1、Lesson 4 City and Country1. I need to be in my office by nine oclock.by 在此表時間，意為在此表時間，意為“最晚、不遲于，最晚、不遲于，在在之前之前”，此時謂語多用完成時此時謂語多用完成時。如：。如：We must come into the classroom by 7 oclock.我們必須我們必須7點前回到教室。點前回到教室。By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed. 到去年年底，又有一座新體育館峻工了。到去年年底，又有一座新體育

2、館峻工了。 拓展拓展 介詞介詞by可以用來表示方位、時間、手段等可以用來表示方位、時間、手段等 。1) by+地點名詞地點名詞，表方位，意為，表方位，意為 “在在旁旁邊邊”。如：。如：She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path. 她搜索了山頂，然后停下來在路邊的一塊大她搜索了山頂，然后停下來在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。石頭上休息。注：注：有時可表有時可表 “從從旁經過旁經過”，多與動詞，多與動詞go/walk/pass等連用。等連用。如：如：As we boy

3、s were rushing towards the playground, Jim slipped by the table. 當我們這些男生沖向操場時，吉姆從桌旁溜當我們這些男生沖向操場時，吉姆從桌旁溜過。過。2) by + 名詞名詞, 可用來表方法可用來表方法, 方式方式, 手段等手段等。a). by + the + 可數的時間、長度、重量等名可數的時間、長度、重量等名詞，意為詞，意為 “按按計算計算, 按按買買(賣賣)”。如：如：Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. 城市里的女清潔工通常按小時獲得報酬。城市

4、里的女清潔工通常按小時獲得報酬。b). by + 表示時間、長度、重量等總稱的不可表示時間、長度、重量等總稱的不可數名詞數名詞(名詞前不加冠詞名詞前不加冠詞), 意為意為“按按計算計算, 按按買買(賣賣)”。如：如：As we all know, the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.眾所周知，行李的運費是按重量計算的。眾所周知，行李的運費是按重量計算的。c. by + 交通工具、交通方式名詞交通工具、交通方式名詞(名詞前不名詞前不加冠詞，不變復數加冠詞，不變復數)。意為。意為“通過通過，由，由, 乘乘”。如：如：It takes a

5、long time to go there by train; its quicker by road (by bus). 乘火車去那兒要花很長時間乘火車去那兒要花很長時間, 公路比較快。公路比較快。d. by + 抽象名詞或具有抽象意義的普通名抽象名詞或具有抽象意義的普通名詞詞(名詞前不加冠詞，不變復數名詞前不加冠詞，不變復數)。意為。意為“靠靠, 通過通過, 由由所致所致”。如：如：I made a coat with my own hands. It was made by hand, not by machine. 我用雙手織了一件外套。它是用手工織的，我用雙手織了一件外套。它是用手工

6、織的，而不是機器織的。而不是機器織的。e. by+ 地點或工具等具體名詞。地點或工具等具體名詞。表路線、表路線、途徑途徑, 意為意為“通過通過(某物、某地某物、某地), 取道取道”。如。如:The man entered the room by the back door.那人通過后門進入了房間。那人通過后門進入了房間。f. by+身體部位名詞或衣服名詞。身體部位名詞或衣服名詞。表示被抓表示被抓住身體住身體/衣物的某一部分衣物的某一部分, 常與動常與動 catch/ seize/ take/ hold/ grab等連用。如：等連用。如：The policeman caught the thie

7、f by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那個士兵揪住了孩子的衣領。那個士兵揪住了孩子的衣領。4與反身代詞與反身代詞oneself連用，表示獨自、單獨或沒有人幫助連用，表示獨自、單獨或沒有人幫助（全憑本人）。如：（全憑本人）。如：I cant leave her by herself5用于被動結構中，意為用于被動結構中，意為“由、被由、被”。如：。如：The pupils were given some advice by the pianist6用于某些固定短語中。如：用于某些

8、固定短語中。如：by the way順便，順便問一下順便，順便問一下by and by不久以后不久以后little by little逐漸地逐漸地by hand用手用手1Come and sit _（我旁邊）（我旁邊）2_（到上星期日）（到上星期日）I had finished the book3She came home _（乘飛機）（乘飛機）4Did you make the desk _（自己獨自）（自己獨自）?5_（順便問一下）（順便問一下）, how many people are there in your family?6It has been turned into water

9、_（受熱）（受熱）7_（不久以后）（不久以后）, more and more people began to study English8The Great Wall was built_（用手）（用手）9Then _（逐漸地）（逐漸地）, the smoke grew heavier and thicker until finally it turned into a terrible Genie10If your son feels well enough to watch TV_（到那時）（到那時）, hell be fine after the game3.Thats what peo

10、ple call the underground in . 點撥：點撥：這是一個主系表結構的句子。這是一個主系表結構的句子。 what people call the underground in London是一個表語從句。是一個表語從句。句意：句意：這（指這（指the tube）就是人們通常所稱的倫敦地下）就是人們通常所稱的倫敦地下鐵路系統。鐵路系統。主語主語 謂語謂語表語從句表語從句Language points1. Thats what people call Hes a new comer. Thats what I know about him. Thats how Thats w

11、hy Thats where2. It takes about 50 minutes.It takes (sb.) some time (to do sth. )是固定句是固定句式，意為式，意為“做某事花費某人多少時間做某事花費某人多少時間”。It takes me 35 minutes to go back home. 我要花我要花30分鐘回家。分鐘回家。It will take him three hours to finish his work.他需要他需要3個小時的時間完成他的工作。個小時的時間完成他的工作。It took more than 2,000 people three ye

12、ars to build that railway.建成那條鐵路花費了建成那條鐵路花費了2,000多人多人3年的時間。年的時間。3. Usually, its so crowded that I cant find anywhere to sit. 表達表達“如此如此以至于以至于”的結構有：的結構有：so + adj./adv. + that clause such + un./pl. + that clauseso + adj. + a/an + cn. that clause (= such +a/an + adj. + cn. + that clause)用上面的結構翻譯下列句子：用上面

13、的結構翻譯下列句子： Lucy 是一個很可愛的女孩是一個很可愛的女孩, 我們都喜歡她我們都喜歡她Lucy is so lovely a girl that we all like her.Lucy is such a lovely girl that we all like her.Lucy is so lovely that we all like her.so+ many(多多) / few(少少) +復數可數名詞復數可數名詞+thatso+ much(多多) /little(少少) +不可數名詞不可數名詞+that翻譯練習：翻譯練習：我的錢太少，買不起車。我的錢太少，買不起車。I hav

14、e so little money that I cannot afford a car. 這些書很有趣，我們都喜歡看。這些書很有趣，我們都喜歡看。They are such interesting books that we all enjoy reading them. 翻譯練習：翻譯練習：他跑得很快，我們都追不上他。他跑得很快，我們都追不上他。He ran so quickly that we all couldnt catch up with him. 這本書非常有趣，我們都喜歡看。這本書非常有趣，我們都喜歡看。 This is so interesting a book that w

15、e all enjoy reading it. 他有很多書，我數也數不清。他有很多書，我數也數不清。He has so many books that I cant count them. 食物太多了，我們吃不完。食物太多了，我們吃不完。 There was so much food that we couldnt eat it all. 2. 我整個早上都核對賬目上。我整個早上都核對賬目上。 I spent all morning (in) checking numbers. spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花時間花時間/錢做錢做 spend time/mo

16、ney on sth 花時間花時間/錢在錢在 上上仿寫：他每月把薪水的仿寫：他每月把薪水的1/3花在房租上。花在房租上。 He spends a third of his salary (in) paying for the house rent. He spends a third of his salary on the house rent. 4. I work for a French company so I think studying French will help me in my job.點撥：點撥： 這是一個并列復合句。這是一個并列復合句。so 之前的分句是簡單之前的分句

17、是簡單句，句，so 后面的分句是復合句，此句中后面的分句是復合句，此句中I think 是是主句，主句，studying French . 是賓語從句。是賓語從句。句意：句意： 我在為一家法國公司工作，所以我認為學法語我在為一家法國公司工作，所以我認為學法語 對我的工作有益。對我的工作有益。主語主語 謂語謂語賓語從句賓語從句主語主語 謂語謂語連詞連詞B. 重點句型講解重點句型講解2.There are many things to do on the farm all day.在在農場整天有許多事情要做。農場整天有許多事情要做。 There be +主語主語+ to do (表示該動作在將來發

18、生表示該動作在將來發生) There be +主語主語+ doing (該動詞與主語之間是主動關系該動詞與主語之間是主動關系) There be +主語主語+ done (該動詞與主語之間是被動關系該動詞與主語之間是被動關系) 練習練習:（1）There is no need _ (worry) about the coming exam. (2) There is no one _ (name) John in our class. (3)There are several girls _ (talk) about the plan in the classroom.to worryname

19、dtalking4. We dont have the same work hour that office workers in the city have. that引導的從句表示的內容與主句引導的從句表示的內容與主句所講的是所講的是“同一個同一個”Thats the same purse that I bought last Sunday.對比對比 Thats the same purse as I bought last Sunday. (同我丟失的那同我丟失的那個一樣個一樣, 但不是同一個但不是同一個)Line 11(Passage 2)need: 情態動詞，情態動詞， +V原原 實

20、意動詞實意動詞, + to do n We need some books for our study. Sth.+need(s) + to be done doing We need to give him a chance. I need money to save my mother. The bike needs to be repaired/repairing. B. 重點句型講解重點句型講解1. make sure of/about （doing）sth 務必務必,確信，弄明白確信，弄明白 make sure that+從句從句,務必務必,確信確信,弄明白弄明白翻譯翻譯:我確信所有

21、的窗戶都關了我確信所有的窗戶都關了.I make sure that all the windows have been closed. 我確信她的到來。（兩種翻譯）我確信她的到來。（兩種翻譯）I make sure of her coming.I make sure that she will come. 4. I am very interested in China and its my dream to see the Great Wall one day.be interested in sth. / doing sth. 對對感興趣感興趣 interested adj. (人）對人

22、）對感興趣感興趣 interesting adj. (物物) 有趣的有趣的 這是一本有趣的書，我對它很感興趣。這是一本有趣的書，我對它很感興趣。This book is very interesting and I am very interested in it. 拓展拓展 類似的詞匯有：類似的詞匯有：surprising; excited, exciting; moved, moving dream of 夢見夢見. I often dream of myself becoming a great singer.I never dreamed of meeting you here. 我絕

23、對未想到在這里遇到你。我絕對未想到在這里遇到你。5. But there isnt a cinema in my village so I dont get the chance to go very often. get / have the chance to do sth. 意為意為“獲得獲得/有做某事的機會有做某事的機會”。又如：又如：Jane has got the chance to do this project.簡得到了做這個項目的機會。簡得到了做這個項目的機會。You have had every chance to reform. 你是一直有改過自新的機會的。你是一直有改過

24、自新的機會的。We have no chance to meet each other. 我們沒有見面的機會了。我們沒有見面的機會了。 Line 24 get/have the chance to do sth. 獲得/有做某事的機會Jane has got the chance to do this project. Line 26 take/have a break= have a rest 休息一會You must be very tired, please stop working and take a good break Line 31 especiallyspecially“特別

25、地，尤其是”特意地，專門地“一般修飾a., prep或狀語從句前面一般用“，”隔開一般用在to do或for前，強調目的I like the kite you _ made for me.She likes the country, _ in spring. especiallyspecially phrasesplease underline the phrases in the texts according to Chinese meanings TEXT 1:1.坐地鐵上班坐地鐵上班2.逢周一晚逢周一晚3.上舞蹈課上舞蹈課/法語課法語課4.天氣預報天氣預報5.遠離遠離 TEXT 2:1

26、.一頓豐盛的早餐一頓豐盛的早餐2.凌晨凌晨3.半夜半夜4.確保確保5.沒染上，不受沒染上，不受傷害傷害6.種植小麥種植小麥7.照顧，照料照顧，照料8.現在，目前現在，目前9.通過遠程學習通過遠程學習10.有機會做有機會做.11.度過周末度過周末12.喜歡喜歡 TEXT 1:1.坐地鐵上班坐地鐵上班2.逢周一晚逢周一晚3.上舞蹈課上舞蹈課/法語課法語課4.天氣預報天氣預報5.遠離遠離 TEXT 2:1.一頓豐盛的早餐一頓豐盛的早餐2.凌晨凌晨1.travel to work on the tube2.on Monday nights3.have dance/French classes 4.th

27、e weather forecast 5.(be) far away from 1. (have) a big breakfast2. early in the morning3.半夜半夜4.確保確保5.沒染上，不受沒染上，不受傷害傷害6.種植小麥種植小麥7.照顧，照料照顧，照料8.現在，目前現在，目前9.通過遠程學習通過遠程學習10.有機會做有機會做.11.度過周末度過周末12.喜歡喜歡3.late at night4.make sure (of/that)5.be free of sth6.grow wheat7.look after/ take care of / attend to8.

28、right now9.by distance learning10.have/get the chance to do11.take a weekend break12.be fond of sth in the center of have some biscuits and a cup of coffee. go to the gym weather forecast drive to the countryside a weekend break in the north of look after on the farm grow wheat and vegetables distan

29、ce learning twice a year ride on Londons red buses unfortunately especiallyChoose the best answers1. - Bob told me not to swim in this river. -Thats _ I told him. A. how B. it C. that D. what2. - Dont spend too much time_ the game. - I see. A. to play B. playing C. played D. play 3. I saw a pen in t

30、he garden yesterday. -Where is it now? Its the same pen _ I lost. A. that B. as C. which D. what翻譯句子翻譯句子1.他忠誠老實，不肯受賄。他忠誠老實，不肯受賄。He is so honest that he will not accept bribe.2. 她和他的感受相同。她和他的感受相同。 She felt just the same as he did. 3. 對于那件事我們談了好幾個小時。對于那件事我們談了好幾個小時。We spent many hours in talking about

31、it.4. 她夢見一個年青英俊的王子把她從她夢見一個年青英俊的王子把她從苦難中救出?？嚯y中救出。She dreamed of a handsome young prince coming to rescue her from her misery. 5. 你怎么能這么不通人情，還自稱是你怎么能這么不通人情，還自稱是我的朋友？我的朋友？How can you be so unkind and still call yourself my friend? 1.How long does it take Debbie to go to work by tube?2. Why doesnt Debbi

32、e like the tube?3. What does Debbie do all the morning?4. Why does Debbie go to gym on Wednesday?5. Why does Debbie love driving to the countryside with her friends for a weekend break?Because she doesnt get enough exercise otherwise.It takes her about fifty minutes to go to work.Its so crowded that

33、 she cant find anything to sit.She spends all morning checking numbers.That fresh air is good for her lungs.Unfortunately, his wife isnt as fond of them as he is.6.What animals does Paul have on his farm? What does he have to make sure?7.Why is Paul studying Chinese by distance learning?8. What does

34、 Paul like to buy when he goes to London for a weekend break with his family? Does his wife like them, too?He has to make sure they are free of sickness.He is very interested in China and its his dream to see the Great Wall one day.Debbie has to travel to work but Paul doesnt.They both have to work.

35、ExampleSpeaking6. Talk about it. How are Debbie and Pauls lifestyles different? How are they similar?Speaking How are Debbie and Pauls lifestyles different? How are they similar? Where do you live? In a city or a countryside? What do you like about where you live? List three things. Work in groups. Imagine your group live in an unusual place. Think about your lifestyle there and prepare a report. Example we live in a cave in Shanxi. We have no electricity but no pollution, either.WritingCities and Countryside Some people like to live in big cities. They sa