1、 人類最早用來計數的工具是手指和腳趾，人類最早用來計數的工具是手指和腳趾，但它們只能表示但它們只能表示2020以內的數字。當數目很多時，以內的數字。當數目很多時，大多數的原始人就用小石子和豆粒來記數。漸大多數的原始人就用小石子和豆粒來記數。漸漸地人們不滿足粒為單位的記數，又發明了打漸地人們不滿足粒為單位的記數，又發明了打繩結、刻畫記數的方法，在獸皮、獸骨、樹木、繩結、刻畫記數的方法，在獸皮、獸骨、樹木、石頭上刻畫記數。中國古代是用木、竹或骨頭石頭上刻畫記數。中國古代是用木、竹或骨頭制成的小棍來記數，稱為算籌。這些記數方法制成的小棍來記數，稱為算籌。這些記數方法和記數符號慢慢轉變成了最早的數字符

2、號（數和記數符號慢慢轉變成了最早的數字符號（數碼）。如今，世界各國都使用阿拉伯數字為標碼）。如今，世界各國都使用阿拉伯數字為標準數字。準數字。 數字并不是阿拉伯人發明創造的，而是發數字并不是阿拉伯人發明創造的，而是發源于古印度。數字后來被阿拉伯人用于經商而源于古印度。數字后來被阿拉伯人用于經商而掌握，經改進，并傳到了西方。西方人由于首掌握，經改進，并傳到了西方。西方人由于首先接觸到阿拉伯人使用過這些數字，便誤以為先接觸到阿拉伯人使用過這些數字，便誤以為是他們發明的，所以便將這些數字稱為阿拉伯是他們發明的，所以便將這些數字稱為阿拉伯數字，造成了這一歷史的誤會。后來，隨著在數字，造成了這一歷史的誤

3、會。后來，隨著在世界各地的普遍傳播，大家都認同了世界各地的普遍傳播，大家都認同了“阿拉伯阿拉伯數字數字”這個說法，使世界上很多地方的人都誤這個說法，使世界上很多地方的人都誤認為是阿拉伯人發明的數字，實際上是阿拉伯認為是阿拉伯人發明的數字，實際上是阿拉伯人最早開始廣泛使用數字，盡管后來人們知道人最早開始廣泛使用數字，盡管后來人們知道了事情的真相，但由于習慣了，就一直沒有改了事情的真相，但由于習慣了，就一直沒有改正過來。正過來。數字是一種用來表示數的書寫符號。數字是一種用來表示數的書寫符號。不同的記數系統可以使用相同的數字，比如，不同的記數系統可以使用相同的數字，比如，十進制和二進制都會用到數字十

4、進制和二進制都會用到數字“0”0”和和“1”1”。同一個數在不同的記數系統中有不同的表示，同一個數在不同的記數系統中有不同的表示，比如，數比如，數3737（阿拉伯數字十進制）可以有多種（阿拉伯數字十進制）可以有多種寫法：寫法：中文數字寫作三十七中文數字寫作三十七羅馬數字寫作羅馬數字寫作XXXVIIXXXVII阿拉伯數字二進制寫作阿拉伯數字二進制寫作100101100101Before the invention of written numbers, people used many different ways to count things.At first, people used th

5、eir fingers, and even their toes. However, they could only count small numbers in this way.After that, they began to make small marks on sticks and bones. This helped them count bigger numbers. They used them to count things like the days of the month, the amount of food and the numberof animals the

6、y had.Then people began to use tokens made from clay or small stones. This helped them count even bigger numbers. They often put the tokens on pieces of string so that they could carry them around easily. This developed into tools like the abacus. Finally, people began to develop systems of written

7、marks to show different numbers, and this led to the Hindu-Arabic system(0-9). We are still using this system today.Finally, they began to develop(4)_This led to (5)_used their fingers, and even their toes.used their fingers, and even their toes.small marks on sticks and small marks on sticks and bo

8、nes.bones.A Read the online article and then complete the flow chart about the development of counting methods.First, people used(1)_After that, they made(2)_Then they used(3)_tokens made from clay or small stones. tokens made from clay or small stones. systems of written markssystems of written mar

9、ks. .the Hindu-Arabic system(0-9)the Hindu-Arabic system(0-9). .B Are there any other ways of counting? Discuss this with your classmates.Language pointsThey used them to count things like the days of the month, the amount of food and the number of animals they had. 人們利用它們來數數，像每個月的天數，食物的數量還有他們所擁有的牲畜

10、的數目。amount 用作名詞，意為“數量；總額”，通常用于a (great / large) amount of 短語中，表示“大量；許多”，其后通常接不可數名詞。例如：他賺了很多錢。He made a large amount of money.注意the amount of 和the number of 的區別：這兩個短語都表示“的數量”，其區別在于:前者與不可數名詞連用，而后者與可數名詞的復數形式連用。例如:降雨量影響農作物的生長。The amount of rain affects the growth of crops. 在過去的五十年里，老虎的數目銳減。The number of

11、 tigers has reduced sharply in the last fifty years. 而a (great / large) amount of 和a (great /large) number of 都表示“大量；許多”，其區別在于前者與不可數名詞連用，而后者與可數名詞的復數形式連用。例如：一大筆錢花在了購買圖書上。A large amount of money was spent on books.很多人造衛星現在正環繞地球飛行。A number of satellites are now circling the Earth. 選擇最佳答案填空。( )1. Genera

12、lly, there are _ television programmes for children on Saturdays. A. little B. much C. a large number ofD. a large amount of( )2. Eggs have _of fat content ( 脂肪含量). A. large number B. a large number C. a high amount D. the high amount判斷句子正誤，如有錯誤請改正。3. She has spent a large number of money on her clo

13、thes. ( )_4. The large number of settlers from France reached Canada in 1534. ( )_C 把number改為amountC把The改為A. and this led to the Hindu-Arabic system (0-9).然后這最終形成了阿拉伯數字系統。lead to 可表示：(1) (道路)等通往。例如：條條道路通羅馬。All roads lead to Rome. (2) 引起(結果等)；導致。常見搭配：lead to + n. / v.-ing。那場大雨引起水災。The heavy rain led

14、to a flood.懶惰導致考試的失敗。Laziness leads to failing the exam.注意以下搭配：lead sb to some place 把某人帶到某地lead sb to do sth 帶領某人做某事根據中文意思完成句子。1. 過量的工作和過少的休息會引起疾病。 Too much work and too little rest often _ _ illness.2. 我認為這事不會有什么好結果。 I _ _ it _ _ _ a good result.3. 這條街能直通動物園嗎? _ this street _ right _the zoo?4. 旅館服

15、務生把我們帶到了我們的房間。 The bell boy _ _ _ our rooms. lead todont think will lead toDoes lead toled us to選擇最佳答案填空。( )1. We will only have a _ examination this time. A. write B. wrote C. writing D. written( )2. Peter can use some different ways _ out the problems. A. work B. to work C. working D. worked( )3.

16、I think I can study English well _. A. in this way B. on the way C. by the way D. on my way( )4. He studies English _ better than me. A. very B. soC. quite D. evenDBADAbout lucky numbers The lucky number has become increasingly (逐漸地) popular in the daily life of our modern society. For example, the

17、number “eight”means earning big money which people like most, whilethe number“four”means death. Some people believe lucky numbers so deeply that they will afford a telephone with numbers without four and others, which is bad in their mind. They argue that the lucky number really canbring good luck,

18、and, at least, no evidence (證據) testifies (證實) they can not. Yet other people dont think so. They argue that numbers are nothing but a kind of symbol used for counting. Numbers have nothing to do with luck. It is superstitious toconnect ones life with the numbers. So, they laugh at those who think n

19、umbers can bring good luck. I am in favor of (贊同) the latter opinion. We shouldnt depend on numbers to fulfill (實現) our wishes. Whether we can live a rich life largely depends on ourselves. Ourlife is in our own hands. So we should work hard instead of depending on lucky numbers to bring us a happy life.根據短文內容，選擇最佳答案。( )1. According to the article, which number means earning big money which people like mos