1、 PAGE 9Unit 6Energy and Climate ChangeViewing and speakingViewing1C A B C2innovation; transportingemissions; temperaturecomplex; shippingpower; environmentalimpact; responseTranscriptToday energy is something that is taken for granted. Weve forgotten how extraordinary it actually is. Human innovatio

2、n has made it possible to harness energy anduseittopoweroursociety, providingheatandelectricitytobuildings, transporting us from A to B, and fueling our industry. But the fossil fuels we rely on to achieve these expose the UK to high and volatile energy prices, especially as we import more energy fr

3、om overseas. And burning fossil fuels to harness energy causes greenhousegasemissionsthatdriveglobalwarming.Scientistsagreethata temperature rise of more than two degrees would have an unexpected impact on our lives. In order to help stay within that limit,we need to reduce our greenhouse gas emissi

4、ons by 80% by 2050. It might feel like a long way off. But for the scale of change required we need to act now.In the UK, the three largest causes of emissions come from transport, heating andelectricity generation. The challenge is to cut emissions while still meeting demand and supporting economic

5、 growth. Technological developments now make it possible to choose from a range of practical, low-carbon ways of generating energy.So what are the options? Lets take electricity. Currently most of our electricity supply comes from fossil fuels that produce greenhouse gases. But there are three signi

6、ficant technologies which together can provide a low-carbon energy solution.The first is renewables, converting sustainable natural resources such as sunlight, wind and tides into usable energy. The second is nuclear, using nuclear physics to generate electricity. And number three is carbon capture

7、and storage, a technology that enables the harmful carbon dioxide emissions that are caused while burning fossil fuels to be captured and stored safely underground.But electricity is just one part of a complex picture. Across aviation, industry, transport, heating, agriculture and shipping, there ar

8、e also choices to make. The UK stands to benefit hugely from a supply of low -carbon energy that is affordable, secure and sustainable. It will help to prevent dangerous climate change and protect us from price volatility. As a nation, we need to decide how were going to power ourselves and future g

9、enerations to come. The decisions we make are not just environmental ones. They will impact on all areas of life: from the economy and employment to health and security. The carbon plan is the governments response to this challenge.The 2050 pathways calculator lets you explore the options for yourse

10、lf and make your own decisions.Speaking21 It is because large amounts of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere asa result of many human activities worldwide.We urgently need to use energy efficiently while embracing clean energy sources.2Extensive readingIntegrated exercises11-5:9 10 4 8

11、 56-10:15 13 11 1 32overwhelminglyhuman activitiesgreenhouse gasessustainabilityremove carbon dioxideusage of papersoil erosionorganic productscarpoolfuel efficient carexoticchemical pesticidesdisposalconsumerismgreen life41讓路給11 相對于2盡某人的職責12 節油車3有機農業13 完好無損的狀態4傳統農業14 尾氣5土壤侵蝕15 消費主義文化6化肥16 隨時7作物產量17

12、 三思8轉向18 將付諸行動9大有幫助19 消除影響10恢復生態平衡20 森林保護5good in theory but cannot be put into practiceread it out loud as opposed to putting it on the paperpulled down to make way for the new roadthink twice before deciding to quit schoolgo a long way toward breaking the iceIntensive readingText understandinglock

13、 in the 2 visionshort-term decisions and long-term onesa long-term greenhouse gas emissions targetit and countries actionsnew long-lived assetsexisting capital stock and technology developmentBoostaspects of technology developmentLanguage building11-5:6-10:f i e d h g a j c b2:C B C A A6-10:A C C C

14、B3translationdecidedexceedemissionsaspirationprioritizegeneratingmitigating4validoptioncumulativeunlockunderpinduplicate51translate into14review cycle2key pillar15existing capital stock3build on16give priority to4excess emission17compatible with5risk assessment18long-lived asset6decarbonization plan

15、19low-emissions vehicle7in the light of20efficiency measure8far from21carbon capture and storage9development pathway22emerging technology10aspirational statement23lend itself to11budget framework24falling price12under construction13embed in6Further steps are needed in the COP21 agreement to lock in

16、the 2C vision more strongly, so that it anchors future expectations, guiding policymaking and both public and private energy sector investment decisions, and acts as a standard against which short-term government targets and actions can be assessed.A focus only on short-term emissions targets to 202

17、5, themselves important toavoid excess emissions in the short term, could lead to the adoption of a technology mix that is far from optimal if not devised in the light of a longer -term decarbonisaton plan, resulting in increasing the cost of achieving critical climate goals.A number of possible opt

18、ions for supplementing the 2C goal in this way have been tabled for consideration in the run -up to COP21, including a target level for 2050 emissions, a target date for net-zero emissions in the second half of this century, or a timeline for the phaseout of unabated fossil fuels.The global goal sho

19、uld be used by all countries to inform nationally determined decarbonization or low-carbon development pathways, which would in turn provide an important benchmark for the short-term goals countries set in the five-year review cycle.A clear, measurable long-term vision in the COP21 agreement will un

20、derpin investment in those key technologies that are essential to unlocking long-term emission reductions compatible with a 2C trajectory.The technology needs assessments and technology action plans prepared by developing countries should be integrated into wider low-carbon development strategies, i

21、mproving alignment between these countries development, mitigation and technology goals.7The ways of working that he had learned at college did not translate well into the world of business.The United Nations will act as the guarantor of a peaceful solution.In the light of her sudden cold, the appoi

22、ntment was cancelled.Her voice doesnt really lend itself well to blues singing.He believed that free enterprise is compatible with Russian values and traditions.The study is built on previous work.Everyone is very busy during the run-up to publication.Academic writingMicro-skill: Argument and discus

23、sion1Example with the vertical structure:Positive:Theestablishmentofmultinationalcorporationswillproduceasignificant number of job opportunities.Globalization is beneficial to more harmonious international relations.Negative:The advent of foreign corporations is not necessarily rewarding to all indi

24、viduals. There is the potential of devastating world economic crisis.Outline:Advantages: 1) To start with, the trend of globalization gives a boost to the world economy. 2) Moreover, the establishment of multinational corporations will produce a significant number of job opportunities. 3) Finally, g

25、lobalization is beneficial to more harmonious international relations.Disadvantages: 1) In developing countries, a large number of local companies closed down, as they were defeated in the competition with their transnational counterparts. 2) The advent of foreign corporations is not necessarily rew

26、arding to all individuals. 3) There is the potential of devastating world economic crisis.Discussion: In conclusion, globalization has become an irreversible trend due to the increasing communication and cooperation of all countries.I tend to agree that the proliferation of multinational enterprises

27、 and the growing globalization will bring about a significant number of blessings, but we should also guard against the negative impacts of this trend.2Example answerPeople who support that robots are very helpful to human future developmentsgive the following reasons. To begin with, supporters such

28、 as Donnet-Kammel (2005) claim that robotic systems with artificial intelligence can perform many burdensome industrial duties so that people can be released to concentrate on more creative tasks.Robots can work under some extreme circumstances where human beings cannot survive. For example, after a

29、n earthquake of a magnitude nine in Japan, at least two rescueteamsusedrobotsas assistantsin thesearchand rescueoperations. Furthermore, robots can help people handle a huge amount of information. In the age of knowledge explosions, technologies upgrade at an amazing speed, but robots can memorize,

30、sort out and output all the information easily. Without these automatic machines, it will be impossible for people to catch up with the forward current. Some people examine this issue from another angle. Some critics (e.g. Soroka, 2000) claim that robots are dangerous and have negative influence on

31、society. One reason for this is that heavy reliance on robots may lead to social chaos. As machines, they have chances of being broken down by viruses or hacking. If all robots in service broke down, our society would not function properly. In addition, robots may contribute to a possible increase o

32、f unemployment in the future. This can beevidenced by the fact that employers will choose robots as workforce instead of human beings because robots do not need any salary and moreover, they will not complain or feel sick. Last but not least, robots cannot be responsible for their actions, which will incu