34、nt software leads to different RFID application, Major issues in RFID hardware include product miniaturization,cost reduction, large production,etc.Some companies,such as German Siemens, speeded up the development of RFID chips to enrich their products and to meet users needs.The integration density

35、 of current UHF RFID chips has been greatly increased.The new Generation 2(Gen.2) RFID tags quickly replace old generation tags and have a dominant share on the RFID application market. Fujitsu developed the first RFID tag with 64 KB memory which has been successfully adopted in aviation industry ow

36、ing to its high access speed and large storage.The price of RFID readers are monotonically decreasing while the capacities of RFID readers are enhancing, in recent year, Microsoft issued the BizTalk Server which integrates the RFID with Microsoft product application.As RFID systems becoming an impor

37、tant part of everyday life, sensitive and private information may be stored in RFID tag. This security threat becomes more serious and puts a severe limitation to the promotion and deployment of RFID applications.However, owing to the limitation of space and cost of a RFID tag, RFID tag usually does

38、 not equip with high power security mechanism.RFID tags are frangible to attack .Without appropriate security , anyone could read, alter and delete data on the RFID tags with a RFID reader/writer.Moreover, RFID tags are easy to clone. This is a big threat to access control system.Now,a number of sec

39、urity measures are available for applications.For example.The ISO standard 15693 for data authentication is adopted in bank card authorizations and building access control systems.However,all security measures have some shortcoming and it has become a hot research topic in RFID.Major RFID Applicatio

40、nsRFID applications focus on logistic,toll system,ticket, healthcare,security and identification systems.LogisticOne of the most famous RFID applications is supply chain management. RFID tags are attached to goods. Items or parts in the supply chain and all items are tracked by RFID readers from man

41、ufacture to point of sales. Megatrux ,a top l00 logistics company in the world, has applied Motorola RFID plan to its supply chain management. Their customer services have been improved while the costs have been reduced greatly.RFID also has a great value in product delivery. We could track the hand

42、ing process and current location of the product from pick up to delivery with RFID tag attached on it. It helps to relieve incorrect delivery owing to human mistakes. It does not require one to one line of sight reading which is required for barcode. This reduce the time and cost of reading tags for

43、 a large batch of goods.The Australia Post begun processing RFID-tagged envelops in domestic mail service in 2005.Federal Express runs a pilot test on the application of RFID technology to track packages temperature,location,humidity levels and delivery status.In apparel industry ,RFID is applied in

44、 manufacturing, distribution and retail.RFID system provides inventory visibility and enhances customer shopping experience.The RFID system is able to know which clothes being picked up by customers most frequently and to provide customized advertisement on picked clothes according to the RFID tags.

45、American Apparel applied RFID system to eight of their stores. it helps to save about 60-80 hours per week in labor .Japanese apparel manufacturer Sankei utilizes a RFID system in clothing manufacturing to track clothes during the manufacturing process and facilitate online sales.RetailIn retail ind

46、ustry, RFID are usually used to collect customer data.By tracking those data, one may have a real time visibility on the stocks of products. However, the data could be further utilized to provide more useful information and assist in decision making.For example,in a supermarket, every customer is gi

47、ven an interaction device when entering the supermarket.With the device,they can input personal information(age, gender, occupation, etc) and intended shopping list.Then,the device returns the customer a suggested shopping route,advertisement on related products and discount information.RFID readers deployed will collect those changes when the customers get close to a selected shelf or put some goods in their shopping carts. The application software will then analyze the information to make new suggestions to customers.Data collected for a day could be studied to enhance the validi