1、中考沖刺四：閱讀理解技巧【真題再現(xiàn)】閱讀理解【江蘇連云港市】AASSmpl昆Sientt用住ExperimentThis is a description of a single scientific experiment. It shows us how iron reacts (反應(yīng))with air andwith water.Aim: To find out if iron rusts( 生銹)(a) in dry air; (b) in water that has no air in it (air- free water); (c) in ordinary water.Mater

2、ials : 3 clean iron nails(鐵釘);test tubes; test tube holder; cotton wool; oil; Bunsen burner.Iron in dry airMethod Put some iron nails at the bottom of a test tube.(2) Push some cotton wool down the tube.(3) Leave the tube for one week. ResultThe nails do not rust. ConclusionIron does not rust in dry

3、 air.Iron in air-free waterMethod Half-fill a test tube with water.(2) Boil the water for three minutes. (This makes sure there is no air in the water.(3) Put two or three clean nails in the water.(4) Add some oil to the water. (This will keep air out of the water.)(5) Leave the tube for one week.Re

4、sultThe nails do not rust in the tube with air-free water.ConclusionIron does not rust in air- free water.Iron in ordinary waterMethod(1) Half fill a test tube with water and add two or three clean nails.(2) Leave the tube for one week.ResultThe nails rust in the tube with ordinary water. Conclusion

5、Iron rusts in ordinary water.1. In the first part of the experiment the cotton wool is most probably used to.A. keep the air dryB. keep the tube wetC. make the nails rustD. keep the tube clean2. What are necessary steps to make sure the water in the tube is air free? Leave half a tube of water in it

6、 Boil the water for some time Put some clean iron nails in the tube Add some oil to the waterA.B.C.D.3. We can conclude from the experiment that only makes iron rusty.A. dry airB. cotton woolC. ordinary waterD. air-free water【湖北黃岡市】Wang Bing's father began smoking when he was a freshman （ 大學(xué)一年級(jí)學(xué)

7、生 ）in college. His friend passed him his first cigarette. He has now been smoking for more than 30 years.It ' s a classic example （how young people are introduced to cigarettes, except that nowadays smokers develop their habit at an even younger age.It has become a major concern（ 擔(dān)，憂）in China th

8、at many teenagers begin to smoke. A survey showed that 22.5% of the middle school students questioned had tried smoking and 15.8% of them smoked regularly.For many teenagers, smoking is a symbol of being an adult, independence, maturity（成熟）and attractiveness because the images who they love best oft

9、en smoke on screen.The social environment also plays an important role in attracting teenagers to smoking. They are used to seeing their elders, especially male family members, smoking at home. Many of them imitate adult behavior and become new smokers.To increase the price of cigarettes is an effec

10、tive way to reduce the number of young smokers, as teenagers have limited money to spend on them.Another way is to educate the teenagers to voluntarily refuse cigarettes. A survey shows that 92.5% of the students know smoking will be bad for their health. If we persuade them in a proper way, most of

11、 them may give up smoking.All in all, the society, the government, the school and the family should join together to take the responsibility for an anti-smoking （ 禁煙）campaign aimed at teenagers, not just to put empty slogans and warnings on cigarette packs.1. The writer uses the first paragraph to.A

12、. tell the readers a story of a smokerB. introduce the topic of the passageC. introduce the college life of Wang Bing' s father.2. What ' s the main ideatofs passage?A. The teenagers think smoking is a symbol of being an adult and independence.B. The social environment encourages the teenage

13、rs to smoke.C. The teenagers should be educated to refuse to smoke.D. The teenage smoking has become a serious problem in China.3. What does the word “imitate " in Paragraph 5 mean in Chinese?A.指責(zé) B.忍受 C.模仿 D.支持4. From the underlined part of the last sentence of this passage, we can infer（ 推斷）t

14、hat the writer thinks putting slogans and warnings on cigarette packs is to solve the problem.A. not enough B. of no use C. of great help D. of great importance.【答案與解析】【江蘇連云港市】1. A。 在Iron in dry air的Method中提到在試管中放入棉花，結(jié)合 dry air可知答案為 A。2. Do通讀Iron in air-free water中的描述可知答案為D。3. Co通讀三個(gè) Conclusion可知答案為

15、 C?！竞秉S岡市】1 .B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本文主要講述學(xué)生抽煙的人數(shù)不斷上升。通過(guò)第一段的例子引出這一主題。故 選B。2 .D。主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段 “ It has become a major concern in China that many teenagers begin tosmoke.”可知，本文主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是青少年抽煙已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)社會(huì)的問(wèn)題了。故選 D。3 .C。詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，許多孩子都是模仿大人學(xué)會(huì)抽煙的。imitate具有“模仿”的意思。故選C。4 .A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ not just to”可知，僅僅是打著戒煙的口號(hào)和警告是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，還需要 更多強(qiáng)有力

16、的方式去杜絕青少年吸煙。not enough表示“不僅僅"。故選A。考試要求1. 考查學(xué)生理解短文的主旨和主題要義能力；2. 理解短文具體信息(包括圖文轉(zhuǎn)換的信息)的能力；3. 根據(jù)短文上下情景猜測(cè)單詞的能力；4. 根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容判斷和推理能力；5. 理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度的能力。縱觀全國(guó)各地中考試卷，中考閱讀理解考試題的比例在整個(gè)試卷占了很大的比例，閱讀理解的成績(jī)直接決定學(xué)生能否在中考中取得優(yōu)秀成績(jī)。中考閱讀短文的題材除了選一些通俗易懂的文學(xué)作品和故事體裁的小短文，還經(jīng)常選用一些富有時(shí)代鮮明特征、實(shí)用性比較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言材料。例如：報(bào)刊雜志的文章、使用說(shuō)明書、招貼告示、廣告和各種各類圖表。

17、選擇這些材料不僅能夠提高測(cè)試的真實(shí)性，還能展示目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的真實(shí)運(yùn)用來(lái)激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。1. 閱讀理解的題型：近幾年中考試卷的閱讀理解測(cè)試題主要有選擇型測(cè)試題、判斷正誤型測(cè)試題和任務(wù)型測(cè)試題三種形式。根據(jù)閱讀理解的題干部分可以分為以下幾種測(cè)試題型：( 1)理解主旨大意題：考查學(xué)生對(duì)于文章的中心思想或全文梗概的領(lǐng)會(huì)、理解和概括能力。我們可以通過(guò)“略讀skimming ”來(lái)獲取文章或者段落的主題和主旨大意。 在略讀時(shí)要注意尋找主題句( topic sentence)以幫助理解文章的主題和了解文章的大意。有一些同學(xué)可能認(rèn)為沒有仔細(xì)閱讀文章的細(xì)節(jié)而感覺不太放心，其實(shí)沒有必要擔(dān)心，因?yàn)槲覀?/p>

18、了解的文章的大意以后，然后對(duì)文章做仔細(xì)閱讀，比較難的短文理解起來(lái)就容易多了。略讀時(shí)應(yīng)該注意：主題句一般是短文第一個(gè)句子或者最后一個(gè)句子，偶爾位于段落的中間；每一段的主題句一般也是在每段的第一、二個(gè)句子或者最后一個(gè)句子。其次作者提供其寫作意圖，如：提供信息、描述人物、事物或者事件、討論問(wèn)題、說(shuō)服某人、提出建議或者對(duì)兩種觀點(diǎn)或者事件進(jìn)行比較。而其他的句子是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展及說(shuō)明性的例子，有時(shí)是為主題句提供時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或者原因等背景。主旨大意題常見的設(shè)問(wèn)方式如下：1) What s the main idea of this passage?2) What does the passage mai

19、nly tell us?3) The writer means to tell us that .4) From the passage, we can learn/ conclude .5) What s the best title for the passage?( 2)具體細(xì)節(jié)理解題:考查對(duì)事實(shí)或者細(xì)節(jié)的理解和辨別，即考查短文中直接或間接提到的具體信息的細(xì)節(jié)及線索。對(duì)于這種閱讀理解題，需要仔細(xì)比較所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，找出語(yǔ)言表達(dá)差別的關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)重點(diǎn)思考。做這種考試題我們一般用掃讀Scanning”來(lái)從短文中尋找答案。掃讀是有目的地在短文中為尋找某一個(gè)具體的信息或者細(xì)節(jié)而進(jìn)行的搜索性閱讀。特別

20、是尋找人名、地名、時(shí)間或者某一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。找到這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞時(shí)要進(jìn)行局部地細(xì)心地閱讀，以保證所尋找的答案在此處。為了保證掃讀的有效性，在掃讀之前必須認(rèn)真審題，因?yàn)閷忣}的過(guò)程就是明確閱讀目的的過(guò)程。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，這種閱讀理解測(cè)試題的答案是比較好找的。只要同學(xué)們仔細(xì)閱讀，認(rèn)真比較，把握準(zhǔn)確的信息，是容易找到準(zhǔn)確答案的。（3）根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義題：這種閱讀理解測(cè)試題是對(duì)短文中某一個(gè)句子中的某一個(gè)超綱的單詞或者短語(yǔ)畫線，讓考生猜 其漢語(yǔ)意思或者英語(yǔ)解釋意義。短文中出現(xiàn)的超綱詞或者短語(yǔ)要求學(xué)生在讀懂短文的內(nèi)容， 理解短文的大概意思的基礎(chǔ)上并且根據(jù)短文上下文的意思和情景進(jìn)行猜測(cè)和推斷。一般來(lái)說(shuō)這 些詞匯是比較難或者

21、是同學(xué)們沒有學(xué)過(guò)的。如果同學(xué)們的詞匯量比較大，那么解決這種閱讀理 解測(cè)試題就有很大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。但是如果能夠理解短文的內(nèi)容和意思，通過(guò)上下句子和情景進(jìn)行合 理的猜測(cè)，其正確率還是比較高的。猜測(cè)單詞的一些方法：1）首先要保持冷靜，迅速判斷。如果是對(duì)上下文理解影響不大的詞，就不要停留，繼續(xù)讀下去。 如果是影響理解的詞，尤其是劃線的詞，就要運(yùn)用猜測(cè)單詞的技巧來(lái)猜測(cè)單詞的意思。2）如果是but連接前后兩個(gè)句子，那么其意思是表示轉(zhuǎn)折，后面句子的畫線單詞表示的意思可能 和前面的句子的意思是相反的。3）如果是and連接前后兩個(gè)句子，那么后面句子的畫線單詞的意思可能和前面句子的意思一致。4）注意下文，有時(shí)后面的句子

22、或在下文中可能解釋這個(gè)單詞的意義。5）有時(shí)即使猜測(cè)不出來(lái)單詞的具體意思也不要緊，只需要了解這個(gè)單詞是表示積極的還是消極的意思。通過(guò)辨認(rèn)這個(gè)單詞的位置來(lái)確定它是動(dòng)詞、形容詞還是副詞，然后從選項(xiàng)中選擇。實(shí)例說(shuō)明：【福建福州】The Sydney Opera House is a very famous building in the world. It has become Sydney's best-known landmark and international symbol. The Opera House with a “sailing roof" was designe

23、d by a famous Danish architect（ 丹麥建筑師 ）,Utzon. The base for the building was started in 1959, years before the designs were finished. Utzon spent four years designing the Opera House. In 1962, the designs were finalized（定稿）and the construction began. In 1967, they started the decoration inside. It t

24、ook 14 years in total to build the Opera House. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened it on October 20th, 1973.The Sydney Opera House cost around $ 100 million and was paid for by the public. 6,225 square meters of glass was used to build it. The Opera House includes 1,000 rooms. It is 185 meters lon

25、g and 120 meters wide. The building roof sections weigh about 15 tons. Each year, this fantastic building attracts 200,000 tourists to come for a visit or enjoy events in it.The Opera House reaches out into the harbour（港,甯）.It is amazing and unforgettable, offering people a strong sense of beauty.1.

26、 The designer of the Sydney Opera House was from.A. America B. Australia C. England D. Denmark2. Building the Sydney Opera House lasted. A. from 1959 to 1973B. from 1962 to 1973C. from 1959 to 1967D. from 1962 to 19673. The underlined word "construction" means in Chinese.A.創(chuàng)立B.設(shè)計(jì)C.施工D.竣工4.

27、 paid for the cost of the building of the Sydney Opera House.A. UtzonB. The publicC. Queen Elizabeth IID. The government5. Which is the best title for the passage?A. Sailing RoofB. Travelling in SydneyC. The Sydney Opera HouseD. The Opening of the Opera House【解析】1. D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的"The Opera Hou

28、se with a 'sailing roof ' was designed by a famous Danish architect（丹麥建筑師），Utzon ”可知，悉尼歌劇院是一個(gè)丹麥的建筑師設(shè)計(jì)的。所以，悉尼歌劇院的設(shè)計(jì)得來(lái)自丹麥。故選Do2. A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的" The base for the building was started in 1959”以及“It took 14 years in total to build the Opera House October 20th, 1973.”可知，悉尼歌劇院的建設(shè)從1959年持續(xù)到197

29、3年。故選A。3. Co詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文可知，設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)定稿，因此下一步必然是施工，由此“construction”在此處具有“施工”的含義。故選 G4. B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的" The Sydney Opera House cost around $ 100 million and was paid for by the public. ”可知，悉尼歌劇院的建設(shè)費(fèi)用完全來(lái)自于公共開支。5. Do主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了悉尼歌劇院的設(shè)計(jì)、規(guī)模等，都是圍繞悉尼歌劇院而寫的。 因此"The Sydney Opera House ”是最好的標(biāo)題。（4）簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷

30、題：考查學(xué)生根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的判斷或推理的能力。中考閱讀理解不僅要讀懂一個(gè)個(gè)的 句子，而且要理解這些句子之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。如果上下文之間存在未充分表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，學(xué)生就應(yīng) 該充分激活頭腦中的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，根據(jù)字面意思和句子的意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)研究細(xì)節(jié)的 暗示、推敲作者的態(tài)度、理解文章的寓意。這就是我們平時(shí)所說(shuō)的深層理解。深層理解是一種創(chuàng) 造性的思維活動(dòng)。它必須忠于原文，要以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，立足已知的知識(shí)來(lái)推斷 未知的知識(shí)，不能憑空想象、隨意推測(cè)；它要求考生對(duì)文章的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推 理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。 判斷推

31、理題常見的設(shè)問(wèn)方式：1 ） It can be inferred /concluded that .2 ） Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?3 The writer suggests that .4 The writer probably feels that .5 From the passage, we can see 實(shí)例說(shuō)明：Take a class at Dulangkou School, and you' ll see lots of things differe

32、nt from other schools. You cansee the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups. They put their desks together so they each other. How can they see the blackboard? There are three blackboards on the three walls of the classroom!The school calls the new way of learning“ Tuantuanzuo ” , meaning

33、 sitting in groups. Wei Liying, aJunior teacher, said it was to give students more chance to communicate.Each group has five or six students, according to Wei, and they play different roles （ 角色）.There is ateam leader who takes care of the whole group. There is a“ study leader " who makes sure

34、that everyfinishes their homework. And there is a discipline （ 律）leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class.Wang Lin is a team leader. The 15-year-old said that having to deal with so many things was tiring.“I just looked after my own business before,“ said Wang. hinkBubonowiyhavegtooupmembers

35、.”But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits （好處）now.“I used to speak too little. But being a team leader means you have to talk a lot. You could even call mean excellent speaker today.”Zhang Qi, 16, was weak in English. She used to get about 70 in English tests. But in a recent test, Zhan

36、g got a grade of more than 80.“I rarely很少）asked others when I had problems with my English. But now I can ask the team leader or study leader. They are really helpful.”We can tell from the story that some students this new way of learning.A. get benefits from B. are tired of C. cannot get used to D.

37、 hate【解析】：Ao寫作意圖推斷題。從短文的作者寫作意圖可以判斷作者是告訴人們杜朗口中學(xué)的學(xué)生從這種 新的教學(xué)方法中得到益處。所以選擇 Ao2.閱讀理解的解題技巧：（1）事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的方法和技巧：1）詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，理順?biāo)悸放c文章脈絡(luò)。文章絕不是互不相干的句子雜亂無(wú)章的堆砌。作者為文， 有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開 故事；論述題則包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大要素，通過(guò)解釋、舉例來(lái)闡述觀點(diǎn)?？筛鶕?jù)文章的 特點(diǎn)，詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，以動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、因果等為線索，找出關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，運(yùn)用畫圖列表法”，勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)知圖。2）抓住文章的脈

38、絡(luò)和每一段中心，后面都是圍繞這個(gè)中心展開分析，把握了文章的脈絡(luò)后，相 對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)定位就比較方便，解答細(xì)節(jié)題和主旨題就很方便了。3）學(xué)會(huì)瞻前顧后和左顧右盼方法來(lái)理解細(xì)節(jié)題目，也就是從短文的上下聯(lián)系來(lái)找到解決問(wèn)題的 關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)。4）注意弓I 出細(xì)節(jié)的信息詞,如：for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second,next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides 等。（2）推理判斷題的方法和技巧：閱讀理解題中難度最大且出現(xiàn)頻率很高的是推理判斷題，這種題要求考

39、生根據(jù)文章中出現(xiàn)的暗示，抓住內(nèi)含語(yǔ)義，用邏輯思維的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判斷。推理的方法大致可分為：簡(jiǎn) 單推理和復(fù)雜推理。1）簡(jiǎn)單推理所謂簡(jiǎn)單推理就是以表面文字為前提，以具體事實(shí)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行推理，做出判斷。這種推理方式比較直接，只要弄清事實(shí)，即可結(jié)合常識(shí)推斷出合理的結(jié)論。2）復(fù)雜推理復(fù)雜推理不但要以文字為依據(jù)，而且還要以文章的語(yǔ)境、內(nèi)涵為前提。這是一種間接而復(fù)雜的邏 輯推理方式。考生要推斷出文章沒有表明但又合乎邏輯的推理，就必須由表及里地歸納或演繹。 下面是幾種復(fù)雜的推理方法： 推測(cè)作者的寫作目的和意圖，此類的設(shè)題形式有：The purpose in writing this text i

40、s to .The author in this passage intends to 一 推測(cè)作者的寫作目的，必須要先了解文章的主題，然后分析作者的論述方法、論述的重點(diǎn)和材料 的安排。 推測(cè)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論，此類設(shè)題形式有 :It can be inferred from the passage thatFrom the passage we can conclude that這類問(wèn)題問(wèn)的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部觀點(diǎn)，可能只是文章中的某一觀點(diǎn)。但要推 測(cè)出文中的某一觀點(diǎn)，仍離不開對(duì)全文主要觀點(diǎn)或中心思想的把握。3）推斷文章的出處，設(shè)題形式有 :The passage is most

41、 likely to be taken from.The passage is most likely a part of .這類問(wèn)題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷其出處:報(bào)紙：前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱；廣告：因其格式和語(yǔ)言特殊，容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明：器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。(3)單詞猜測(cè)詞義的方法和技巧：1)根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞意2)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞意在閱讀文章時(shí)，總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解 又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，這些問(wèn)題便 不難解決了。例如：前綴 un-表反義詞，如 happy、 unhappy, f