1、Training is done in two phases. The first phase is classroom training followed by the same training in the field or in the control room at the DCS. The following is required training and the order it should be presented. 培訓課程分兩個階段完成。第一階段是室內課程培訓，第二階段是內容相同現場或控制室DCS系統的培訓。接下來將介紹必要的培訓內容及其順序。You must writ

2、e a process description of the flow through an assigned job area. This description will include where the stream comes from, pressure, temperature, flow rate(during normal operation) and stream composition. Tell what vessel it enters and what that vessel does. 你必須對指定的工段寫出相關的流程描述。這個描述應該包括物流的來源，壓力，溫度，

3、流量（正常操作時）以及物流的組成。闡明物流經過的容器及容器作用。工藝簡介Explain normal process parameters of the vessel and include all associated equipment. Indicate components removed overhead or from the bottoms and the equipment those streams go to next. Repeat the above process description until the process stream leaves the assi

4、gned operating area and goes into the next job area. 解釋容器的正常過程參數并包括整個過程所有的輔助設備。標明從容器頂部和底部移走的組分，物流的下一步所進入的設備。重復以上的過程描述直到過程物流離開設定的操作范圍而進入下一個工段。Always tell where the process comes from and where it goes. A good operator should always understand how the upstream and downstream process areas affects his

5、job and vice versa. 要告訴整個過程從何而來，去往何處。一個好的操作工應當理解上游和下游工序是怎樣影響他的工作的，同時也應該清楚地知道他的工作對上下游工序起到什么樣的作用。It is very useful in this phase of training to develop simplifies flow drawings of the job work area and present them as training aids. 這個階段的培訓，準備一份簡化的工藝流程圖是很有幫助的，它可以作為一份培訓材料。a) This process description wi

6、ll then be condensed into a one line checklist for documentation of training. Every piece of operating equipment must be listed and checked off as explained. 工藝簡介中應包含一份用以檢查之用的清單。每個操作設備都必須被列在清單之上并且作出解釋核對。b) During the presentation, the Trainer should be drawing a simplified flow of the equipment on t

7、he white board. When he finishes, it should resemble the simplified sketch he gave the trainee. 在介紹過程中，培訓師應當在白板上畫出簡單的帶設備的工藝流程圖。培訓時畫的簡圖應類似于書面的流程簡圖。c) After the classroom material has been presented, take the trainee to the field and begin where the feed to his job area comes from and do the classroom

8、 presentation in the field. 在課程材料介紹完之后，應帶培訓對象去現場并開始講解他所負責工段的進料來源，在現場來講解課堂培訓的內容。d) At the end of the training session, you should ask the trainee a few questions(5) about the training he just received or to make a simple sketch on the board as review. 在培訓部分結束時，應該向培訓對象提問關于培訓內容的問題（5個），或者要求在展板上畫出簡單的流程圖作

9、為培訓回顧。Using the above Process Description, write a Process Description of the Controls. This is the next phase of training. Again, start at the first piece of equipment and describe range of controllers, normal set points, if air opens/closes the valve, FC/FO valves and the shutdown system that appl

10、ies to the equipment. 應用上述的工藝簡述，寫一份控制過程描述。此內容作為下一階段的培訓。此外，從第一臺設備開始，要描述控制點的控制范圍，正常的設定點，閥門是氣開還是氣關，閥門故障關還是故障開，或是否在停車過程中使用此設備等等。IN THIS SESSION YOU REINFORCE PROCESS FLOW DESCRIPTION BY ADDING CONTROLLERS. This covers normal operating conditions. 這部分培訓要通過加入控制點來完善過程流程的描述。包括正常的操作條件。Above Steps a)-d) appli

11、es here also 以上a)-d)同樣應用于此。Write a process description for the following: 按照以下內容來準備工藝簡述a) Normal Startup 正常開車b) Normal Shutdown 正常停車c) Emergency Shutdown 緊急停車Emergency Shutdown caused by ： 造成緊急停車的原因： 1) Unit shutdown matrix 由于單元停車引起的 2) Electrical failure (total power loss) 電力方面的故障(全廠失電) 3) Cooling

12、water failure 冷卻水故障 4) Loss of utilities (if applicable) i.e. ASU Shutdown 公用工程故障(如果可用)例如，空分停車 Steps a)-d) applies here also a)-d)步驟同樣應用于此After all the training documents have been assembled, you must develop some type of timeline to show how long each section will have to be trained. 所有的培訓文件被準備好之后，

13、必須制定一個詳細的時間表安排每一部分內容所需培訓的時間。Training periods will vary from job to job depending on the amount of equipment associated with each job and the complexity of the control loops and shutdown system. 根據不同工段的設備情況，操作系統和停車系統的復雜性，不同工段的培訓周期是不一樣的。Unless you are an experienced trainer, it will take several times

14、 until you will actually decide upon a permanent time that is required to present the training. 除非你是一個經驗豐富的培訓師，否則你將經歷幾次這樣的過程才能對一個培訓作出一個確實有效地時間表。Remember, a trainer can tell an operator more in two hours than most can retain. 記住，培訓師在兩個小時以內告訴操作工的內容要比兩個小時以上的內容還要多。Classroom training should be 1.5 to 2 h

15、ours followed by field training which should be 1 to 1.5 hours followed by 30 to 45 minute question review. 課堂培訓時間應控制在1.5至2小時，現場培訓時間控制在1到1.5小時，然后還有30到45分鐘的問題答疑。Try not to exceed 4 hours daily with the trainee then training in the field on his own or asking the area operator to review with him that d

16、ays training. 每天的培訓不要超過4個小時，讓培訓對象自己到現場或是要求操作人員陪同他們一起在現場學習。At this point you have to decide how you will test and qualify a person. 確定如何測試和讓培訓對象通過考試。The best way to tell if a person is ready to take the job on his own is a TESTTEST. 檢驗一個人是否已經具備獨立工作能力的最好方法就是測測試試。This takes all personalities out of the

17、 picture 測試可以將個人因素排除在外。Everyone is treated equally and fairly because everyone takes the same test. 因為每個人都要進行相同的測試，所以是公平的。Actually there should be an A A and B B test. 實際上，應該有A、B兩套測試題。They should be equally as easy/difficult in questions. 在難易程度上兩套測試題應該一致。If the trainee does not qualify on the first

18、test, he should be retrained for a shorter period (must be determined now in writing-usually half the original training period) and retested using the alternate test. 如果培訓對象在第一次測試中沒有通過，那么還需要經過一段時間的再培訓（現在必須用書面的文件確認是原來一半的培訓時間），然后再用另一份難度相仿的測試題測試。A test could be fill in the blank or essay type (harder f

19、or trainer to grade. Exact answer must be written on a test used to grade the trainee so everyone is clear as what is an acceptable answer). This is the hardest type of question to answer. 測試題可以采用填空題或是簡答題（后者較難評分，此類測試題必須要有標準答案，這樣便于評分，同時每位培訓對象清楚地知道答題的標準。）這種類型的測試題是最難做的。A True or False test- this is the

20、 easiest type test or multiple answer test (A-D to select from) is in the middle as far as difficulty and very easy for the Trainer to grade. 是非題是最簡單的測試題，多項選擇題（四選一）的難度是居中的，此類測試題便于培訓人評分。A test containing all three types of questions is very desirable. 一份測試卷中如果包含了以上三種題型的話是比較合理的。Some people do not reac

21、t well to written tests as education levels will indicate. 培訓對象的受教育程度決定了有些人在書面考試上成績不佳。In order to get a true understanding of what a trainee actually knows a three part test can be administered. 為了真實地了解培訓對象的真實水平，可以采用三方面內容的測試。A）Written：寫Depending on amount of equipment and control complexity, 50-75 q

22、uestions will give you a good measurement of the trainees skill level. 根據設備的數量和控制的復雜程度，可以準備50-75個問題來測試受培訓人，這樣就可以了解其真實的技術水平。B）Drawing：畫 Again, depending on the size or amount of equipment, ask the operator to make simplified flow drawings. 同樣根據設備的尺寸或數量，要求培訓對象來畫出簡圖。Simplified flows should include equi

23、pment and control valves. For the gasifier area it would be one. 簡圖應包括設備和控制閥門。比如拿氣化工段來說就可以用一簡圖來表示。For the Purification area it could be 3 or 4 drawings. 凈化工段就需要用3或4張簡圖來表示。C）Oral Test：口試Take the trainee to the field and ask him to show you how or where to perform job tasks. 帶培訓對象到現場，要求其說明如何/在那些工作地點履行

24、他的工作職責。This could be 40-60 (30-40 SES) questions depending on size or complexity of job/area. 根據工作/負責區域的大小或復雜程度，可以準備40-60個問題。（SES：30-40個問題即可。） The same would apply to an inside operators test only he would navigate thru the DCS screens and show you how to change the appropriate controller set point,

25、 change from auto to manual vice versa and how to put a loop into cascade control. 同樣的測試方法也適用于內操。他可以通過DCS畫面來說明如何改變適當的控制設定參數，如何切入自動或手動以及如何投用控制回路等等。The drawing or oral test will indicate if a person had trouble with written questions but knows the job. 對書面考試有困難但操作能力較強的培訓對象來說，畫圖或是口試是很好的測試方法。 If he does

26、 excellent on his oral test, it is a good indication he knows how to perform his job duties. 如果培訓對象在口試中表現出色的話，可以說他知道自己崗位的工作內容。A score of 90% is required on each section and gives a true indication of the trainees skill level. 每個崗位的測試成績要求在90分以上。當然成績是培訓對象技術水平的真實反映。If he succeeds at the 90% level, his

27、shift supervisor must see that he qualifies on the test questions he missed within two weeks. 如果培訓對象的成績達到90分，那么該值班長就要知道他的成績是合格，而且在為期兩周的培訓過程中還有哪些培訓內容還未掌握。If this type of test is considered too comprehensive, the drawing section could be eliminated but neither of the other two can or the test becomes

28、meaningless. 這種形式的測試包含的內容很廣泛，可以不考慮畫圖部分的測試，但是如果其他兩種測試題也沒有的包括的話，測試就沒有意義了。The drawing part of the test is actually the easiest of the three. 畫圖部分的測試在這三種題型中是最簡單的。If an operator cannot close his eyes, visualize what is in the field and transfer it to paper, then does he really know his work area? 一名操作人員在

29、閉上眼睛后，如果不能在腦海中勾勒出現場的場景然后畫在紙上，就說明他根本不了解他的崗位工作是什么。A trainer must be competent and dedicated. 作為一名培訓師，必須是勝任的而且專注于培訓工作。Your commitment is to qualify this person as a very good operator, not to disqualify him or put him on the job with only partial knowledge. 你的任務就是要將培訓對象培訓成為一名合格的操作人員，而不是聽之任之，或是讓其在不完全了解崗

30、位工作的前提下上崗操作。In preparation of a new training program, the Area Engineer must use resources available to them. 在準備新的培訓課程時，工段工程師必須利用一切可用資源來開展培訓工作。You must use the Supervisors to help you write the process description and controls. The Supervisors must also rely on the Operators to help write job tasks. 你可以要求值班長來協助完成工藝簡述和工藝控制。值班長可以要依靠操作人員編寫工作任務。Remember, anything the operator must change in the field