1、名校研究生入學(xué)考試真題選2Chapters Two & Three : Phonetics & PhonologyI. 名詞解釋1. （復(fù)旦大學(xué)1996，浙江大學(xué)2001年考題）narrow transcription考點(diǎn)分析：嚴(yán)式音標(biāo)的定義Answer: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the “broad transcription”-the transcription with letter-symbols only, and the other is “narrow transcription

2、”-the transcription with letter-symbols accompanied by the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.2. (南開大學(xué)2003年考題) Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example.考點(diǎn)分析：考查音位變體概念A(yù)nswer: Allophones are the different member

3、s of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning. For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in “l(fā)et”, “play” and “tell”. The first /l/ is made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the v

4、ocal cords are vibrating; the second /l/ is made with the same tongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raising not only the front by also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.II.判斷正誤1. （大連外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院2000，2001，2002年考題）/o/ is a

5、mid-high front rounded vowel.考點(diǎn)分析：描述和識(shí)別基本元音的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)Answer: F (/o/ is a mid-high BACK rounded vowel.)2. (清華大學(xué)2001年考題) A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.考點(diǎn)分析：考查音位與音位變體的語(yǔ)言相對(duì)性Answer: TIII. 填空題1. （大連外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院2001年考題）The three cavities in the articulatory

6、 apparatus are _, _, and _.考點(diǎn)分析：考查發(fā)音器官中的三個(gè)腔。Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity.2. (武漢大學(xué)2000年考題) By the position of the _part of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.考點(diǎn)分析：考查元音的劃分方法。Answer：highest3. (中山大學(xué)2004年考題)_refers to the change of a so

7、und as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.考點(diǎn)分析：考查同化現(xiàn)象的概念A(yù)nswer: Assimilation4. (北京師范大學(xué)2002年考題) You are required to fill in the blanks below abiding by the instance given beforehand.Example: /p/: voiced bilabial stop/s/: _/g/: _/t/: _/ð/: _/f/: _考點(diǎn)分析：考查用清濁、發(fā)音部發(fā)音方式三個(gè)條件準(zhǔn)確描述輔音Answer: /s

8、/: voiceless alveolar fricative/g/: voiced velar stop/t/: voiceless alveo-palatal/ post-alveolar affricate/ð/: voiced dental fricative/f/: voiceless labiodental fricative5. (廣東外語(yǔ)外貿(mào)大學(xué)2004年考題) Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets?Pat, pen, heat, tape, bu

9、n, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit, eat, man考點(diǎn)分析：考查對(duì)最小詞對(duì)、最小詞對(duì)組的掌握Answer: Pat, fat; pat, pit; pit, hit;Pen, ten; ten, men;Heat, eat; heat, heel;Tape, tale;Bun, ban;Chain, main;Bell, bet;Meal, heel;Man, men, main.IV. 選擇題1. （北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院2004年考題）Of the thre

10、e cavities, _ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.a. nasal cavity b. pharynx cavity c. oral cavity考點(diǎn)分析：發(fā)音器官三個(gè)腔的比較Answer: c2. (北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院2004年考題) All syllables contain a(n) _.a. nucleus b. coda c. onset考點(diǎn)分析：考查音節(jié)的必要組成Answer: a3. (東南大學(xué)2002年考題) _is one of the superse

11、gmental features.a. Stop b. Voicing c. Deletion d. Tone考點(diǎn)分析: 考查超音段特征包括的內(nèi)容Answer: d4. (東南大學(xué)2001年考題) Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?a. dental stop b. bilabial stop c. alveolar stop d. velar stop考點(diǎn)分析：考查英語(yǔ)中塞音可能的發(fā)音部位。Answer: a5. (東南大學(xué)2000年考題) _ is not an English consonant.a.

12、Labiodental plosive b. Alveolar nasalc. Velar stop d. Dental fricative考點(diǎn)分析：識(shí)別英語(yǔ)中輔音的種類。Answer: aV. 辨音選擇1. （復(fù)旦大學(xué)1995年考題）What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets?1) /f, v, s/ 2) /p, f, b/ 3) /g, z, b/ 4) / k, g, w/ 5) /m, n, /考點(diǎn)分析：找出一組三個(gè)音的共同特征Answer: 1) fricative

13、2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) lateral 5) nasal2. (湖南大學(xué)2003年考題) There is one segment that does not belong to the natural class in each of the following groups of speech sounds. You are required to identify that segment and label the natural class, using a descriptive term as specific as possible.a) /m/,

14、/n/, /w/, /b) /v/, /, /z/, /ð/, /c) /n/, /f/, /l/, /s/, /t/, /d/, /z/考點(diǎn)分析：比較語(yǔ)音的異同Answer: 1) /w/ is a semi-vowel, and the others are all nasals2) / is voiceless, and the others are voiced3) /f/ is labiodental, and the rest are alveolarVI. 問(wèn)答題1. （清華大學(xué)2001年考題）Circle the words that contain a sound

15、as required:1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push3) an approximant: lucky, boots, word, once, table4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick考點(diǎn)分析：考查對(duì)不同特點(diǎn)音位的熟練掌握和識(shí)別Answer: 1) gather, article 2)

16、leap, bomb, push3) lucky, word, once, table 4) neat, pit 5) god, lake, quick2. (東南大學(xué)2002年考題) Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone.考點(diǎn)分析：考查音素、音位、音位變體三者關(guān)系A(chǔ)nswer: Firstly, a “phone” is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communic

17、ation are all phones. Phones may or may not distinguish meaning. Secondly, a “phoneme” is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound. It is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Thirdly, the phones representing a phoneme are called its “allophones”. How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random but rule-governed in most cases.3. (南京大學(xué)2000年考題) When