1、INDEXPART I . 2PART II 8 “閱讀式”聽力訓(xùn)練法一、英語聽力學(xué)習(xí)的三大內(nèi)容英語學(xué)習(xí)詞 匯句型結(jié)構(gòu)二、“閱讀式”聽力訓(xùn)練法簡介英語學(xué)習(xí)分為聽說讀寫四項基本技能，這四項基本技能基本又可以分為兩類：輸入型技能（聽讀）和輸出型技能（說寫）。輸入和輸出中的兩種技能在很多地方都有很多相同之處，所以在訓(xùn)練某一項技能的同時，可以結(jié)合相關(guān)技能的訓(xùn)練方法進(jìn)行輔助借鑒，這樣就可以達(dá)到某一技能的迅速提高。以聽力訓(xùn)練為例。英語聽力涉及兩大障礙，一是語音識別，二是內(nèi)容把握。幾乎所有人在聽力練習(xí)的過程中，往往把大部分的注意力和時間集中在語音語素不能聽懂上面，而忽略了英語本身的整體思維、形象邏輯和材料的

2、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。其實后者在訓(xùn)練過程中更為重要。在聽力的訓(xùn)練中可以適當(dāng)引入英語閱讀的訓(xùn)練元素方法，以閱讀的邏輯思維訓(xùn)練聽力，這樣經(jīng)過一段時間的訓(xùn)練，可以輕松達(dá)到從整體上把握聽力內(nèi)容，提高聽力水平的效果。三、英語聽力的兩大障礙之一語音識別 對于語音識別我會在一開始幫大家解決這個障礙。因為語音識別是基礎(chǔ)，只有聽出了單詞是什么才能對文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了解，如果單詞根本就聽不出來，那么更不要提文章的邏輯內(nèi)容了。所以，突破語音識別障礙是聽力聯(lián)系的第一步，也是最基本的初級階段。概括來說，提高語音識別的主要內(nèi)容在于建立英語的聽覺形象，在聽到一個單詞或者一個短語的時候，在腦子中能迅速出現(xiàn)這個單詞的拼寫和中文意思。那么，我們

3、來看看具體怎樣突破語音識別障礙。1 語音識別力的四大障礙：（1） 語速快慢障礙訓(xùn)練方法：跟讀模仿，習(xí)慣語速（2） 單個單詞熟形不熟音障礙單詞熟悉形狀不熟悉發(fā)音，聽英語的時候不會按照希望的去讀。 訓(xùn)練方法：跟讀模仿 （3） 英美音障礙 a: - ae: glass grass fast o v: hot box rock r 卷舌：door dollar more（規(guī)律：單詞有r才發(fā)兒話音，如果沒有r就不發(fā)） 常見標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美音：neither either secretary dictionary tomato history （4） 語音現(xiàn)象障礙 a. 連讀 b. 失爆2 語氣和語調(diào)（1） 重讀某

4、個單詞（2） 調(diào)子升降（3） 語氣小詞3 對于詞匯的掌握：（詞匯只是傳達(dá)內(nèi)容并不是真正聽力識別）（1） 口語詞匯：簡單易懂。應(yīng)把重點放在口語小詞上面。（2） 場景詞匯：有范圍（比如生物，動物，植物，節(jié)日，校園等）（3） 一詞多意：（4） 習(xí)語：不要望文生義，但是字面意思和引申義有著密切聯(lián)系。4 數(shù)字的聽寫方法： 利用“逗號原則”：凡是聽到“billion, million, thousand”的時候以逗號代替，這樣就可以將一個較長的數(shù)字減縮成3-4個三位數(shù)聽寫。5 縮寫的聽寫方法 縮寫分為字母縮寫以及音節(jié)縮寫。利用發(fā)音記憶四、英語聽力的兩大障礙之二內(nèi)容把握在我們突破第一個障礙之后，也就是說我們

5、能夠聽懂材料中的大部分單詞和短語，并且也可以知道單詞和短語的中文意思，那么，下面一步，也就是聽力訓(xùn)練中最重要的一步就是對于材料內(nèi)容的整體把握。在這一點上，我們可以利用英語閱讀中的相關(guān)訓(xùn)練方法和規(guī)律，來進(jìn)行聽力理解訓(xùn)練的分析，以達(dá)到更好的效果。下面就具體介紹一下。英語聽力中的邏輯關(guān)系首先我們要先掌握一下英語聽力材料中所蘊含的各種邏輯關(guān)系。其實無論是閱讀還是聽力，英語語句之間，段落之間，篇章之間必然存在著各種邏輯關(guān)系，我們在聽力中只要善于通過一些關(guān)鍵詞，把握住這些邏輯關(guān)系，就能夠?qū)ξ恼碌倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu)有著更好的把握。英語中常見的邏輯關(guān)系總結(jié)如下：一、 否定關(guān)系1 明顯否定關(guān)系詞2 隱含否定關(guān)系詞3 否定

6、前綴4 雙重否定二、 比較關(guān)系1 明顯比較關(guān)系2 隱含比較關(guān)系：表變化表發(fā)展表差異表超越三、 因果關(guān)系（最多）1 明顯因果關(guān)系2 隱含因果關(guān)系：表導(dǎo)致 表由而來 表考慮到，依賴于 表反映體現(xiàn) 表條件關(guān)系四、 最高級1 明顯最高級關(guān)系2 隱含最高級關(guān)系：自身含有最高級含義 程度較深的副詞 否定加比較聽力分項突破法：無論是在各種考試中，還是在日常生活里，任何地方碰到的聽力材料無非分為幾個固定的類型：介紹類文章，傳記類文章，流程類文章，長短對話，議論類文章，課堂演講和新聞。我們只需要講上面所述的類型文章各個擊破，分別掌握著幾類文章的聽力方法技巧，就可以迅速提高聽力水平。1 介紹類文章：（1） 注意例

7、子，對比，原因，列舉的關(guān)鍵字和文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系。（2） 注意主題句的把握，一般會出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭。（3） 注意個段落之間的停頓，而且每一段的開頭往往會出現(xiàn)該段的主題句。（4） 注意筆記的記錄。2 傳記類文章：（1） 注意時間順序和發(fā)展事件關(guān)鍵字。（2） 注意與被介紹人相關(guān)事物的介紹。（3） 注意筆記的記錄3 流程類文章：（1） 注意事件起始時間，持續(xù)時間，終止時間，事件關(guān)鍵字。（2） 注意配合表格的使用，用填表的形式記錄筆記4 長短對話：（1） 注意從說話人的語音語調(diào)來推測態(tài)度（2） 注意語音提示詞（3） 注意對話人所陳述觀點的邏輯順序5 議論類文章： （1）抓住整體結(jié)構(gòu)（2）抓住分論點（3）

8、抓住轉(zhuǎn)折和讓步6 課堂演講：（1） 聽力方法類似于長短對話和介紹類文章的結(jié)合（2） 首句必然是主題句，要抓住關(guān)鍵句型（3） 注意語音提示詞7 新聞：1+2+3方法：一個中心，兩個重點，三個技巧1 “一個中心”任何新聞，無論中文還是英文，都會按照新聞事實重要性的程度由要點到細(xì)節(jié)逐步擴展，安排全文。那么新聞開頭的部分，也就是我們常說的新聞導(dǎo)語（the news lead），就應(yīng)涵蓋整篇文章的主旨，聽懂導(dǎo)語對于文章意思的把握至關(guān)重要。導(dǎo)語往往會包含以下幾個要素：（1）時間 (when)（2）地點 (where)（3）人物 (who)（4）事件 (what)（5）過程 (how)（6）目的 (why)

9、這也就是中文新聞中的“六要素”，掌握了這些內(nèi)容，整個新聞聽力的主旨就已經(jīng)把握了，然后要做的就是對下文進(jìn)行預(yù)測(prediction)，文章的思路也就在腦中初步形成了。注意：有的時候，導(dǎo)語并不都包含所有的六個因素，也可能只包含其中的幾個關(guān)鍵因素，而其他因素會在后文詳細(xì)闡明。2 “兩個重點” 新聞的正文可能會很長，但是基本所有新聞的正文都可以歸納為兩個重要內(nèi)容：事實陳述（statement）和觀點態(tài)度（attitude）。只要把所聽到的任何信息點歸納到這兩個內(nèi)容上，那么新聞的條理性就可以輕松的呈現(xiàn)了。（1）事實陳述 一般會以客觀的形式進(jìn)行新聞的描述，比如新聞相關(guān)發(fā)生的事件等。（2）觀點態(tài)度 在新聞

10、中，大部分時候會出現(xiàn)評論的句子，這些評論可能來自當(dāng)事人，專家，觀察員，新聞作者等等。抓住這些評論對把握新聞的發(fā)展方向和作者的觀點至關(guān)重要。 聽力中，這些評論往往都有一些提示性的詞語出現(xiàn)，比如say, comment, think等等，幫助我們辨別該句子為觀點態(tài)度。注意：很多時候事實陳述和觀點態(tài)度在新聞?wù)闹惺谴┎暹M(jìn)行的。3 “三個技巧” （1）記筆記方法： 同樣，采用分類流程圖方式記新聞筆記是一個十分有效的辦法。首先筆記第一行提煉導(dǎo)語的關(guān)鍵字進(jìn)行總結(jié)。其次，將筆記下方分為兩個部分，左邊為事實陳述，右邊為觀點態(tài)度，練習(xí)聽力的時候?qū)⑦@些穿插的事實陳述和觀點態(tài)度分別記錄在左右兩欄中，一篇文章聽下來，

11、結(jié)構(gòu)思路就已經(jīng)相當(dāng)清晰了。 （2）擴大詞匯量 聯(lián)系聽力之前首先對于聽力常用詞匯進(jìn)行熟悉可以達(dá)到一個事半功倍的效果。Special VOA節(jié)目的常用詞匯約為1500個，很多詞語重復(fù)率很高，這些高頻詞匯應(yīng)重點掌握。其次，新聞報道是有關(guān)世界范圍的，涵蓋面廣，除了普通詞匯高頻瓷會以外，還應(yīng)該掌握一些專有詞匯，比如人名，地名，國家名等等，有助于我們理解聽力內(nèi)容。 （3）關(guān)于縮略語和數(shù)字 上文已經(jīng)提到過縮略語和數(shù)字的聽寫，在新文章中，這兩點格外重要，而且與以前會有所不同。新聞中有很多時候會用到縮略語，比如世界各大組織，國家等等。應(yīng)事先對于這些縮略語有一定的總結(jié)和掌握，方便練習(xí)聽力的時候靈活運用。 對于新聞

12、中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字，可以采用前面提到的數(shù)字聽寫方法來聽寫。這里就不多做解釋了。另外，新聞中往往會出現(xiàn)一些數(shù)字有不同的讀法，比如播音員把兩個足球隊比賽結(jié)果2：0讀作two to nothing而不是讀成two to zero五、英語聽力記筆記方法Note Taking主要通過兩種手段實現(xiàn)：一是符號，二是縮寫。1 符號：就是通過一系列事先規(guī)定好的符號對聽到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行替代，達(dá)到快速高效的目的。下面我舉一些例子：首先是一些一目了然的符號，一看就明白表示的意思：  超過，多于  不夠，少于  相同，相等s  不同，差別 

13、上升，增強 下降，滑坡 加上，除此以外 減去，除去 導(dǎo)致，產(chǎn)生 來自于，源于 正確的，好的，積極的，肯定的× 錯誤的，不好的，消極的，否定的e 杰出的，優(yōu)秀的 因為 所以& ：和 ：總和 ：government（原理同上，希臘字母伽瑪用來表示政府等）我們在運用符號進(jìn)行Note Taking的過程中，也要注意以下幾點：第一，符號貴在精而不在多第二，每次做完一篇Note Taking回過頭來仔細(xì)分析第三，可以自行改良2 縮寫：除了符號以外，我們還可以運用縮寫來幫助Note Taki

14、ng。ableàBLLingàGtionàNmentàTizeàZtiveàTVfulàFLlessàLSent/antàTal/ialàL這種縮寫方法的難點就在于它要求高度的熟練。總結(jié)出150個左右的聽力高頻詞匯后，大家需要進(jìn)行不斷的練習(xí)和反復(fù)的運用，最終形成一種本能的反應(yīng)。也就是說聽到一個詞，可能還沒來得及反應(yīng)它的意思，但是就已經(jīng)在紙上寫下了它的縮寫形式。更加熟練或者單詞較為簡單的情況下，我們也可以記成中文。在練習(xí)的過程中，建議注意以下一些要點：1. 少寫多劃2. 少字多意3. 少符多合4.

15、 少橫多豎六、 聽力訓(xùn)練中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題： 1 注意區(qū)分和模仿正確的語音、語調(diào)：2 泛聽和精聽相結(jié)合 3 培養(yǎng)通過上下文猜詞的能力4 聽力訓(xùn)練的時間安排 七、 推薦訓(xùn)練方法：1 跟讀模仿2 聽寫3 錯誤總結(jié)和分類：包含語音類，語法類，拼寫類等 (1) 語音(2) 語法 (3) 拼寫 (4) 增漏SECTION IPART IMATERIAL 11. Cook needed immediately in a busy downtown restaurant? You must be good and dependable. Experience is preferred and work on

16、 weekends is required. If you are interested, please call 2359739.2. A small private school needs English and math teachers. Applicants must have a bachelor's degree and teaching certificate. Interested people please send your resume to Wales Charter School, 19 Snow Road, NYC.3. As the world lea

17、der in imaging business from photographic to commercial to electronic imaging, we invite applications from qualified persons for the position of Marketing Communication Supervisor. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree in Business Administration and good PC and presentation skills. Please app

18、ly by sending your resume to: MTP, P. Q. Box 354, Syracuse, NY 16493.4. If you are a dynamic, hardworking and initiated quick learner interested in working in a challenging environment. if you are mobile and able to travel extensively, please join our Truck Tire and Passenger Car Tire Teams and be t

19、he Area Sales Manager. Professional careers and extensive training are provided to you. Are you the right one for us? Send your detailed resume with your expected salary and recent photo to Martin's Apparel, 385 Rockledge Street, Syracuse, NY 15835.5. We are among the top 50 industrial companies

20、 worldwide with an annual turnover in excess of US $ 40 billion. We provide for our employees not only a competitive salary and a benefits package, but also excellent career development opportunities. We are now seeking qualified people to fill the position of Buyer. Candidates' qualifications i

21、nclude: a bachelor's degree in business or engineering, 23 years relevant working experience, good command of English, good communication and interpersonal skills and the ability to work in teams. Those who are interested please send your resume, a recent photo, contact phone number and a copy o

22、f your diploma to 943 West Avenue, Syracuse, NY 18640.6. We, one of the world's largest food manufacturers, have the position of Accountant available. Applicants must have a university degree in accounting or auditing, strong computer skills and a minimum of 3 years experience with trading compa

23、nies. If you believe that you have the experience and talent to develop and grow with one of the world's leading food companies, please send your resume, education certificate, ID card copy and photo to 404, South 7th Street, NYC.MATERIAL 2Women competed in Olympic events for the first time in P

24、aris in 1900-In 1924, the first Winter Games were held in Chamonix.In 1932, the first Olympic village was built to accommodate athletes in Los Angeles.In 1936 in Berlin TV cameras broadcast Olympic events for the first time.The 1956 Olympics in Melbourne were the first Olympic Games to be held in th

25、e southern hemisphere.Tokyo hosted the first Asian Olympics in 1964.In 1972 for the first time, over one billion TV viewers watched the Munich Olympic opening ceremony.MATERIAL 3Q1 Why are they called "the Olympic Games"? Because they were first held at a place called Olympia in ancient Gr

26、eece (until AD 393). There have been two Olympic eras - ancient and modern. The modern era began in 1895.Q2 How long do the Summer Games last? Approximately two weeks. Q3 There are Winter Games too, aren't there? Yes. They began in 1924. Since then they had always been held in the same years as

27、the Summer Games. After 1992, they took place between Summer Games-Q4 What do the five circles on the Olympic flag represent? They stand for the five continents. Each circle is a different color - blue, black, red, yellow and men Call against a white background). Every national flag in the world con

28、tains rune or more of these six colors.Q5 When did the tradition of the Olympic flame begin? There was always a flame at the ancient Games, but it wasn't included in modern Games until 1928 (in Amsterdam) . The flame is a symbol of a search for perfection and victory. It's lit at Olympia fro

29、m the rays of the sun. Then it's carried to the Games by a series of runners (or sometimes by air for part of the journey). It burns in the stadium from start to finish at every Olympics.Q6 All Olympic athletes have to be amateurs, don't they? Yes. Nobody wins any money - only medals. That&#

30、39;s because the most important thing at the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part.Q7 What happens at the Opening Ceremony? There's a huge display of song, dance and music by people from the host country. The flame is lit. The Olympic flag is raised and one athlete says these words: "

31、;In the name of all competitors, I promise that we will take part in the Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the spirit of sportsmanship for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams. The Games are officially opened by the host country's monarch or politi

32、cal leader-Q8 What's the motto of the Olympic movement?MATERIAL 41. Tea contains natural chemicals. These chemicals block the action of some substances produced in the bodies that cause cancer- Tea contains the same substances in fruits and vegetables. Drinking tea could protect people's hea

33、lth-2. Cigarette smokers of any age reduce their risk of developing lung cancer when they stop stroking. It is never too late to stop smoking.3. Walking has a good effect on the heart because it reduces blood pressure, blood sugar and blood cholesterol level- It is never too late to start exercising

34、.4. Vitamins are necessary for good health. However, extremely large amounts of some vitamins may cause health problems. It is far better to get vitamins from eating fresh, natural food than from taking vitamin pills.5. Laughter is one of the most wonderful releases. It releases the chemical that is

35、 life-enhancing and life-elongating. It heals wounds and promotes a healthier being.Different people have different ways of learning. We call this your "learning style," and it's based on your senses. To learn, you need to use your different senses - hearing, seeing, touching, etc. , t

36、o bring information to your brain. Now, most people use one of their senses more than the others- Some people learn best by listening. They are called hearing learners. And others learn best by reading or looking at pictures- They are called visual learners. And some learn best by touching and doing

37、 things. They are called tactile learners. Now, scientists don't know why people use one sense more than the others- Maybe the sense they use most just works best for them.MATERIAL 5SPEAKER 1I think my mums very successful because shes managed to bring up three children-excellently-in such a hor

38、rible society that we live in today Shes taught us to be kind and loving, she taught us to share, she taught us to love our family-be very family-orientated-and I think thats really important.SPEAKER 2The person that I can think of within my life, well, I probably can think of several but the one th

39、at instantly came to mind when you popped this question to me was somebody who lives in Harpenden and who has overcome physical difficulty of arthritis remarkably well, and not allowed it to hold her back any more than is obviously necessary because of her physical disabilities. So I think she's

40、 made a very good - a great success of overcoming a difficulty.SPEAKER 3I think, uhm, Mable Davies, here who's very successful. She's a deaf lady who's now the headmistress and I think that must have been hard, so I've got a lot of respect for her, because my parents are also deaf so

41、 I know how difficult it is to work your way up having a handicap so I've got quite a lot of admiration for her.SPEAKER 4Well, I think in professional terms Kenneth Branagh, the actor, has been very successful and I think the reason for this more than anything else is that he's a very good s

42、elf-publicist. He is undoubtedly a very good actor. Er. Ive not seen him on stage, Ive seen him on film and hes got an enormous amount of energy and as I say, hes a very good self-publicist.PART IIMATERIAL 1Education has acquired a kind of snob value in modern times. We are no longer content to be h

43、onest craftsmen skilled at our work through years of patient practice- Nowadays if we want to get a decent job, we have to have a piece of paper. If we want to get promotion in even a humblest job, we have to obtain a certificate or a diploma first. We may know that we will be better at the job than

44、 the man with the paper qualifications, but our experience and practical skills are regarded as relatively unimportant. "Johnson would've been a manager by now if he'd taken the trouble to get a degree*" his colleagues say. "He's a clever man, he could've done anything

45、 if he'd had a proper education." I wonder if, as time goes on, we should discover that many people whose practical experience and ability would have been enormously useful to their employers have been rejected on the ground that they are insufficiently qualified. Would it not be better to

46、allow people to become expert in a way most suited to them rather than oblige them to follow a set course of instruction, which may offer no opportunity for them to develop skills in which they would've become expert if left to themselves?MATERIAL 2The world's most famous sports event is the

47、 Olympic Games. Five million people are expected to attend the Summer Olympic Games this year in Sydney, Australia. They include leaders and officials from many countries. About 15,000 reporters are there. More than 3,000 million people are expected to watch the Games on television.Mare than 10,000

48、athletes from 200 countries will compete in 28 different sports in the yammer Games. They will be trying to win medals - gold for first, silver for second and bronze for third in about 300 events. New additions to the Summer Olympics this yearThe 2000 Summer Olympic Games will end October 1st, after

49、 16 days of competition. The next Summer Games will be held 4 years from now, in Athens, Greece.Another international sports event will take place in Sydney following the Summer Olympics. The Paralympics Games will be held from October 18th to 29th. Ail the athletes who compete in the Paralympics ha

50、ve a physical disability. About 4,000 disabled athletes will compete this year.The summer Olympic and the winter Olympic Games used to be held in the same year, every 4 years. Now, however, they are separated. The next winter games are less than 2 years away. The western American city of Salt Lake C

51、ity, Utah is busy preparing for the Winter Olympics of 2002.MATERIAL 3Three members of the same American family will compete n Sydney. Hazel Clark, Jearl Miller-Clark and Joetta ClarkDggs are all members of the track and field team. Hazel and Jetta are sisters. Jearl is married to their brother, J.

52、J. Clark. e is the each for all three women.It is unusual for members of the same family to compete in he Olympics. Hut it has been done. Jackie Joyner-Kersee and er brother's wife Florence Griffith Joyner both competed in past Olympics- But they did not compete in the same event.The Clarks do.

53、They all compete in the 800 meter women's foot race. Hazel Clark is the youngest in the Clark family o, runners. She was the fastest in the Olympic trials. Her brother's wife, Jearl Miller-Clark, was second. Jean has already won medals in two earlier Olympic Games. Joetta Clark-Diggs finishe

54、d third. She is the oldest, at thirty-seven. That was the first time three family members finished first, second and third in the same United States Olympic trials race. and this will be the first time three Americans competing in one Olympic race are from one family. Many people will be watching th

55、e 800 meter race to see if the three members of the Clark family can win all three medals.One American athlete who will compete in the Summer Olympics is already a Paralympics champion. Her name is Marla Runyan. She won the 100, 200 and 400 meter races and the long jump at the 1992 Paralympics. She

56、also won the pentathlon competition in 1996- This year, she will become the first legally blind athlete in the Summer Olympic Games. Marla Runyan suffers from an incurable eye problem. She has been legally blind since she was nine years old. She has been taking part in track events since she was in

57、high school.Marla Runyan will compete in the women's 1,500 meter foot race at the Sydney Games. She says her goal was not to be the first legally blind Olympian. She just wanted to take part in the Olympics. But her story has helped other disabled people find the strength to try to reach their g

58、oals. And Marla Runyan says that makes her feel very good.MATERIAL 4The United States government's Office of Research on Women's Health is observing its tenth anniversary. During those ten years it has made important discoveries about differences in the health of men and women. Studies organized by the Office of Research on Women's Health have shown that differences be