1、翻譯對等理論研究延伸高級法商翻譯課程劉云龍、張萌2016年10月8日Roger T. Bell: translation is the expression in another language (or target language ) of what has been expressed in another, source language,preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. Equivalence Theory The concept of equivalence is quite controversial. Schola

2、rs have different explorations about translation equivalence. Among these explorations, i will explain the equivalence theories of Nida and Jin Di.一、Equivalence theory of NidaNida is known for dynamic equivalence. Dynamic equivalence derives from “the principle of equivalence effect”. In a translati

3、on that try to produce dynamic equivalence, the translator is supposed to change his focus from matching the receptor-language message with the source language message to a dynamic relationshipNida：“the relationship between receptor message should be substantially the same as that which existed betw

4、een the original receptors and the message”. “one way of defining a DE (Dynamic equivalence) translation is to describe it as the closest natural equivalence to the source-language message”This type of definition contains three terms:(1) Equivalent, which points to the source-language message(2) Nat

5、ural, which points to the receptor language(3) Closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation (1) The term equivalence focus on the source-language message. The content of source language message is important. The message of source language is

6、the starting point and the checking standard of translation. For example: 滅火器=fire extinguisher The Chinese 滅火器 and the English Fire extinguisher refer to the same object ,and both of them are in accordance with their language respectively. (2) The term “natural” is the key point of DE. Nida thinks

7、the word natural is applicable to three areas of the communicative process.For a natural rendering must fit the receptor language and culture as a whole is an essential ingredient in any stylistically acceptable rendering. Language and culture are closely related to each other. A language is always

8、a part of culture and the meaning of any text refers directly or indirectly to the corresponding culture. Finally, words only have meaning in terms of the corresponding culture.Nida:“Bilingual competence has almost always been regarded as an essential requirement for translators For truly successful

9、 translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism,since words only have meanings in term of cultures in which they function ”. (3) The term “closest” is the combination of the above two elements. As Nida claims, it binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest de

10、gree of approximation. The equivalence between the source language and the target language is not always possible. Thus what a translator can do is to balance the two to a possible highest degree of approximation. Nida offers three fundamental criteria which are basic to the evaluation of all transl

11、ating, and in different ways help to determine the relative merit of particular translations. These are (1) general efficiency of the communication process. (2) comprehension of the intent (3) equivalence of response. 二、Equivalence Theory of Jin DiThere are three important theories in Jin Dis theory

12、：1、The concept of the receptor. The theory stresses the receptor of the translated text, but it does not necessarily mean that the receptor is more important than the author. Instead of focusing on the comparison of the SL text and the TL text, the theory of equivalent effect stresses the comparison

13、 between the two communicating process. The translating process is accomplished only when the translated text is accepted by the readers. Otherwise, the translation is in vain. All communication is two way. 2、The concept of the effect. It means that the receptor is accepted by the transferred inform

14、ation in the translated text, from understanding to the experience and then to feelings, the same or almost the same as those of the source text readers. In the communicative translation of vocative texts, equivalent effect is not only desirable, but also essential.It is the criterion by which the e

15、ffectiveness, and therefore the value, of the translation of notices, instructions, publicityis to be assessed. Effect is the basic element of a vocative text3、The concept of the equivalence. Equivalence is a more scientific term than faithfulness. The former is more objective and impartial, referri

16、ng to the quality of the translated text, while the latter is more subjective, referring to the translators attitude. The equivalent effects contain many aspects, including lexical, semantic, pragmatic level, subtleties and overtones which are implied in culture and thought. It is an overall equival

17、ent between two languages and cultures.Pragmatic equivalence ：To understand pragmatic equivalence, one needs to know something about the pragmatic meaning. It reflects such information about the speaker as identity, age, social status, geographical location, attitude, intention and personality, the

18、main purposes of the communication-information exchange, and the understandability of communicating contents. When talking about pragmatics in translation, professor He Ziran thinks that pragmatics deals, on the one hand, with pragmalinguistics, with the context which is formally encoded in the stru

19、cture of a language, on the other hand, with sociopragmatics, with the language usage, understand and appropriateness in the social and cultural context.The main task of a translator is to convey to the reader all the possible meanings of message. Since meanings are coated in a given context, it is

20、quite difficult for a writer or speaker to bring out the both intended meaning in the context and cultural, linguistic aspects of the original message. The pragmatics approach to translation can be adopted to help solve this problem by striving for the pragmatics equivalence effect between the sourc

21、e and target message.According to Prof He, the pragmatics equivalence effect aims at translating meaning in full, taking full account of differences between SL and TL in pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics.Pragmalingustics in translation is refer to the study of the pragmatics force or language us

22、e in the context from the viewpoint of linguistics sources. Pragmatics force, also called illocutionary force in speech act theory of pragmatics, is the intended meaning for a given message.Prof He distinguishes two main kinds of pragmatics force, the implicit one which is below the surface and unst

23、ated, and the explicit one which is on the surface and stated. He thinks it is important to identity the implicit forces as they appear in their various social contexts, for frequently apparent intention of a message is not the same as the actual intent. Pragmalingulistics in translation contains ch

24、oosing the appropriate forms of language to convey the intended meaning or pragmatics force of the given massage. However, an equation between linguistic forms and communicative functions should not be assumed when one is engaged in translation. Sociopragmatics refers to the pragmatic studies which

25、examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. It depends on the translators belief as well as his social and cross-cultural knowledge. The social pragmatics equivalent effect in translation usually occurs when the translator holds a correct conception of

26、the different social institutions or cultural backgrounds between the SL and TL.Cultural factor is an indispensable part for the social pragmatics equivalent effect in translation, which is the focus of translation. Professor Wang Zuoliang said “a translator must be a real culturist. It is said the

27、translator must grasp the two languages, indeed, he must. But without the understanding of the social cultural connotation in one language no one can really master the language”.Duff holds that “translation is the process of conveying the message across linguistic and cultural barriers, it is an emi

28、nently communicative activity” Luhongmei even says “as far as translation is concerned, translating a SL text is a kind of translating SL cultural and habit of the country where the SL is spoken”. Liumiqing views the cultural factors as the one of the essential elements among the traditional Chinese

29、 translation. 翻譯理論界對“對等”理論研究基于語料庫數(shù)據(jù)分析v根據(jù)出現(xiàn)的時間以及總數(shù)，上述“對等”術(shù)語集能夠大致呈現(xiàn)中國當(dāng)代翻譯“對等”研究由語言向文化及其他多元視角轉(zhuǎn)移的歷時趨勢。 v同時，對等理論具有傳遞性、生發(fā)性。這些詞組型術(shù)語是奈達(dá)“對等”譯論跨語傳播的積極成果，是基于新術(shù)語的理論傳承與創(chuàng)新的體現(xiàn)。此外，術(shù)語“對等”的跨語應(yīng)用對源語術(shù)語 equivalence 的概念內(nèi)涵有進(jìn)一步充實作用。這是術(shù)語翻譯理論生發(fā)功能的另一體現(xiàn)。In other wordsvLike the division of language into discrete areas, the term

30、equivalence is adopted in this book for the sake of convenience because most translators are used to it rather than because it has any theoretical status. It is used here with the proviso that although equivalence can usually be obtained to some extent, it is influenced by a variety of linguistic an

31、d cultural factors and is therefore always relative. v對等（equivalent）只是一個相對的概念，不對等才是絕對的，完全的對等是不存在的。 法律翻譯具體實踐中存在的主要問題（金朝武，胡愛平,2000:45）v可歸納為以下幾種：v1.拼寫和語法錯誤；v2.省譯、增譯和望文生義；v3.術(shù)語翻譯不妥；v4.譯文文體不當(dāng)；v5.對原文理解不透；v6.語言修養(yǎng)欠佳；v7.法律文化差異引起的錯誤。vA general problem constantly occurred in legal translation： Non-equivalence

32、（lexical/terminological, semantic, syntactic（collocational）,textual, pragmatic, stylistic, cultural, etc.）Susan Sarcevic: Terminological incongruencevSusan Sarcevic關(guān)于法律名詞術(shù)語翻譯的理論主要集中在“法律術(shù)語的不完全對等現(xiàn)象及翻譯” 問題上 。法律專門術(shù)語是用來準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)特有的法律概念的專門用語, 法律翻譯中的“專門術(shù)語不一致”( terminological incongruence) 是指在法律翻譯過程中( 即從源語到目的語的轉(zhuǎn)

33、換過程中) 源語某一專門術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵或外延在目的語中發(fā)生了變化并導(dǎo)致了該術(shù)語在譯前譯后出現(xiàn)差異的情形 。 與法律概念有關(guān)的各種不對等情形解讀（王建：2013）v1.這種不對等有時是語言方面空缺。比如assembly， assemblyman， president，Congress，Senator，lynch（私刑）等詞在英國法律中并不存在；相反，Lords，Lord Chancellor（御前大臣，大法官，上議院議長），Court of Kings Bench（王座法庭）,Privy Council， Suitor， Chancellor等詞在美國法律中并不存在。v2.這種不對等有時是語言方面的

34、差異，即同一個指稱有不同的表達(dá)方式。例如大陸地區(qū)“勞教所”、“刑事警察”、“夫妻”和“再婚”在我國臺灣地區(qū)分別稱為“升教所”、“刑事”、“翁某”和“接腳”。這種因地域差異而造成術(shù)語稱謂不同的情況在術(shù)語同一個法系的英國和美國也不例外，其各自的法律發(fā)展受到不同因素的影響。 如“原告”一詞，在離婚訴訟中稱為petitioner；一般民事訴訟稱為plaintiff或complainantv3.不對等還體現(xiàn)在同一個符號所指稱的對象不同 dominion 民法：完全所有權(quán)；國際法：主權(quán) estoppel 合同法：不得反悔、允諾禁反言；刑訴法：禁止翻供。 By-law 英國：地方法規(guī)；美國：公司章程v4.這

35、種不對等，有時是兩種語言系統(tǒng)中有類似的指稱物（equivalent），但該類似指稱在兩種語言中并不具有對等的概念或意義功能，即在意義層面具有一定的偏差。 比如，大陸法系bona fides（誠實信用）與普通法系的good faith（誠實信用）存在下列區(qū)別：前一概念包括過失，后一概念卻不包括過失；前者范圍更廣，包括信任關(guān)系以及商業(yè)交易中的最低的行為道德準(zhǔn)則（Standards of Business Conduct）,這可能是因大陸法系國家的“法律”與政治和道德關(guān)系密切之故。 與法律概念有關(guān)的各種不對等情形解讀（王建：2013）Examplesv法律術(shù)語“物證”如何翻譯？v1998 年出版的中

36、華人民共和國法律法規(guī)漢英對照詞語手冊譯成： material evidencev評議：望文生義，實則生繆并非字面完全對等就是正確的翻譯的 material evidence：evidence having some logical connection with the consequential facts or the issues” （Blacks Law Dictionary, 7th. edition ）， 其意為“與案件的事實或結(jié)果存在邏輯關(guān)系的證據(jù)” ，它既可能是言詞證據(jù)也可能是實物證據(jù)。而漢語中的“物證” 在英語中是另有專門的法律術(shù)語與之對應(yīng)的，這就是“real evidenc

37、e”。 v我國刑法上“非法侵入住宅罪” 如何翻譯？v有人直接譯成burglary （the breaking and entering of the dwelling house of another person ）殊不知 burglary 一罪，其犯罪構(gòu)成的客觀方面是行為人持刀撬窗入室后進(jìn)行行竊的，類似我國認(rèn)定的盜竊罪。v元照英美法詞典解釋burglary為： (1)普通法夜盜罪指懷著犯重罪意圖在夜里打開并且進(jìn)入他人住宅的行為。(2)制定法夜盜罪與普通法夜盜罪相比，制定法夜盜罪在三個要件方面有所區(qū)別：現(xiàn)代制定法已把住宅dwelling這一概念擴(kuò)大到工廠車間、商店、辦公處以及一切建筑物；多數(shù)

38、制定法取消了夜里這個時間要素；有些制定法把意圖犯重罪要件擴(kuò)大為意圖犯重偷盜罪或輕偷盜罪或任何重罪。vBurglary 在普通法法域還強(qiáng)調(diào)夜間侵入他人住宅并行竊，與我國的“非法侵入住宅罪”在法律概念（該罪在我國刑法上規(guī)定：客觀方面表現(xiàn)為行為人實施非法入侵他人住宅的行為，或經(jīng)主人要求退出而拒不退出的行為）上并不完全對等,實際上體現(xiàn)出一種法律文化的差異。v筆者認(rèn)為譯成crime of housebreaking或者釋譯成unlawful intrusion into another persons residence更為穩(wěn)妥。vSusan Sarcevic 在其著作 New Approach to

39、Legal Translation 中指出法律翻譯不僅是語言轉(zhuǎn)換的過程，法律翻譯不僅是語言轉(zhuǎn)換的過程，而是在法律機(jī)制中進(jìn)行的交際活動而是在法律機(jī)制中進(jìn)行的交際活動。法律術(shù)語依據(jù)對等程度可以劃分為接近對等、 部分對等、 不對等三類( Susan Sarecvic 1997: 113) 。v法律翻譯同其他翻譯一樣，是一種交際活動( 杜金榜 2004: 11-14) 。但是，法律翻譯不同于其他翻譯的一個顯著特點正在于它的可操作性，即在跨法系交際中，不僅要在語言文字層操作，更重要的是對語言表象背后的沒有用文字表述出來的法律文化和法律規(guī)約要有清楚的認(rèn)識。李克興：法律文本靜態(tài)對等翻譯v該人為香港理工大學(xué)翻譯研究中心教授，長期從事法律英語翻譯研究。v該人曾發(fā)表論文，在評價了動態(tài)對等、異化與歸化、功能主義、語義翻譯和傳意/交際翻譯之后，提出適合法律文本的靜態(tài)對等翻譯策略，認(rèn)為法律文本是靜態(tài)的元、信息型文本、模式化語言，讀者群較為單一，應(yīng)采取嚴(yán)格的翻譯準(zhǔn)則。v“靜態(tài)對等翻譯雖然與直譯或語義翻譯相似，但是它并不等同于直譯或語義翻譯，更不等同于“死譯”。她的內(nèi)涵和外延都比直譯或語義翻譯更豐富、更寬泛但又更嚴(yán)格。真正的靜態(tài)對等的譯本要求深層意思、表層意思、語言結(jié)