1、 For Economic GeologistslLode (mesothermal or orogenic) gold deposits 中溫熱液（造山型）金礦床 脈礦床lCarlin gold deposits (Sediment-hosted, dissemianted deposits) 卡林型金礦(沉積巖容礦浸染狀金礦床)l(Volcanic-associated) Epithermal gold deposits (火山作用相關的)淺成低溫熱液型金礦床lYoung placer deposits 年輕砂金礦床 lIntrusion-related deposits (Porphyr

2、y Skarn) 侵入相關金礦床lDeposits hosted by banded iron-formations 條帶狀鐵礦容礦 lDeposits hosted by quartz-pebble conglomerate 角礫巖型金礦（石英礫石容礦金礦床，Witwatersrand型）outlineoutlineTypes of gold deposits世界黃金產量的世界黃金產量的11%11%卡林型卡林型鐵氧化物鐵氧化物銅金型銅金型造山型造山型夕卡夕卡巖型巖型斑斑巖巖型型淺成低溫熱液型淺成低溫熱液型古礫巖型古礫巖型Types of gold depositsoutlineoutline

3、Low sulfidationGeology of Orogenic Gold造山型金礦地質造山型金礦地質Richard J. GoldfarbOre Deposit Models & Exploration CourseCUGBNovember, 2009Ore Deposit Models & Exploration Course澳大利亞澳大利亞 伊爾岡地塊的金礦伊爾岡地塊的金礦Low Preservational Potential for Au Systems:Porphyry and Epithermal Au Deposits斑巖型和斑巖型和淺成低溫淺成低溫熱液型金

4、熱液型金礦床保留礦床保留下來的可下來的可能性較低能性較低斑巖型銅斑巖型銅金礦床金礦床淺成熱液淺成熱液金銀礦床金銀礦床造山帶型金礦床造山帶型金礦床Accretionary Forearcs - Sites of Massive Flow弧前增生楔弧前增生楔-大量流體活動的地區(qū)大量流體活動的地區(qū)大陸大陸洋脊洋脊弧后弧后增生地體增生地體陸弧陸弧弧后伸展區(qū)弧后伸展區(qū)造山帶巨型金礦（據(jù)造山帶巨型金礦（據(jù)GSC國際金礦數(shù)據(jù)庫國際金礦數(shù)據(jù)庫) Low-Sulfide 低硫化物含量低硫化物含量 Mesothermal 中溫熱液中溫熱液 Mother Lode 主礦脈主礦脈 Metamorphic 變質的變質的

5、 Orogenic 造山的造山的High Au/Ag ratios 區(qū)分區(qū)分 Low sulfidationLow sulfidation 低硫型低硫型Archean Lode Gold Deposits Greenstone belts of Archean cratons (Granitoid-Greenstone Terranes) 在花崗綠巖地體中的綠巖帶在花崗綠巖地體中的綠巖帶Yilgarn, Zimbabwe, South Africa?, Brazil, Kolar, Superior Yilgarn, 津巴布韋津巴布韋,南非南非? 巴西巴西, Kolar, SuperiorTh

6、oleiitic basalt, Dolerite, Ultramafic intrusions, BIF, Granitoid 拉斑玄武巖拉斑玄武巖, 輝綠輝綠巖巖, 超基性侵入巖超基性侵入巖, 條帶狀鐵質建造條帶狀鐵質建造, 花崗巖類花崗巖類Deposits in Proterozoic greenstone belts are relatively small and unimportant on a global scale. Phanerozoic Lode Gold Deposits 顯生宙的脈狀金礦顯生宙的脈狀金礦Accreted Oceanic Sequences; Conti

7、nental Margins 增生的海洋沉積序列；大陸邊緣增生的海洋沉積序列；大陸邊緣Graywacke, Slate, Basalt, Granitoids 硬砂巖硬砂巖, 板巖板巖, 玄武巖玄武巖, 花崗巖類花崗巖類Mother Lode, Russian Far East, Tasman, Central Asia (i.e., Kumtor, Muruntau), Alaska 主礦脈主礦脈, 俄國遠東俄國遠東, 塔斯曼塔斯曼, 中亞地區(qū)中亞地區(qū)(如如Kumtor, Muruntau), 阿拉斯加州阿拉斯加州Key Factors Controlling the Metallogene

8、sis of the Lode Gold Deposits1) Major structure主構造主構造2) Metamorphic grade變質程度變質程度3) Physical or chemical trap物理或化學圈閉物理或化學圈閉Spatial/Temporal Association with Granitoids與花崗巖類的時空聯(lián)系與花崗巖類的時空聯(lián)系There is no evidence that felsic intrusions directly contributed to the gold metallogenic event.1) Major structur

9、eGolden Mile (1,200 t)Spatial Association with Deep Crustal Faults 與地殼規(guī)模深大斷裂的空間關系與地殼規(guī)模深大斷裂的空間關系 1) Major structureFOCUS OF ORE FLUIDS: VARIATIONS IN STRIKE OF CRUSTAL-SCALE FAULTS 成礦流體的聚集成礦流體的聚集: 地殼規(guī)模斷層走向發(fā)生變化的部位地殼規(guī)模斷層走向發(fā)生變化的部位Shapes, orientations, and distribution of individual gold deposits are con

10、trolled by small-scale, second order structuresThe Jiacha lode gold deposit, southern TibetStructural Styles 構造樣式構造樣式Orogenic Gold Tonnages: Archean MM Settings造山帶金礦噸位：太古代成熟地幔背景造山帶金礦噸位：太古代成熟地幔背景(From R. Kerrich, 2009)GOLD-GREENSCHIST ASSOCIATION 金與綠片巖的聯(lián)系金與綠片巖的聯(lián)系2) Metamorphic grade GOLD-GREENSCHIST

11、ASSOCIATION 金與綠片巖的聯(lián)系金與綠片巖的聯(lián)系綠片巖綠片巖角閃巖角閃巖英閃巖巖床英閃巖巖床片麻巖片麻巖Temperature & PressureTemperatureDuctile to brittle transition: Space PressureGold Ore in Sulfides in Quartz Vein金金礦礦賦賦存存于于石英脈中的硫化物上石英脈中的硫化物上Gold Ore in Sulfidized Wallrocks adjacent to veins 金礦賦金礦賦存于硫化的圍巖中存于硫化的圍巖中3) Gold Ore Features 4) Go

12、ld Occurrences 金的產出狀態(tài)金的產出狀態(tài)Gold occurs in the native state, generally in small fractures in quartz but also in pyrite pyrrhotitearsenpyrite5) Mineralogy of Giants大型礦床的礦物學大型礦床的礦物學6) 6) 造山帶造山帶型金礦床（型金礦床（70t70t）的品位噸位圖）的品位噸位圖7) Visible Wallrock Alteration可以觀察到的圍巖蝕變可以觀察到的圍巖蝕變 sericitization, carbonization

13、, (de-)silicification, sulfidation 絹云母化、碳酸鹽化、（去）硅化、硫化絹云母化、碳酸鹽化、（去）硅化、硫化 discoloration, (bleached haloes; 10cm -10s m) 變色變色(漂白的暈帶；大于漂白的暈帶；大于10厘米到幾十米厘米到幾十米) chlorite + albite + CO2 + H2O + Au(HS)2 綠泥石綠泥石+鈉長石鈉長石+ CO2 + H2O + Au(HS)2sericite + Fe-Mg carbonates + sulfides + Au 絹云母絹云母+ Fe-Mg碳酸鹽碳酸鹽+ 硫化物硫化物

14、+ Aucarbonate spots 碳酸鹽斑點碳酸鹽斑點sulfide porphyroblasts (pyrite + arsenopyrite; 3 cm) 硫化物斑狀變斑晶硫化物斑狀變斑晶(黃鐵礦黃鐵礦+ 毒砂毒砂; 3 cm)Bierlein & Crowe, 2000Sericitic Alteration 絹云母化蝕變絹云母化蝕變Carbonization of Wallrocks 圍巖圍巖的碳酸鹽化的碳酸鹽化Hodgson,Gold 2000Sulfidation Sulfidation 硫化作用硫化作用7) Visible Wallrock Alteration from Groves, Ore Deposit Models綠片巖相綠片巖相角閃巖相角閃巖相Relative Lithogeochem Halos, Yilgarn CratonYilgarn克拉通中的巖石化學暈克拉通中的巖石化學暈Yilgarn (Southern Cross)Muruntau stockworksHIGH TEMPERATURE OROGENIC GOLD高溫造山型金礦高