1、 Module 2 Grammar and usageNon-restrictive attributive clauses非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句對先行詞起限制或修飾的作用限制性定語從句對先行詞起限制或修飾的作用，如果如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。例如：去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。例如：eg: This is the soldier who saved the boys life.先行詞先行詞 引導詞引導詞定語從句定語從句非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句只是只是對先行詞作些附加的說明對先行詞作些附加的說明, 如果如果去掉去掉, 主句的意思仍然清楚。和主

2、句關系不十分密切，主句的意思仍然清楚。和主句關系不十分密切，從句和主句之間用逗號分開。從句和主句之間用逗號分開。例如：例如： Rome has a very long history. 羅馬是意大利的首都，有著非常悠久的歷史。羅馬是意大利的首都，有著非常悠久的歷史。 , which is the capital of Italy,限制性定語從句常翻譯為：限制性定語從句常翻譯為：“的的”非限制性定語從句常翻譯為兩個并列句非限制性定語從句常翻譯為兩個并列句(1) 限制性定語從句限制性定語從句 His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him

3、 to go to college. 他那個當醫生的哥哥常鼓勵他要考上大學。他那個當醫生的哥哥常鼓勵他要考上大學。(2) 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句 His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是當醫生的，常鼓勵他要考上大學。他的哥哥是當醫生的，常鼓勵他要考上大學。 （“唯一”概念） （他還有其他的哥哥）（他還有其他的哥哥）（他只有一個哥哥）（他只有一個哥哥） 3、非限制性定語從句、非限制性定語從句引導詞的選擇：引導詞的選擇： His mother, loves him ver

4、y much, is strict with him. His wife, you met at my home, was a teacher. （1）先行詞指人）先行詞指人,在從句中作主語，引導詞用在從句中作主語，引導詞用who:who（2）先行詞指人）先行詞指人,在句中作賓語在句中作賓語whom: whom Her house, was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.注意：無論先行詞指人或者指物注意：無論先行詞指人或者指物,在句中作在句中作主語或者作賓語，主語或者作賓語，非限制性定語從句的引非限制性定語從句

5、的引導詞都不能用導詞都不能用that。 （3 3）先行詞指物）先行詞指物, ,在句中作主語或賓語在句中作主語或賓語which:which:whichThe girl, name is Kate, is the top of the students in our school. The book, cover is red, is mine. whosewhose（4 4）先行詞在句中作定語，無論指人或者指物）先行詞在句中作定語，無論指人或者指物, ,引導詞都用引導詞都用whosewhose: : The sports meeting will be put off till next mon

6、th， we will have made all the preparations. 運動會將被推遲到下個月，那時我們做好一切準備。運動會將被推遲到下個月，那時我們做好一切準備。 The next day we arrived in New York, we were interviewed on the radio. 第二天我們到達紐約，在那里我們接受了電臺的采訪。第二天我們到達紐約，在那里我們接受了電臺的采訪。when（5）先行詞在句中作時間狀語用）先行詞在句中作時間狀語用when：（6）先行詞在句中作地點狀語用）先行詞在句中作地點狀語用where：where The house, we

7、 bought last month, is very nice. 這房子很漂亮這房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。是我們上個月買的。 This is the house we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。which(which/ that )（7）如果先行詞作介詞的賓語）如果先行詞作介詞的賓語 先行詞指人，介詞提前的結構是：介詞先行詞指人，介詞提前的結構是：介詞whom 先行詞指物，介詞提前的結構是：介詞先行詞指物，介詞提前的結構是：介詞which The girl, he is familiar, is a football p

8、layer.The Second World War, millions of people were killed, ended in 1945. with whomin which He has told us many stories, all of are about the famous Long Match.2. The students of Class 10, some of came from Chongqing, went camping yesterday.whichwhom1. Many students in this school, some of which ar

9、e not overweight, are going on diets.2. There are 54 students in my class and ten of whom come from US.whomCorrection:them1.1.關系代詞關系代詞whomwhom在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可用在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可用whowho代替代替whomwhom，但但在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時不可用不可用whowho來代替來代替。 This is the girl This is the girl I I met in met in the str

10、eet.the street. ( (引導詞引導詞 省略省略) ) A young man had a new girl friend, A young man had a new girl friend, he he wanted to impress.wanted to impress. (引導詞引導詞 省略省略) 可以可以不可以不可以whomwhom/who/that注意事項注意事項:2.2.當關系代詞指整個主句內容時，用非限制性定語當關系代詞指整個主句內容時，用非限制性定語從句。從句。這時引導詞用這時引導詞用which,從句謂語動詞要用第三從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數。人稱單數。 A

11、five-year-old boy can speak two foreign A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, languages, surprises surprises all the people present.all the people present. which一個五歲的男孩會講兩門外語，令所有在場的人感一個五歲的男孩會講兩門外語，令所有在場的人感到非常驚訝。到非常驚訝。.翻譯句子：翻譯句子：1).three of whom are the grandsons of that old man.2).the

12、 biggest of which was built last year.3).which I bought last year4).where the villagers sell vegetables.5).which made me very frightened.1. The famous basketball star, _ comes from America, will visit our school soon.2. In those days, she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.whomwh

13、o Practice3. Xian, _I visited last year, is a nice old city.4. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.5. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen6. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.which7. _ is expected, the England team

14、won the football match.AsWhich 引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞是整個引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞是整個句子時。它在從句中充當主語或賓語，意為句子時。它在從句中充當主語或賓語，意為“這一點這一點”，放在主句放在主句后后。1.Which代替先行句做主語代替先行句做主語 請把下面兩個簡單句合并為復句：請把下面兩個簡單句合并為復句：句句John has been working in the office for three hours.句句It made him tired. John has been working in the office for three ho

15、urs，which made him tired.As和和which引導的非限制性定語從句引導的非限制性定語從句as引導的定語從句引導的定語從句 1.引導限制性定語從句，用在引導限制性定語從句，用在“such as”, “the same as結構中，常譯作結構中，常譯作“像像一樣一樣的人或物的人或物”。 He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.This is the same book as I read last week.這和我上周讀的那本書是一樣的。 這就是我上周讀的那本書This is the same book that I read

16、last week.在在the same as結構中，結構中，as可以換成可以換成that，但句意不一樣。但句意不一樣。 2. 引導非限制性定語從句引導非限制性定語從句1.as1.as做主語做主語請把下面兩個簡單句合并為復句：請把下面兩個簡單句合并為復句：句句China is a developing country.句句It is known to all.As is known to all，China is a developing country ,代替整個句代替整個句子，在定語從句中做主語和賓語，意子，在定語從句中做主語和賓語，意思為，思為，“正如正如.一樣一樣”。它引導的句它引導的

17、句子可在主句首、句中，子可在主句首、句中， 句尾。句尾。 注意：若非限制性定語從句中的謂語動詞是注意：若非限制性定語從句中的謂語動詞是 be said, be known,be expected, be reported , 等結構時，不論是在句首，句中，等結構時，不論是在句首，句中， 句末，都句末，都必須必須as用來引導。用來引導。 2. as做賓語做賓語請把下面兩個簡單句合并為復句：請把下面兩個簡單句合并為復句：句句We won the game.句句We all expected it We won the game，as we expected. as 引導的定語從句可置于句首引導的定

18、語從句可置于句首,而而which引導的定語從句不可放在句首引導的定語從句不可放在句首。 as和和which引導非限制性定語從句的不同之引導非限制性定語從句的不同之處在于：處在于：關系代詞：關系代詞：which / who / whom / whose / as 關系副詞：關系副詞：when / where(非限制性定語從句中不用關系非限制性定語從句中不用關系詞詞that/why；非限制性定語從句；非限制性定語從句中關系詞不能省略中關系詞不能省略)非限制性定語從句中通常使用非限制性定語從句中通常使用下列關系代詞和副詞下列關系代詞和副詞Conclusion1. The famous basketball star, _ comes from America, will visit our school soon.2. In those days, she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.whomwho Practice3. Xian, _I visited last year, is a nice old ci