1、、n amelyviz.or對前面某一名詞或術(shù)語的意義理解作解釋。1) It is said that five percent of people suffer from acrop hobia, or fear of great heights.據(jù)說有百分之五的人患有恐高癥、即對高度的恐懼。2) You suffer from hypertension, or high blood p ressure, whe n your blood p ressure is 140/90mmHg or above most of the time.當(dāng)你的血壓大部分的時間都在140/90毫米汞柱或以上，

2、你患上高血壓癥,即血壓高。3) The egg should be hard-boiled, or cooked un til the in side is firm.雞蛋應(yīng)該煮熟，即煮到雞蛋里面變硬。namely對前面所述的具體內(nèi)容作出說明。4) There are three colors in the British flag, n amely red, white and blue. 紅色,白色和藍(lán)色。英國國旗有三種顏色，即5) We visited two big cities in En gla nd, n amely , Landon and Man chester. 個大城市，

3、那就是倫敦和曼徹斯特。我們訪問了英國的兩6) There are three major ad van tages of the desig n, n amely chea pn ess, simp licity and availability.6) There are three major adva ntages of the desig n, n amely chea pn ess, simp licity and availability.這種設(shè)計有叁大優(yōu)點，即價廉、簡便、實用。viz用于書面語言，相當(dāng)于namely 。7) Three vacati ons occur in the

4、 course of the year, viz. , two weeks at Christmas, ten days atEaster and the usual two months in summer. 一年中有三個假期，即圣誕節(jié)兩周，復(fù)活節(jié)十天以及通常的 兩個月暑假。8) Three subjects must be take n,vi z . , En glish, mathematice and history.三個科目是必修的，即英文,數(shù)學(xué)和歷史。9) Three fun dame ntal cloth prop erties determ ine the han dle, v

5、iz., stiff ness, soft ness and bulk in ess.織物的三個基本性質(zhì)決定手感，即剛性，柔軟性和膨松性。in other wordsthat is（to say）i.e.= id est這組短語也可表示“換言之” , “即” ,對所述內(nèi)容作解釋。與or 、namely 、 viz不同是 :or 、 namely 、 viz 后接名詞或短語 ,而 in other words 、 that is(to say) 后可以接句子。in other words 可對句中的所述內(nèi)容作解釋 ,也可對前面句子所述內(nèi)容作解釋。1） This hereditary unit c

6、omprises a single complementation group, in other words, a single gene. （ 接名 詞） 這個遺傳單位由一個互補(bǔ)群 ,也就是一個基因所組成。2） Literal translation, in other words, word-for-word translation. is not to be encouraged. （ 接名詞 ）直譯 , 換句話說 ,逐字對應(yīng)的翻譯 ,不應(yīng)提倡。3） Awell-written essay should be unified, in other words, everything in

7、 it should be related to its main idea. （接句子 ,對句中的所述內(nèi)容作解釋 ） 3） A well-written essay should be unified, in other words, everything in it should be related to its main idea. （接句子 ,對句中的所述內(nèi)容作解釋 ）一篇好的文章應(yīng)當(dāng)是一個完整的統(tǒng)一體 ,換句話說 , 文章里的一切內(nèi)容都與主題思想有關(guān)。4） It had 90 days working capital on hand when he took over in oth

8、er words, Apple was only three months away from bankruptcy. （ 接句子 ,對句中的所述內(nèi)容作解釋 ）在史蒂夫接手的時候 ,公司僅有 90 天左右的運(yùn)營成本。換句話說 ,蘋果距離破產(chǎn)僅差三個月。5) The company has to reduce labor costs. In other words, some of us are going to lost our jobs. ( 對前面句子作解釋 )公司不得不降低人工成本 ,換句話說 ,我們中的有些人將會失業(yè)。that is (to say), 用法同 in other wor

9、ds, 其后常接句子 ,多用于口 語。1) I soon found the research work I was doing had already done bysomeone; that is (to say), I was wasting my time.我很快發(fā)現(xiàn)我正在做的研究工作別人已經(jīng)做過了 ;也就是說 ,我是在浪費 時間。2) He was found innocent in the court, that is to say, the court couldnot convict him legally.他被法庭判為無罪 ,那就是說 ,法庭依法律不能定他的罪。3) Some

10、 animals only half-hibernate,that is to say, their sleep is not such a deep one些動物只是半冬眠，也就是說，它們的睡眠并不那么深。4) Innovation means to set up a new producing function, that is to say, to introduce a new combination of producing elements and producing conditions into the production system.所謂創(chuàng)新 ,就是建立一種新的生產(chǎn)函數(shù),

11、即把一種從來沒有過的關(guān)于生產(chǎn)要素和生 產(chǎn)條件的新組合引入生產(chǎn)體系。5) One of the best things about works of music is that they are repeatable.That is to say, one can listen to the same works over and over without becoming tired of it. 最棒的是他們的音樂作品是百聽不厭的,也就是說 ,人們聽反復(fù)聽同一音 樂作品不感會到厭倦。i.e.是拉丁語id est的縮寫，等同in other words或that is to say,可 接短語 或句子 ,多用于書面語言。1) It weighs ten 1 bs. ,i. e. about 4.5 kg.它重十磅 , 即大約四點五公斤。2) Fresh milk has an agreeable, slightly sweet flavour derived mainly from the soluble constituentsof milk, i.e. lactose and minerals.鮮奶具有令人愉快的淡淡的甜味 ,這源自乳中可溶解物質(zhì) ,即乳糖和礦物 質(zhì)。3) The basement walls suffered some damage, mo