1、“傳統能源動力裝置內燃機 高效利用替代燃料技術交流研討會日 程 表時間： 2010年 4 月 2 日至3 日地點： B 座三層多功能廳日期活動內容報告者9:00歡送詞內燃機應用替代燃料的思考及幾點意見中國內燃機工業協會中國內燃機工業協會2021 年4 月 2 日上午9:0012:00未來發動機的替代燃料評價技術 Alternative Fuel Assessment for Future Engine Technologies 10:00Tea Break茶歇乘用車用點燃式 M100 甲醇發動機研發 Research and Development of Spark-Ignition Engi

2、ne Fueled with Methanol for Passenger Car壓燃式內燃機燃用 M100 甲醇技術研究 The analysis on compression ignition internal combustion engine with M100 methanol technology Dr. Charles E. Roberts金先揚教授Mr Xian Yang Jin王天靈博士Dr. Wang Tianling12:00Lunch午餐壓燃式內燃機甲醇/柴油組合燃燒的研究及應用Application of Alcoholic Fuel Ignited by Diese

3、l Spray to CI Engines姚春德教授Dr. Prof. Chunde Yao2021 年4 月 2 日下午13:3017:30二甲醚發動機的研究與開發 Research and Development of DME Engines 3:00 Tea Break茶歇煤 基 低 碳 能 源 化 工 路 線 是 中 國 替 代 能 源 的 開 展 方 向(Coal-based low-carbon energy, chemical route is the development direction of China's alternative energy)甲醇燃料使用平安

4、性 Safety Assessment of Using Methanol as an Alternative Fuel 低 排 高 效 的 天 然 氣 發 動 機 技 術 Natural Gas Engine Technology for Low Emissions and High Efficiency 劉圣華教授Prof. Liu Shenghua方德巍教授Fang Dewei謝振華高級工程師Zhenhua XieMr. Timothy J Callahan生 物 柴 油 在 車 用 內 燃 機 上 的 應 用 TheApplicationof Bio-diesel on Interna

5、l Combustion Engine for Vehicle生物柴油的應用根底研究The Basic Research of Biodiesel Fuel王建昕教授Wang Jianxin王忠教授Wang Zhong2021 年4 月 3 日上午8:3012:00氣體燃料特性及其內燃機技術的探討 Gas fuel characteristics and gas engine technology9:30Tea Break茶歇工 程 塑 料 在 內 燃 機 燃 油 系 統 上 的 應 用 Engineering thermoplastics applied in the modern fuel

6、 systems of internal combustion enginesF-T 合成燃料在車用發動機上的應用研究The Application Research ofFischer-Tropsch(F-T)DieselFuelonVehicle Engine張欣教授Xin ZhangMervyn Cox樓狄明教授LOU Diming12:00Lunch午餐生物柴油組分及與汽車匹配技術研究李理光2021 年4 月 3 日下午13:3015:00介紹編制中國內燃機工業“十二五開展規劃的思路，并就在規劃中由企業提供的開展重點及重點工程，提出具體要求及進度安排。中國內燃機工業協會“傳統能源動力裝

7、置內燃機 高效利用替代燃料技術交流研討會專題報告摘要匯總一、中國內燃機工業協會內燃機應用替代燃料的思考及幾點意見二、美國西南研究院Southwest Research Institute1、未來發動機的替代燃料評價技術Alternative Fuel Assessment for Future Engine Technologies Dr. Charles E. RobertsThis presentation discusses the potential for use of various alternative fuels for future engine applications.

8、The presentation recognizes the differences in selection of alternativefuelsdepending upongoalsbased uponpotentialCO2regulations, petroleum independence, and energy efficiency. For example, the U.S. has increased the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel for the last several years, based upon a desi

9、re to reduce petroleum requirements. This strategy has been successful in meeting its goal. However, the well-to-wheels energy-cost for use of ethanol is worse than thatfor petroleum. Hence, the outcome is that energy inefficiency has been accepted to reduce petroleum consumption. In an effort to im

10、prove the fuel economy and range of ethanol-fueled vehicles, SwRI has developed cooled-EGR technology for ethanol- or flex-fuelengines,thusmeetingthegoalofreducedpetroleumusewhile simultaneously meeting the fuel economy and range demands of an ethanol powered vehicle. Similarly, proposed CO2 regulat

11、ions might be addressed through alternative fuels, such as natural gas, ethanol and methanol. This study includes analysis of the CO2 reduction potential for the alternative fuels, but also addresses the efficiency and energy cost for each fuel. The presentation culminates in a selection and rating

12、chart foralternative fuelsbased upon differentgoals thatmaybe required forfuture markets.本報告針對各種替代燃料在未來發動機上的應用潛力進行討論。由于 CO2排放法規、石油資源自主性和能源效率的不同，各國對于替代燃料的選擇亦會不同。比方，美國在過去幾年中不斷增加對乙醇代用燃料的使用，希望藉此降低對石油的需求。這一舉措雖然成功地滿足了這一目標，但用于汽車工業的乙醇燃油本錢卻遠遠高于石油。由此導致的結果是，為降低石油消耗，人們不得不接受能源效率低下的事實。美國西南研究院開發的用于乙醇或其它混合燃料 的冷卻 EG

13、R 技術，不但可以有效減少對石油燃料的使用，同時也能很好地滿足乙醇或其它動力車輛的燃油經濟性和工況范圍要求。替代燃料如天然氣、乙 醇、甲醇的使用將可能成為實現CO2 排放法規的更有效途徑；為此，本報告增加了對替代燃料降低CO2 排放潛力的分析，以及各種替代燃料的燃效和本錢方面的內容。報告中的高潮局部還根據未來市場的不同需求目標，給出了各種 替代燃料的選擇評價圖。2、低排高效的天然氣發動機技術Natural Gas Engine Technology for Low Emissions and High Efficiency Mr. Timothy J CallahanThispresentat

14、ion willdiscuss technology fornatural gas engines that enablethem to achieve low emission while maintaining high efficiency.As an alternative to petroleum derived fuels, natural gas has several desirable characteristics:本報告就各種天然氣技術進行討論，在實現發動機低排放的同時，仍然保持較高的燃燒效率。作為對動力石油的替代燃料，天然氣具有如下優勢特點：· favorab

15、le CO2 emissions due to its high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio· near zero particulate emissions· abundantly available with favorable pricing· high octane number (resistance to knock)· wide range of flammability·二氧化碳排放較低高氫碳比·顆粒排放幾乎為零·資源豐富，價格低廉·高辛烷值抗爆震·可燃性好In th

16、e United States (and elsewhere), heavy-duty natural gas engines have been widelyused infleetoperations inregionswithpoorambientairquality.As emission regulations have become increasinglyrestrictive,diesel engine emission levels are approaching those ofnatural gas engines.However, the diesel engines

17、require expensive aftertreatment and engine combustion strategies that lead to higher specific fuel consumption.With the appropriate technologies, the performance and emissions of gas engines can exceed the diesel engine or other alternatively fuelled engines.在美國和其它地區一些環境空氣質量惡劣的地區，重型天然氣發動機已被廣泛應用于汽車運

18、輸業。隨著排放法規的日益嚴格，柴油機的排放水平逐漸接近天然氣發動機。但是，柴油機需要用到昂貴的后處理裝置，且各種燃燒策略的運用直接導致燃油耗增加。如果能夠采用適當的技術，氣體發動機的性能和排放完全可以超越柴油機或其它替代燃料發動機。In addition to low emissions, natural gas can also be used as a petroleum fuel substitute orextender as inthe case ofdual fuelengines.Twodual fuelengine scenarios are common.The first

19、scenario is a dedicated dual fuel engine in which a small diesel pilot injection is used to ignite the natural gas air charge and the ratio of pilot energy to natural gas energy is about 1:100.In the second scenario, full diesel engine capability is retained and natural gas is used to replace the eq

20、uivalent diesel energy.That is as natural gas is added to the combustion mixture, the equivalent energy ofdieselfuelisremoved.Inthiscase thepercentage ofnaturalgas substitution ranges from 15-85 percent.除排放低外，天然氣可以替代石油燃料，或作為雙燃料發動機的混合添加物。現有兩種雙燃料發動機比擬普遍。第一種是專門的雙燃料發動機，只預噴少量的柴油用于引燃天然氣，預噴的柴油與天然氣的能量比約為1:1

21、00。第二種雙燃料發動機那么保存了全部的柴油機性能，但用天然氣替代具有等效能量的柴油。即，將天然氣添加到燃燒混合物的同時，釋放具有等效能量的柴油。這種情況下天然氣對柴油的替代比率在15-85%Technologies discussed includethe ignitionoflean burnand stoichiometric mixtures, exhaust aftertreatment, fuel system, and combustion strategies for dedicated natural gas engines and dual fuel engines.本報告

22、所討論的各項技術包括：針對單燃料和雙燃料天然氣發動機的稀薄燃燒及當量混合燃燒點火技術、排氣后處理技術、燃料系統及燃燒策略。三、上海華普汽車Shanghai Maple Automobile Co., Ltd.乘用車用點燃式M100 甲醇發動機研發Research and Development of Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Methanol for Passenger Car金先揚 Mr Xian Yang Jin以點燃式內燃機為根底，全新開發點燃式M100甲醇發動機。該技術采用集成式電噴控制技術， 使點燃式 M100 甲醇發動機具有較高的靈活性。產

23、業化后的點燃式 M100 甲醇發動機動力性將優于同型號汽油機，燃料經濟性優勢顯著， 搭載整車后的排放水平優于國，到達歐標準，有效解決高比例甲醇發動機的腐蝕、摩擦、磨損，極大的提高發動機的壽命。Based onspark-ignitionengine,wehave researched anddeveloped 100% methanol fuelengine, whichis highlypractical and very flexibleto use integrated electronicdual-fuelinjectiontechnology.TheperformancesofSpa

24、rk-ignition methanol engine have exceeded the ones of gasoline engine for the same types: better economy(methanol ismorecheaper than gasoline), higher efficiency,remarkably reduced exhaust emissions (standard Euro ), longer service life and so on.四、道依茨一汽大連柴油機DEUTZ Dalian Diesel Engine Co,Ltd.壓燃式內燃機燃

25、用M100 甲醇技術研究The analysis on compression ignitioninternalcombustion engine withM100 methanol technology王天靈博士 Dr. Wang Tianling隨著我國國民經濟的日益開展，石油燃料的能源短缺日益突出，局域市場特別是在我國煤三角地區，重型甲醇發動機將被日益廣泛地應用于汽車運輸業。本報告針對壓燃式內燃機燃用M100 甲醇技術在我國的應用空間、 存在問題、采用的關鍵技術和應用支持環境進行了討論和分析，通過對燃燒系統、燃料供應系統、進氣系統和后處理系統的優化匹配與控制，論述實現甲醇發動機的清潔高效

26、燃燒的可行性。報告所討論的技術包括：動力性、燃料經濟性、排放的 優化和控制、零部件的腐蝕性、溶脹性的分析和控制；冷啟動的控制等策略。Alongwithour national economic development, petroleum as fuel is in short supply, especially oncoal productionarea, wepredictthat heavy dutymethanol engine willincreasingly use on transportation. This presentation has discussed and an

27、alyzed towards compression ignitioninternal combustion engine on applications scope, problems, majortechnologies adoption and applicationenvironment;also discussed on feasibility of clean and high effect combustion through optimization and controltowardcombustionsystem, fuelfeedingsystem, gas intake

28、system and after-treatment system. Discussed technologies included,power performance, fuel economy, emission optimizationand control,parts corrosiveness, swelling analysis and control; control of cold start etc.五、天津大學內燃機燃燒學國家重點實驗室State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University壓燃式內燃機甲醇 /柴油組合燃燒的研究

29、及應用Application of Alcoholic Fuel Ignited by Diesel Spray to CI Engines姚春德 博士 教授 Dr. Prof. Chunde Yao本報告介紹柴油引燃醇類燃料在壓燃式發動機上的研究和應用。為減少柴油的消耗，針對醇類燃料著火性差的特點，天津大學開發的采用柴油/醇雙燃料方法成功地實現了在壓燃式發動機上應用。研究結果說明，該方法同時適于甲醇和乙醇兩種醇類燃料。采用該方法的車輛經數萬公里道路試驗考核，甲醇替代柴油的比例20%，替換等熱值柴油所需甲醇遠低于理論值，具有很大的節能優勢。經排放檢測說明，在柴油機采用機械式燃油噴射系統條件下，

30、僅采用氧化催化轉化器便可使其排放水平由國2 提升到國 3。本報告還就甲醇和乙醇對柴油著火的機理做了簡單的介紹。對發動機采用醇 /柴油組合燃燒方式降低CO2 排放潛力的進行了分析，并就采用甲醇/柴油組合燃燒的運輸本錢做了簡單分析。This report presents the results for the application of alcoholic fuel ignited by dieselspraytoCompression Ignitionengines.Inordertoreduce dieselfuel consumption,anovelcombustionmodecall

31、edasDMCC(DieselMethanol CompoundCombustion)wasdeveloped byTianjinUniversityforsolvingthe problem of difficult self ignition of alcoholic fuel. The test results illustrated that the mode could be used to both methanol and ethanol. The vehicles equipped with those engines inthe mode had run longer tha

32、n several ten thousands kilometer, which showed that the diesel fuel substituted by methanol more than 20% and the diesel fuel substituted by methanol at much less than theoretic calorific value.The road tests indicate the mode withgreat potential ofenergy saving. Inaddition, the emission level of e

33、ngines with the mode could be upgraded to higher one even the engine with mechanical fuel injection system and simple oxide catalyst. Meanwhile, the report also revealed the mechanism of ignition of diesel fuel in the hot alcoholic ambient.Again, the potential to decrease CO2 emission was analyzed f

34、or the engine with thecombustion mode as well as to reduce the cost of transportation.六、美國泰科納公司Ticona工程塑料在內燃機燃油系統上的應用Engineeringthermoplastics appliedinthemodernfuelsystems ofinternal combustion enginesMervyn Cox, POM ManagerThis presentation provides an insight to Ticona, the manufacturer of engine

35、ering thermoplastic resins withexperience gained fromover 50 years inthe automotive industry.本報告來自泰科納公司 全球知名的工程塑料生產商，在汽車行業擁有 50 多年豐富經驗。Fuel technology is a very diverse field with a host of alternative fuel types now available to the industry, flex fuels - Ethanol & Methanol based, natural gas,

36、diesel, bio derivatives and Hydrogen to name a few.燃料技術是一個飛速開展的領域，如今在該行業相繼誕生了許多可替代燃料，如基于乙醇和甲醇的混合燃料、天然氣、柴油、各種生物衍生物以及氫能源等。The presentation will explore which engineering thermoplastic materials are capable of supporting the extremely harsh environments of both today asnd tomorrow s fuel types. It will

37、 also guide you through the innovations in engineeinrg thermoplastic materials that have supported the changes in fuel system technology regardless of fuel type to gain the competitive edge.本報告將探討哪些塑料能夠適應目前以及將來各種燃料極其苛刻的工作環境。 通過這個報告，大家將了解工程塑料界的創新歷程，這些創新在很大程度上促進了汽車燃油系統技術的開展。無論是哪種燃料，材料的創新都能為您帶來競爭優勢。七、西

38、安交通大學Xi an Jiaotong University二甲醚發動機的研究與開發Research and Development of DME Engines劉圣華教授Prof. Liu Shenghua考慮到我國的石油儲量、產量、進口和經濟開展對石油的需求，大力開展石油替代和提高內燃機的效率對緩解石油緊張，實現能源多樣化和可持續開展具有重要意義。二甲醚燃料具有沸點低、十六烷值高的特點，適合壓燃發動機，主要存在的問題是易氣化、潤滑性差，需要對燃料供應系統進行全新的設計。由于二甲醚高含氧，燃燒無顆粒排放，易于發動機采用 EGR 降低 NOx 排放。西安交大開展二甲醚均質壓燃和直噴壓燃兩種燃燒

39、模式發動機的研究，說明二甲醚特別適合作為均質壓燃發動機的燃料，均質壓燃二甲醚發動機的空燃 比、轉速以及負荷需要耦合聯動，可以獲得理想的經濟和排放特性。直噴壓燃 柴油機燃用二甲醚后，其動力性提高，經濟性略有改善，對于自然吸氣發動機 的排放可以滿足國、增壓帶EGR 可以滿足國排放標準。進一步利用二甲醚的燃料特性，采用深度EGR，二甲醚發動機的排放可以采用類似汽油機三效催化反響器，使排放滿足更高排放標準。In consideration of the petroleum deposit, production, import and requirement of the development of

40、oureconomy, improvingfuelefficiencyas wellas applying alternative fuels are two big ways to deal with the shortage of petroleum based fuels, so that multiple fuel policy and sustainable development can be achieved.DimethylEther (DME)is a kindofalternative fuelforcompression ignition engines withlowe

41、rboilingtemperature andhighenough octane number. The problems are lower lubricity and easier evaporating, which needs a new design fuel system. Due to its higher oxygen content, no smoke combustion is quite suitable for EGR to reduce DME engine NOx formation and emission.Muchresearch activitieshave

42、carriedouttostudyDMEas enginecleanalternative fuel in Xi an Jiaotong University. DME is the best fuel for HCCI engine; the engine can run under joint control of A/F, speed and power with a good economy and low emissions. For a natural aspired direct injection compression ignition engine to run on DM

43、E,the engine emissions can easily to meet EURO, and for a TC DMEengine, its emission can meet EURO standards withhelp ofEGR, while the DMEengines have a better power performance and equivalence fueleconomy compared withtheir originaldiesel engines. To take the advantage ofDME,deep EGR studies show t

44、hat the DI CI DME engine can run under stoichiometric A/F ratio, so that three-way catalyst converter can be utilizedto further emission regulations like gasoline engines.八、清華大學，汽車平安與節能國家重點實驗室Tsinghua University, State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy生物柴油在車用內燃機上的應用The Application of Bi

45、o-diesel on Internal Combustion Engine for Vehicle王建昕 Wang Jianxin簡要介紹了生物柴油目前在中國的生產現狀和可能利用的資源情況。基于 試驗研究結果分析了柴油中低比例摻混生物柴油時對柴油機性能的影響、生物 柴油的非常規排放特性、以及高比例摻混生物柴油時大幅度降低柴油機微粒排 放的效果以及不用后處理達國4排放的可能性。最后提出了盡快在我國車用柴油機上推廣應用生物柴油的幾點建議。The current status and the possible resources of bio-diesel were briefly present

46、ed in this paper. Based on the research of engine experiment, the effects of blending fuel withthelowproportionofbio-diesel/dieselondieselengine performance, thecharacteristics of unregulated emissions fuelling bio-diesel, as well as the achieved results of significant reduction of particulate matte

47、r on diesel engine fuelled with high proportion of bio-diesel/diesel and the possibility to meet Chinese 4th stage Emission regulation without after-treatment, were analyzed. Finally, some suggestions for the popularizationandapplicationofbio-dieselassoonaspossibleoninternal combustion engine for ve

48、hicle in China were put forward.九、江蘇大學JiangSu University生物柴油的應用根底研究The Basic Research of Biodiesel Fuel王忠 Wang Zhong2021 年我國汽車產銷分別為1379.10 萬輛和 1364.48 萬輛，成為全球汽車產銷第一大國。我國非道路用柴油機的總產量居全球第一，單缸柴油機年產量突破 900 萬臺。 2021 年我國石油對外依存度到達52%，石油燃料的緊張已經威脅到我國的能源平安。此外，非道路用柴油機的NOx 和 PM 排放已占柴油機排放總量的 20%和 36%，應該引起人們的重視，針對

49、非道路用柴油機尾氣排放的問題，美國EPA、美國加州空氣資源局CARB 、歐盟 EU、日本均制定了較嚴格的非道路用柴油機排放法規。報告分為3 個局部，第一局部介紹了生物柴油的理化特性與燃料設計；第二局部介紹了生物柴油的噴霧、燃燒過程研究情況；第三局部介紹了生物柴油排放污染物常規與非常規的檢測與控制技術的研究。生物柴油是由動植物油脂與醇例如甲醇或乙醇經過酯交換反響制得的脂肪酸單烷基酯，最典型的為脂肪酸甲酯，生物柴油一般是由飽和脂肪酸甲酯C14:0C24:0和不飽和脂肪酸甲酯C16:1C22:1、C18:2、C18:3組成， 不飽和脂肪酸甲酯中雙鍵的數量和位置對燃料十六烷值有很大的影響。生物柴油是一

50、種綠色、可再生清潔能源，具有閃點高，運輸、儲存平安的特點，并能以任意比例與石化柴油摻燒，有利于維持全球二氧化碳排放平衡，減輕溫室效應。美國 EPA 研究結果說明，燃用生物柴油BD100 可以使二氧化碳排放量降低 78%，致癌物成分減少94%，生物柴油的降解速度是傳統柴油的四倍，是唯一成功通過 ?清潔空氣法 ?排放測試的燃料。歐洲生物柴油主要應用在公路運輸、船舶航運、農業動力、家庭取暖等，并且具有完善的市場鼓勵機制。我國的柴油機燃用 BD5 生物柴油的可靠性試驗結果說明， 發動機長時間燃用BD5 生物柴油，性能不會出現惡化，零部件磨損與柴油根本一致。生物柴油整車排放結果說明，按照15 循環測試，

51、生物柴油HC、CO、PM 排放下降幅度可達50%左右，僅有 NOX 排放上升 5.8%。報告介紹了國內外各高校、 科研院所德國 Stuttgart 大學、美國 Pennsylvania 大學、英國Birmingham 大學、美國 Lawrence 實驗室、法國國家科學研究院在生物柴油根底理論領域的研究工作，重點介紹了我國在生物柴油的分子結構、燃料組分、十六烷值、密度、碘值、運動粘度、低溫流動性、氧化安定性、噴霧、燃燒等領域所開展的工作及成果。我國開展生物柴油產業面臨的主要挑戰有：本錢偏高、低溫流動性較差、氧化安定性較差、 NOx排放較高等。生物柴油低溫流動性、氧化安定性等方面存在的問題，可以通

52、過技術手段解決，NOX 排放可以降低到礦物柴油的水平， 并可以減輕二氧化碳排放。在生物柴油制備過程中，采用低飽和度原料油或較 長鏈或支鏈醇，可以獲得良好的低溫流動性；在生物柴油使用過程中，添加低溫改良劑也可以有效改善生物柴油的低溫流動性。添加BHA 、BHT 、TBHQ 等抗氧化劑可以顯著提高生物柴油的氧化安定性。采用過氧化法、抗氧化法、微乳化法對生物柴油進行燃料的重新設計，可以將生物柴油NOX 排放降低到超低硫柴油的水平。生物柴油可以在國、國柴油機上長期燃用，柴油機性能與燃燒礦物柴油的性能一樣，具有滿足國排放標準的潛力，但需要開發相應的燃料管理、排放控制系統。礦物柴油與生物柴油的非常規排放污

53、染物也同樣引起了人們的重視，美國 環境保護署 EPA、歐洲化學品管理署ECHA 等紛紛制定法規限制柴油機的非常規排放污染物。 我國的 ?大氣污染物綜合排放標準?也有一些檢測和限制標準。報告還介紹了生物柴油與礦物柴油非常規排放污染物的研究情況。研究結果說明，生物柴油BD100的羰基類污染物低于礦物柴油BD0 。總羰基排放 BD0>BD50>BD100 ；苯系物排放BD0>BD50>BD100 ；總單環芳香烴排放MAHs BD0>BD50>BD100 。我國幅員遼闊，開展生物柴油產業有利于農產品深加工，提高土地利用率， 增加農民收入，緩解我國能源短缺的現狀。非道

54、路柴油機移動范圍小，生物柴 油存儲、添加方便，來源豐富；減少運輸本錢，有利于環境保護；燃料泄漏對 土壤、河流、海洋不會造成污染；在農業、林業、湖泊、海洋用的動力機械有 廣泛應用前景。生物柴油的根底研究領域仍有許多工作需要開展，污染物的生 成機理、控制策略、推廣應用等等。China's automobile production and sale were 13.791 million and 13.6448 million in 2021. It is the world's automobile production and sale superpower, and Chin

55、a's non-road diesel engine production ranking first in the world. More importantly,China's oil dependency of import reached 52% in 2021, energy tensions becomes a great threat to national energy security. In addition, the NOxand PM emissions of non-road dieselengine havereached 20%and 36%oft

56、hetotaldieselengien emissions, which should cause people's attention. U.S. EPA, California Air Resources Board (CARB)and Japan have already developed more stringent non-road diesel engine emission regulations.Thisreport is dividedintothree parts,the firstpart describes the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel. The second part describes the research situation of spray and combustion process. The third section describes the detection and emission controltechnologyofthebiodieselemissionpollutants(conventionaland unconventi