1、西安文理學院計算機科學系本科畢業設計(論文 外文資料翻譯2010年 3月 19 日外文原文ASP.NET OverviewASP.NET is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of coding. ASP.NET is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding ASP.NET applications you ha

2、ve access to classes in the .NET Framework. You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR, including Microsoft Visual Basic, C#, JScript .NET, and J#. These languages enable you to develop ASP.NET applications that benefit from the common language ru

3、ntime, type safety, inheritance, and so on.ASP.NET includes: A page and controls framework The ASP.NET compiler Security infrastructure State-management facilities Application configuration Health monitoring and performance features Debugging support An XML Web services framework Extensible hosting

4、environment and application life cycle management An extensible designer environmentThe ASP.NET page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render ASP.NET Web pages. ASP.NET Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device,

5、and ASP.NET renders markup (such as HTML to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because ASP.NET renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your ASP.NET Web page to target a specific browser, such as Micro

6、soft Internet Explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. ASP.NET supports mobile controls for Web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs.ASP.NET Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within ASP.NET Web pages you can

7、 work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The ASP.NET page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The f

8、ramework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The ASP.NET page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in m

9、any pages, and are integrated into the ASP.NET Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The ASP.NET page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page le

10、vel or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages in your application. You can t

11、hen create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page.All ASP.NET code is compiled, whi

12、ch enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles ASP.NET code to native code, providing improved performance.ASP.NET includes a compiler that will compile all your application c

13、omponents including pages and controls into an assembly that the ASP.NET hosting environment can then use to service user requests.In addition to the security features of .NET, ASP.NET provides an advanced securityinfrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing ot

14、hersecurity-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using ASP.NET formsauthentication and ASP.NET membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and informati

15、on of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using ASP.NET roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application.ASP.NET always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using W

16、indows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs, database permissions, and so on. For more information on the identity of ASP.NET,ASP.NET provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to storeinformation between page requests, such as customer information or the cont

17、ents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific, page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can be independent of any controls on the page.ASP.NET offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state info

18、rmation across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers.ASP.NET applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your Web server, for a Web site, or for individual applications. You can makeconfiguration settings

19、at the time your ASP.NET applications are deployed and can add or revise configuration settings at any time with minimal impact on operational Web applications andservers. ASP.NET configuration settings are stored in XML-based files. Because these XML files are ASCII text files, it is simple to make

20、 configuration changes to your Web applications. You can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements.ASP.NET includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of yourASP.NET application. ASP.NET health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide informatio

21、n about the health of an application and about error conditions. These events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged.ASP.NET supports two groups of performance counters accessible to your

22、 applications: The ASP.NET system performance counter group The ASP.NET application performance counter groupASP.NET takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to providecross-language and cross-computer debugging support. You can debug both managed and unmanaged objects, as well as al

23、l languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages.In addition, the ASP.NET page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your ASP.NET Web pages.ASP.NET supports XML Web services. An XML Web service is a component containing busi

24、ness functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like HTTP and XML messaging. XML Web services are not tied to a particularcomponent technology or object-calling convention. As a result, programs written in any language, using any component model,

25、 and running on any operating system can access XML Web services.ASP.NET includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of anapplication from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page in the application to the point at which the application is shut down. While AS

26、P.NET relies on a Web server (IIS as an application host, ASP.NET provides much of the hosting functionality itself. The architecture of ASP.NET enables you to respond to application events and create custom HTTP handlers and HTTP modules.ASP.NET includes enhanced support for creating designers for

27、Web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as Visual Studio. Designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control, so that developers can configure your control's properties and content in the visual design tool.Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Fra

28、mework C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components, client-server app

29、lications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.

30、 C# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C+or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin workingproductively in C# wit

31、hin a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C+ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates,anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increa

32、sed type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. All variables and method

33、s, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methods that override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way

34、 to avoid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is a stack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development ofsoftware components through several inno

35、vative language constructs, including: Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safeevent notifications. Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables. Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time. Inline XML documentation comme

36、nts.If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called "Interop." Interop enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C+ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept o

37、f "unsafe" code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.The C# build process is simple compared to C and C+ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# sou

38、rce file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.C# programs run on the .NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsoft's commerc

39、ial implementation of the common languageinfrastructure (CLI, an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL that conform

40、s to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. Anassembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assembly's types, version, culture,

41、and security requirements.When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT compilation to convert the IL code into native mac

42、hine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code," in contrast to "unmanaged code" which is compiled into native

43、 machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates thecompile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by

44、the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS, IL codegenerated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C+, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 other CTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules writte

45、n in different .NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language.In addition to the run time services, the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful fun

46、ctionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common "plumbing" chores.外文資料翻譯譯文ASP.NET 概述ASP.NET 是一個統一的 Web 開發模型，它包括您使用盡可能少的代碼生成企業

47、級 Web 應用程序所必需的各種服務。ASP.NET 作為 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。當您編寫 ASP.NET 應用程序的代碼時，可以訪問 .NET Framework 中的類。您可以使用與公共語言運行庫 (CLR 兼容的任何語言來編寫應用程序的代碼，這些語言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用這些語言，可以開發利用公共語言運行庫、類型安全、繼承等方面的優點的 ASP.NET 應用程序。ASP.NET 包括： 頁和控件框架 ASP.NET 編譯器 安全基礎結構 狀態管理功能 應用程序配置 運行狀況監視和性能功能 調

48、試支持 XML Web services 框架 可擴展的宿主環境和應用程序生命周期管理 可擴展的設計器環境ASP.NET 頁和控件框架是一種編程框架，它在 Web 服務器上運行，可以動態地生成和呈現 ASP.NET 網頁?？梢詮娜魏螢g覽器或客戶端設備請求 ASP.NET 網頁，ASP.NET 會向請求瀏覽器呈現標記（例如 HTML）。通常，您可以對多個瀏覽器使用相同的頁，因為 ASP.NET 會為發出請求的瀏覽器呈現適當的標記。但是，您可以針對諸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定瀏覽器設計 ASP.NET 網頁，并利用該瀏覽器的功能。ASP.NET 支持基于

49、 Web 的設備（如移動電話、手持型計算機和個人數字助理 (PDA）的移動控件。ASP.NET 網頁是完全面向對象的。在 ASP.NET 網頁中，可以使用屬性、方法和事件來處理 HTML 元素。ASP.NET 頁框架為響應在服務器上運行的代碼中的客戶端事件提供統一的模型，從而使您不必考慮基于 Web 的應用程序中固有的客戶端和服務器隔離的實現細節。該框架還會在頁處理生命周期中自動維護頁及該頁上控件的狀態。使用 ASP.NET 頁和控件框架還可以將常用的 UI 功能封裝成易于使用且可重用的控件。控件只需編寫一次，即可用于許多頁并集成到 ASP.NET 網頁中。這些控件在呈現期間放入 ASP.NE

50、T 網頁中。ASP.NET 頁和控件框架還提供各種功能，以便可以通過主題和外觀來控制網站的整體外觀和感覺。可以先定義主題和外觀，然后在頁面級或控件級應用這些主題和外觀。除了主題外，還可以定義母版頁，以使應用程序中的頁具有一致的布局。一個母版頁可以定義您希望應用程序中的所有頁（或一組頁）所具有的布局和標準行為。然后可以創建包含要顯示的頁特定內容的各個內容頁。當用戶請求內容頁時，這些內容頁與母版頁合并，產生將母版頁的布局與內容頁中的內容組合在一起的輸出。所有 ASP.NET 代碼都經過了編譯，可提供強類型、性能優化和早期綁定以及其他優點。代碼一經編譯，公共語言運行庫會進一步將 ASP.NET 編譯

51、為本機代碼，從而提供增強的性能。ASP.NET 包括一個編譯器，該編譯器將包括頁和控件在內的所有應用程序組件編譯成一個程序集，之后 ASP.NET 宿主環境可以使用該程序集來處理用戶請求。除了 .NET 的安全功能外，ASP.NET 還提供了高級的安全基礎結構，以便對用戶進行身份驗證和授權，并執行其他與安全相關的功能。您可以使用由 IIS 提供的 Windows 身份驗證對用戶進行身份驗證，也可以通過您自己的用戶數據庫使用 ASP.NET Forms 身份驗證和 ASP.NET 成員資格來管理身份驗證。此外，可以使用 Windows 組或您自己的自定義角色數據庫（使用 ASP.NET 角色）來

52、管理 Web 應用程序的功能和信息方面的授權。您可以根據應用程序的需要方便地移除、添加或替換這些方案。ASP.NET 始終使用特定的 Windows 標識運行，因此，您可以通過使用 Windows 功能（例如 NTFS 訪問控制列表 (ACL、數據庫權限等等）來保護應用程序的安全。ASP.NET 提供了內部狀態管理功能，它使您能夠存儲頁請求期間的信息，例 如客戶信息或購物車的內容。您可以保存和管理應用程序特定、會話特定、頁特 定、用戶特定和開發人員定義的信息。此信息可以獨立于頁上的任何控件。 ASP.NET 提供了分布式狀態功能， 使您能夠管理一臺計算機或數臺計算機上同 一應用程序的多個實例的

53、狀態信息。 通過 ASP.NET 應用程序使用的配置系統，可以定義 Web 服務器、網站或單 個應用程序的配置設置。您可以在部署 ASP.NET 應用程序時定義配置設置，并 且可以隨時添加或修訂配置設置，且對運行的 Web 應用程序和服務器具有最小 的影響。ASP.NET 配置設置存儲在基于 XML 的文件中。由于這些 XML 文件是 ASCII 文本文件，因此對 Web 應用程序進行配置更改比較簡單。您可以擴展配 置方案，使其符合自己的要求。 ASP.NET 包括可監視 ASP.NET 應用程序的運行狀況和性能的功能。使用 ASP.NET 運行狀況監視可以報告關鍵事件， 這些關鍵事件提供有關

54、應用程序的運 行狀況和錯誤情況的信息。 這些事件顯示診斷和監視特征的組合，并在記錄哪些 事件以及如何記錄事件等方面提供了高度的靈活性。 ASP.NET 支持兩組可供應用程序訪問的性能計數器： · · ASP.NET 系統性能計數器組 ASP.NET 應用程序性能計數器組 ASP.NET 利用運行庫調試基礎結構來提供跨語言和跨計算機調試支持。 可以 調試托管和非托管對象，以及公共語言運行庫和腳本語言支持的所有語言。 此外，ASP.NET 頁框架提供使您可以將檢測消息插入 ASP.NET 網頁的跟蹤 模式。 ASP.NET 支持 XML Web services。XML Web

55、 services 是包含業務功能的組 件，利用該業務功能，應用程序可以使用 HTTP 和 XML 消息等標準跨越防火墻 交換信息。XML Web services 不用依靠特定的組件技術或對象調用約定。因此， 用任何語言編寫、 使用任何組件模型并在任何操作系統上運行的程序，都可以訪 問 XML Web services。 ASP.NET 包括一個可擴展的宿主環境，該環境控制應用程序的生命周期，即 從用戶首次訪問此應用程序中的資源（例如頁）到應用程序關閉這一期間。雖然 ASP.NET 依賴作為應用程序宿主的 Web 服務器 (IIS， ASP.NET 自身也提供 但 了許多宿主功能。通過 AS

56、P.NET 的基礎結構，您可以響應應用程序事件并創建 自定義 HTTP 處理程序和 HTTP 模塊。 ASP.NET 中提供了對創建 Web 服務器控件設計器（用于可視化設計工具， 例如 Visual Studio） 的增強支持。 使用設計器可以為控件生成設計時用戶界面， 這樣開發人員可以在可視化設計工具中配置控件的屬性和內容。 C# 是一種簡潔、類型安全的面向對象的語言，開發人員可以使用它來構建 在 .NET Framework 上運行的各種安全、可靠的應用程序。使用 C#，您可以創 建傳統的 Windows 客戶端應用程序、XML Web services、分布式組件、客戶端 服務器應用程序、數據庫應用程序以及很多其他類型的程序。Microsoft Visual C# 2005 提供