1、狀語從句I、時間狀語從句一、when，while和as1 When既可引導一個持續(xù)動作，也可引導一個短暫動作，可用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生或從句動作先于主句動作。如：When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里時，星期天常到海濱去。When the film ended, the people went back. 電影一結(jié)束，看電影的人便回去了。當when引導的時間狀語從句為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，而且其主語和主句的主語一致，其表語又是一個名詞時，就可以用以as引出的省略句，來代替when引出的從句。As a you m

2、an （=When he was a young man），he was fond of hunting。他年輕時，喜歡打獵。2While引導的動作必須是持續(xù)的，側(cè)重主句動作和從句動作相對比。如：Please dont talk so loud while others are working 別人在工作時，別高聲談話。While I was wondering at this, our schoolmaster took his place. 正當我對此不解時，我們校長就座了。3.as引導一個持續(xù)性動作，多用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生。如：He hurried home, looking be

3、hind as he went. 他匆匆忙忙跑回去一邊走一邊回頭望。John sings as he works 約翰一邊工作，一邊唱歌。4.when還可用作并列連詞，其意義為“那時，這時”，相當于at this/ that time. 常用于下列句式：Somebody was doing something whenSomebody was about to/ going to do something whenSomebody had just done something when.如：We were having a meeting when someone broke inWe we

4、re about to set off on our way, when it suddenly began to rain.此外When還表示原因“既然”。如：It was foolish of you to make a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.5. while作為并列連詞，意為“而，卻”，表示對比。He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music.6如果主句表示的是短暫動作，而從句用延續(xù)性動作的進行時態(tài)表示在一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作時，when, whil

5、e與as可互換使用。如：When/ While/ As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.二、 as soon as, immediately, directly, the moment, the minute, no soonerthan, hardly/ scarcelywhen, once（一旦。就。）這些從屬連詞引導的從句表示從句的動作一發(fā)生，主句的動作隨即發(fā)生，常譯為“一。就。”。從句中一般時態(tài)代替將來時態(tài)。如： Once you remember it, youll never fo

6、rget it. The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming. No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left. The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.注意：No soonerthan, hardly/ scarcelywhen這一結(jié)構(gòu)的時態(tài)搭配no sooner與hardly/ scarcely引導的主句謂語動詞應用過去完成時，而than與when的從句中謂語應用一般過去時，此外，當把

7、no sooner和hardly/ scarcely提到句首時，應用倒裝語序。 I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.三、till, until和notuntil1 肯定句：主句謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞，主句、從句都為肯定式，意為“某一動作一直延續(xù)到某點時間才停止”。如：He remained there until she arrived. 他一直留到她來。You may stay here until the rain stops. 你在這里可呆到雨停

8、。2 否定句：主句謂語動詞必須是非延續(xù)性動詞，從句肯定式，意為“某動作直到某時間才開始”。如：He wont go to bed till (until) she returns. 直到她回來他才睡。3 till不可以置于句首，而until可以。如：Until you told me I had no idea of it. 直到你告訴我，我才知道這件事。4 Not until句型中的強調(diào)和倒裝說法：It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.（強調(diào)句型）Not until you told me did I have any

9、idea of it.（not until置于句首主句要倒裝）四、before和since1 若表達“還未。就。”“不到。就。”“。才。”“趁，還沒來得及”時，需用連詞before。如：We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我們航行了四天四夜才看到陸地。We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我們跑了還不到一英里他就累了。Please write it down before you forget it. 趁你現(xiàn)在沒忘把它記下來。Before I could get i

10、n a word, he had measured me.我還沒來得及插話他就給我量好了尺寸。before從句中謂語不用否定式。又如： Before they reached the station the train had gone. 他們（還沒）到火車站前，火車已開走了。2It will be + 段時間before sb does。“多久之后才。”。如： It will be half a year before I come back. I wont be long before we meet again.3Since從句的謂語動詞一般是非延續(xù)性動詞，主句的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性的或者是

11、反復發(fā)生過的動作。Since從句的時態(tài)若是 一般過去時，相應地，主句中的時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時或現(xiàn)在完成進行時。如：I have written home four times since I came here. 自從我到這里來，我往家寫了四封信。 She has been working in this factory since she left school.4在It is +時間+since從句句型中，時間的計算一律從since從句的動作完成時態(tài)或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時算起。如：It is three years since the war broke out.戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)以來，有三年了。It is th

12、ree years since she was in our class.她離開我們班有三年了。It is three years since he lived here他不在這里住有三年了。It is three years since I (have) smoked a cigar.(=since I stopped smoking a cigar)我不吸煙有三年了。 如果譯成“我吸煙有三年了。”應為：It is three years since I began to smoke.5Every time, each time, next time, the first time, any

13、 time, all the time等名詞短語用來引導時間狀語從句， 表示“每當。，每次。，下次。”。如： Every/ Each time I was in trouble, he would come ti help me out. Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here.The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed. 她最后一次看到詹姆士時，他躺在床上。The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.Yo

14、u are welcome to come back any time you want to. 你想回來時隨時可回來。II、地點狀語從句1引導地點狀語從句的從屬連詞有：where，wherever指具體地點時，從句可用于主句之前或之后，表示抽象條件的含義時，從句需放在主句之前。如：We should go where the Party needs us most. You are free to go wherever you like. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。Wherever there is smoke, there

15、 is a fire.（無火不起煙）無風不起浪。2注意區(qū)別where引導的定語從句與狀語從句：Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.（狀語從句）Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.（定語從句）III、原因狀語從句1引導原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有：because，as，since，now that，seeing that，considering that，每個連詞的含義不盡相同。 位置 內(nèi)涵 語氣 能否回答why 能否被強調(diào) becau

16、se因為 主句前或后 直接因果關(guān)系 強 能 能 as 由于 主句前或后 雙方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能 since/ now that既然 主句前 雙方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能如：-Why are you absent from the meeting? -Because I am ill.As it is raining, we shall not to go to the park.Now that/ Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.2 其他表示原因的方式除了狀語從句外，一些介詞短語同樣可以表示原因，這樣的短語有：bec

17、ause of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。IV、目的狀語從句引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest等。1 In order that與so that 兩個連詞都意為“以便、為了”，引導的狀語從句中需用情態(tài)動詞，in order that比so that正式，引導的狀語從句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引導的從句只能置于主句之后。 Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. In order that we

18、might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early.2 For fear that, in case與lest 這些從屬連詞引導的目的狀語從句中謂語動詞要用（should）+動詞原形，它本身帶有否定意義，相當于so thatnot或in order thatnot。如： The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/ for fear that his father should see him. Take your raincoat in case / lest it should rain.V、

19、結(jié)果狀語從句1 引導結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有：so that， so。that。， such。that。，在非正式語體中，有so。that/such。that引導的句子中that可以省略，注意其結(jié)構(gòu)形式：so + 形容詞/副詞+ that從句so + 形容詞+ a/ an + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式+ that從句so + many/ much/ few/ little + 名詞+ that從句such + a/ an + 形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式+ that從句such + 形容詞+復數(shù)名詞形式/不可數(shù)名詞+ that從句such + a lot of/ lots of + 名詞+ that從句如

20、：Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him=Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.試比較：It is not surprising that such little worms eat so little grain.這么小的蟲子

21、吃這么少的谷物并不另人感到驚訝。Tom studied very hard so that he passed the exams.湯姆學習很用功結(jié)果考試及格了。注：當so或such置于句首時，主句要用倒裝語序。如： So clever was he a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.2除結(jié)果狀語外，（太。而不能。）（達到某程度可以。）（那么。以致于。）等不定式結(jié)構(gòu)同樣可以表示結(jié)構(gòu)。如： He didnt get up early enough to catch the bus=He got up

22、 too late to catch the bus=He got up so late as to catch the bus.VI、條件狀語從句1引導條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有：if, unless(=ifnot)（除非）so (as) long as（只要）in case（萬一）on conditionthat（條件是）suppose/ supposing（假設，用于問句）, provided that等。如： Youll fail the exam unless you study hard.(=if you dont study hard.) As long as you dont l

23、ose heart, you will succeed. Suppose/ Supposing (that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help. In case there is a fire, what will you do first?2“祈使句+and/ or/ or else/ otherwise”引導的結(jié)果句，祈使句在意義上實際上相當于條件狀語從句。 Use your head, and youll find a way. Hurry up or else (otherwise) youll be late.VII、方

24、式狀語從句引導方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有：as, as if, as though等 方式狀語從句應放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引導的從句一般用虛擬語氣，但如果從句中所陳述的情況很可能實現(xiàn)，也可用陳述語氣。如： Do as you are told to, or youll be fired. The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. I feel as if I have a fever.VIII、讓步狀語從句引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有：1Although/ though（盡管，雖然）even thoug

25、h/ even if（即使）although與though兩者意思相同，一般可互換，都可以與yet或still連用，但不能和but連用。如： He is unhappy though/ although he has a lot of money. Although/ Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football.though還可以用作副詞，意為“可是，然而”，置于句末。如：He said he would come, he didnt, though. 他說他會來，可是他沒有來。Even though/ if it

26、 is raining, well go there. （陳述語氣）Even if I were busy, I would go.（虛擬語氣）2 as引導讓步狀語從句需倒裝as從句一般放在主句之前，須用倒裝語序。從句中的表語、狀語或動詞原形置于句首。若表語是名詞，前置時要省略冠詞。如：Child as he is, he knows a lot. 盡管他是孩子，他卻懂得很多。Much as I like it I wont buy it, for its too expensive. 雖然我很喜歡，但我不會買的，因為太貴了。Try as he might, he could not find

27、 a job. 不管他怎樣努力，他還是找不到工作。3Whetheror（不是。還是。），疑問詞+ ever與no matter +疑問詞（不管，無論）。如： Whether you believe it or not, it is true. Whatever(No matter what) you say, he wont believe you. Whoever (No matter who ) you are, you must obey the rules. 注：whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever還可以引導名詞性從句。如： You can ta

28、ke whatever you like.（賓語從句）IX、狀語從句中的緊縮現(xiàn)象1 時間狀語從句中常見的緊縮形式：Dont speak until spoken to. 有人對你說話時你才說。Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦被看見，它便不會被忘記。While in Beijing, I paid a visit to the SummerPalace. 在北京時，我參觀了頤和園。Pressure can be reduced when needed. 必要時壓力可減。I prefer my milk a little sweetened when

29、ever possible. 可能的話，我喜歡牛奶甜點。He was a swimmer when a child. 他小時侯就是一個游泳運動員。As a young man, Abraham Lincoln was a storekeeper and a postmaster. 阿伯拉罕。林肯年輕時當過零售店主和郵政所所長。He often makes mistakes when speaking English. 說英語他常說錯。She always sings while doing her work. 她干活時總唱歌。2 條件狀語從句中常見的緊縮形式：Come tomorrow if possible. 可能的話就明天來吧。If so, you must get back and get it 如果這樣的話，你必須回去