1、20世紀美國桂冠律師世紀美國桂冠律師Clarence Darrow(1857 1938)born in FarmdaleIn 1894,he began what would be his primary career for the next 20 He acted professionally in many cases against monopolies; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial (1932). He was also the president of the American League

2、 to abolish Capital Punishment. Darrows most famous criminal trial was the 1924 Leopold-Leob case, in which two Chicago boys had wantonly murdered a youngster. For the only time in his career Darrow insisted that his clients claim guilty, then turned his attention to saving them from the death penal

3、ty. He was successful in this, partly because he was able to introduce a great deal of psychiatric testimony supporting his theories of the influences upon individual acts. In the Scopes trial, Darrows defense, and particularly his cross-examination of William J. Bryan, who spoke for the biblical, a

4、ntiscientific, fundamentalist side, served to discredit religious fundamentalism and won national attention. 達羅在猴子審判中最重要、最精彩的演說：達羅在猴子審判中最重要、最精彩的演說：Darrow - If today you can take a thing like evolution and make it a crime to teach it in the public school, tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it

5、in the private schools, and the next year you can make it a crime to teach it to the hustings or in the church. At the next session you may ban books and the newspapers. Soon you may set Catholic against Protestant and Protestant against Protestant, and try to foist your own religion upon the minds

6、of men. If you can do one you can do the other. Ignorance and fanaticism is ever busy and needs feeding. Always it is feeding and gloating for more. Today it is the public school teachers,tomorrow the private. The next day the preachers and the lectures, the magazines, the books, the newspapers. Aft

7、er while, your honor, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until with flying banners and beating drums we are marching backward to the glorious ages of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted fagots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and c

8、ulture to the human mind. William Jennings Bryan(March 19, 1860 July 26, 1925)politiciandemocrat， the 41st United States Secretary of Stateone of the best known orators a Presbyterian(長老教會員)a peace advocatea prohibitionist(禁酒主義者)an opponent of DarwinismThe Great Commoner.Three times of Presidential

9、election Chautauquattkw; -circuit（巡回演說）（巡回演說）Fighting the theory of evolution Three times of Presidential election A Republican satire on Bryans Cross of Gold speechIn1896,at the age of 36, Bryan became (and still remains) the youngest presidential nominee of a major party in American history.He dem

10、andeded Bimetallism(金銀二本位制）and free silver(銀幣的自由鑄造）McKinley (麥金來，第25任美國總統）won by a margin of 271 to 176 in the electoral college.But the popular vote was much closer.The second time(1900) :approved anti-imperialism(反帝國主義)McKinley won the electoral college with a count of 292 votes compared to Bryans

11、 155. The third time (1913):He lost the electoral college 321 to 162, his worst defeat yet.In his three presidential election bids, Bryan received a total of 493 electoral votes - the most of any candidate in American history who never won the presidency.Chautauquattkw circuit(巡回演說巡回演說)An exampleWit

12、h over 500 speeches in 1896, Bryan invented the national stumping(政治演說）tour, in an era when other presidential candidates stayed home. He mostly spoke about religion, but covered a wide variety of topics.The Prince of Peace,The Value of an IdealFighting the theory of evolutionTwo reasonsHe believed

13、that what he considered a materialistic account(唯物主義價值觀）of the descent of man through evolution undermined the Bible.He saw Social Darwinism as a great evil force in the world promoting hatred and conflicts, especially the World War.Scopes trial(1925)Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan About

14、the deathAfter the trial, Bryan continued to deliver speeches.Few days later,he died in his sleep in the afternoon because of fatigue, just five days after the Scopes trial had ended. Henry Louis Mencken-H. L. Mencken was a German-Americanjournalist, satirist, cultural critic and scholar of American

15、 English.-He is regarded as one of the most influential American writers and prose stylists of the first half of the twentieth century. LifeMencken was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 12, 1880.When he was nine years old, he read Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn. which he later described as the

16、 most stupendous event in my life. He became determined to become a writer himself.He had applied in February 1899 to the Morning Herald newspaper , and had been hired as a part-timer there, but still kept his position at the factory for a few months. In June he was hired on as a full-time reporter.

17、MarriageIn 1930, Mencken married Sara Haardt, a German American professor of English at Goucher College in Baltimore and an author eighteen years his junior.But Haardt was in poor health from tuberculosis throughout their marriage and died in 1935.Mencken had always championed her writing and, after

18、 her death, had a collection of her short stories published under the title Southern Album.LifeOn November 23, 1948, Mencken suffered a stroke that left him aware and fully conscious but nearly unable to read or write, and able to speak only with some difficulty.And he died in his sleep on January 2

19、9, 1956.Style-Bombastic style (夸夸其談)-acid tongue (biting/sharp)-Exaggeration-Hyperbole Main WorksMenckens essays were received with delight or horror, depending on the readers point of view, he was also highly respected for his literary criticism and he expected a powerful influence on American lite

20、rature. vPrejudices(6 volumes ）vHappy daysvNewspaper Days vAutobiographyvThe American Language (1919)vAmerican Mercury(an American magazine published from 1924 to 1981)vOther 25 books and thousands of articlesThe American Language is considered an outstanding work of philologyIt examined the development of the English lan