1、LOGO機械零件 徐存善主編What does “clutch” mean (radio)？“Clutch”是什么意思(單選)：提交 徐存善主編 徐存善主編 徐存善主編 However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. Thus, if a machine is completely dismantled, a collection of simple parts remains such as nut

2、s, bolts, springs gears, cams and shafts the building block of all machinery1. A machine element is, therefore, a single unit designed to perform a specific function and capable of combining with other elements. Sometimes certain elements are associated in pairs2, such as nuts and bolts or keys and

3、shafts. In other instance, a group of elements is combined to form a subassembly, such as bearings, couplings, and clutches. 徐存善主編 The most common example of a machine element is a gear, which, fundamentally, is a combination of the wheel and the lever to form a toothed wheel. The rotation of this g

4、ear on a hub or shaft drives other gears that may rotate faster or slower, depending upon the number of teeth on the basic wheels. 徐存善主編Other fundamental machine elements have evolved from wheel and lever. A wheel must have a shaft on which it may rotate. The wheel is fastened to the shafts with cou

5、plings. The shaft must rest in bearings, may be turned by a pulley with a belt or a chain connecting it to a pulley on a second shaft. The supporting structure may be assembled with bolts or rivets or by welding4. Proper application of these machine elements depends upon knowledge of the force on th

6、e structure and the strength of the materials employed. 徐存善主編 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life expectancy of a complete machine. Many machine elements are thoroughly standardized. Testing and practical experience have established the mo

7、st suitable dimensions for common structural and mechanical parts. Through standardization, uniformity of practice and resulting economics are obtained. Not all machine parts in use are standardized, however. In the automotive industry only fasteners, bearings, bushings, chains, and belts are standa

8、rdized. Crankshafts and connecting rods are not standardized. 徐存善主編combination kCmbi5neiFEn n. 組合，結(jié)合individual indi5vidjuEl adj. 單獨的，各個的，個別的，特殊的component kEm5pEunEnt n. 元件，構(gòu)件，部件dismantle dis5mAntl vt. 分解（機器），拆開，拆卸assemble E5sembl v. 安裝，裝配，組合；集合，集中 n 組件nut nQt n. 螺母；難對付的人；難解的問題；堅果 vi. 采堅果bolt bEult n

9、. 螺栓；（門、窗等的）插銷gear giE n. 儀器，裝置；傳動裝置，齒輪cam kAm n. 凸輪，偏心輪；樣板，靠模，仿形板lever 5li:vE n. 杠桿，控制桿，操作桿shaft FB:ft n. 柱身；連桿；傳動軸，旋轉(zhuǎn)軸；軸 徐存善主編machinery mE5Fi:nEri n. 機器 (總稱)associate E5sEuFieit v. 聯(lián)合，結(jié)合，參加，連帶key ki: n. 鍵，電鍵，開關(guān)；楔，銷；鑰匙subassembly 7sQbE5sembli n. 組合件，部件，機組coupling 5kQpliN n. 聯(lián)軸節(jié)，聯(lián)軸器；聯(lián)結(jié)器，聯(lián)合器clutch kl

10、QtF n. 離合器，聯(lián)軸器；夾緊裝置fundamentally fQndE5mentli adv.（從）根本上hub hQb n. (輪) 轂；中心；木片rotate rEu5teit n. (使某物) 旋轉(zhuǎn)或轉(zhuǎn)動evolve i5vClv v. 進化，演變；開展，發(fā)展，展開pulley 5puli n. 滑輪（組）；滑車；皮帶輪 徐存善主編rivet 5rivit n. 鉚釘 v 鉚接，鉚weld weld v. & n. 焊接，熔焊reliability rilBiE5biliti n. 可靠性，安全性，準確性thoroughly 5WQrEli adv. 完全地，充分地，徹底地

11、standardize 5stAndEdBiz vt. 標準化，統(tǒng)一標準；標定，校準establish is5tAbliF vt. 確定，制定；建立，創(chuàng)辦，產(chǎn)生；使固定dimension di5menFEn n. 尺寸，尺度；范圍，方面bushing 5buFiN n. 襯套；軸襯；軸瓦；電（絕緣）套管uniformity 7mju:ni5fC:miti n. 均勻性，一致性automotive C:tE5mEutiv adj. 自動的，自動車的crank krANk n. 曲軸 refer to as 稱為，叫做；當(dāng)做；參考作為；所說的；提到的 Language points 徐存善主編1.

12、 Thus, if a machine is completely dismantled, a collection of simple parts remains such as nuts, bolts, springs gears, cams and shafts the building block of all machinery. 譯文：因此，如果把機床完全拆開，就可以得到像螺母、螺栓、彈簧、齒輪、凸輪及軸等簡單零件所有機器的標準元件。 Language points 徐存善主編2. Sometimes certain elements are associated in pairs

13、.譯文：某些特定的元件必須成對地工作。說明：be associated with：與有關(guān)；涉及 又如：I associated with him in business. 我與他和伙經(jīng)商。These concerns may be associated with strong feelings such as anger or shame. 這些憂慮很可能與惱火、羞愧之類的強烈情緒有關(guān)聯(lián)。 Language points 徐存善主編3. The most common example of a machine is a gear, which, fundamentally, is a comb

14、ination of the wheel and the lever to form a toothed wheel. 譯文：機器零件中最常用的是齒輪，它實際上是由輪子和桿組成的帶有齒的輪子。說明：Which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，修飾gear，不定式to form a toothed wheel作結(jié)果狀語。Language points 徐存善主編4The supporting structure may be assembled with bolts or rivets or by welding.譯文：支撐結(jié)構(gòu)可由螺栓或鉚釘或通過焊接固定在一起。說明：句中with bolts or ri

15、vets or by welding 作方式狀語，be assembled with 用 安裝，又如：The bookcase can easily be assembled with a screwdriver. 這書柜用一把螺絲刀就可以很容易地安裝起來。 Exercises 徐存善主編I. Answer the following questions. What is referred to as a machine element? Which is the most common machine element?2. What are other fundamental machine

16、 elements?3. Which machine elements are standardized in the automotive industry? A machine element is a single unit designed to perform a specific function and capable of combining with other elements. The most common machine element is a gear. Other fundamental machine elements have evolved from wh

17、eel and lever. In the automotive industry only fasteners, bearings, bushings, chains, and belts are standardized. Exercises 徐存善主編II. Place a “T” (true) or an “F”(false) beside the sentences according to the text. T1. Gears are used as building blocks for the construction of most devices, apparatus,

18、and machinery.2. A pair of gears with different numbers of teeth will rotate at different speeds.3. Spur gears and bevel gears are different in their applications because their shapes are different. 4. The most common machine element is the gear from which other fundamental machine elements have dev

19、eloped. 5. A coupling is a machine element, which joins two shafts. 6. All machine parts have been developed into standardized designs. FTTTFExercises 徐存善主編 Translate the following sentences into ChineseThe most common machine element is the gear, which combines the feature of the wheel and the leve

20、r to form a toothed wheel. 2. The hardness of a gear determines its ability to resist wear.最常見的機械零件是齒輪，實際上是由輪子和桿組成的跌有齒的輪子。 齒輪的堅硬性決定了它的耐磨能力。 Exercises 徐存善主編 Translate the following sentences into Chinese3. Manufacturing engineers have centered their efforts on the development of standardized elements

21、.4.These parts are produced in large quantities with a high degree of perfection at reduced cost.制造業(yè)的工程師們集中精力，研制標準化的零件。 這些零件是以大批量、高規(guī)格和降低成本的條件下生產(chǎn)的。 徐存善主編英漢兩種語言都有一詞多類、一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。一詞多類是指一個詞往往屬于多個詞類，具有幾種不同的意義。如display一詞，既可做名詞“顯示（器）”，又可以作形容詞“展覽的、陳列用的”，還可做動詞“顯示、表現(xiàn)”等意思。一詞多義是說同一個詞類中，往往有幾個不同的詞義。如power 一詞，做名詞時，其漢

22、語意思為“電力、功率、次方”等。在英漢翻譯過程中，我們在弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu)后就要善于選擇和確定句子中關(guān)鍵詞的意義。選擇和確定詞義通常從以下幾個方面入手： 徐存善主編 選擇某個詞的詞義時，首先要確定這個詞在句中應(yīng)屬于哪一種詞類，然選擇某個詞的詞義時，首先要確定這個詞在句中應(yīng)屬于哪一種詞類，然后再進一步確定其詞義。后再進一步確定其詞義。下面以display為例： Here, you have the option of defining your own display variants. 這里，你有權(quán)定義你自己的顯示變式。（display為名詞） Often, it is best to displa

23、y materials on an information table. 通常，最好是把資料放在提供各類資訊的桌子上展示。(display為動詞) The reverse side of a control panel, display panel, or the like; the side with the interconnecting wiring. （display為形容詞） 控制面板、顯示面板或類似的面板的反面，即帶有互連接線的那一面。 徐存善主編 英語中同一個詞，同一類詞，在不同的場合，往往具有不同的含義。英語中同一個詞，同一類詞，在不同的場合，往往具有不同的含義。此時，必須根據(jù)

24、上下文的聯(lián)系及整個句子的意思加以判斷和翻譯。此時，必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系及整個句子的意思加以判斷和翻譯。例如as 這一連詞：Wear resistance improves as cutting tool hardness increase. 當(dāng)切削刀具的硬度越高時，其耐磨性就越好。（as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句）As heat makes things move, it is a form of energy.因為熱能使物體運動，所以熱是能的一種形式。（as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句） 徐存善主編 英譯漢時，不僅必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系理解詞義，還需要根據(jù)詞的搭英譯漢時，不僅必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系理解詞義，還需要根據(jù)

25、詞的搭配情況來理解詞義。尤其在科技文獻中，由于學(xué)科及專業(yè)不同，同一個詞配情況來理解詞義。尤其在科技文獻中，由于學(xué)科及專業(yè)不同，同一個詞在不同的專業(yè)中具有不同的意義。在不同的專業(yè)中具有不同的意義。比如： The fifth power of two is thirty-two. 二的五次方是三十二。（數(shù)學(xué)） With the development of electrical engineering, power can be transmitted over long distances. 隨著電氣工程的發(fā)展, 電力能輸送得非常遠。（電學(xué)） Friction can cause a loss

26、of power in every machine. 摩擦能引起每一臺機器功率的損耗。（物理學(xué)） 徐存善主編 英語中有些名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)表達的詞義完全不同。英語中有些名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)表達的詞義完全不同。例如：名詞名詞 單數(shù)詞義單數(shù)詞義 復(fù)數(shù)詞義復(fù)數(shù)詞義facility 簡易，靈巧 設(shè)施，工具charge 負荷，電荷 費用spirit 精神 酒精Although they lost, the team played with tremendous spirit.那隊輸是輸了，但卻表現(xiàn)了極其頑強的精神。Whisky, brandy, gin and rum are all spirits.威士忌、

27、白蘭地、杜松子酒和朗姆酒都是烈酒。 徐存善主編 徐存善主編 Metal cutting tools must possess a variety of different properties in order to cut the different metals under varying conditions of severity.To meet these demands, tools have been produced from a variety of materials. Properties of Cutting ToolsThe most important proper

28、ties of cutting tools are hardness at high temperature, wear resistance, and impact strength. 金屬切削刀具必須具有許多不同的性能，才能在各種惡劣條件下切削不同的金屬。為滿足這些要求，制作刀具需要用許多種材料。 切削刀具的性能切削刀具的性能 切削刀具最重要的性能是在高溫下能保持的硬度以及耐磨損耐沖擊和韌性好。 徐存善主編As a tool cuts, high heat is developed as a result of compression and friction at the cutting

29、 edge of the tool. All metal cutting tools begin to lose hardness when heated to sufficiently high temperatures. As the tool softens due to heat, it wears and breaks down at the cutting edge or face. Various cutting tool materials begin to lose their hardness at different temperatures. Hence, the ha

30、rdness of the tool and the degree to which it remains its hardness at high temperature are important in the selection of a cutting-tool material. 當(dāng)?shù)毒哌M行切削時，刀具刃口處的壓力和摩擦產(chǎn)生了高溫。達到一定高的溫度時，所有的金屬切削刀具便開始軟化。在刀口因高溫而軟化的同時，刀具刃口便開始磨耗并損壞。不同的切削刀具材料在不同的溫度點開始軟化。因此，刀具的硬度和它在高溫下所能保持的硬度是選擇切削刀具材料時的重要因素。 徐存善主編A cutting too

31、l is wear-resistant if it resists abrasion at the cutting edge and along the tool face. Wear resistance improves as cutting tool hardness increases. Cutting tools must also have high strength in order to be vibration and impact -resistant. Strength in cutting- tool material is not always proportiona

32、l to hardness. Some of the hardest tool materials lack strength because they are too brittle. 如果切削刀具的刃口和刀面耐磨，刀具就不易磨損。切削刀具的硬度越高，耐磨性就越好。切削刀具還必須具有高強度才能抗振動和抗沖擊。切削刀具材料的強度并不都是與硬度成正比的。有些硬的刀具材料由于太脆而缺乏強度。 徐存善主編Materials Used in Cutting ToolsThe various materials from which most metal cutting tools are made c

33、an be classified under the following principal headings: Carbon tool steel High-speed steel Cast alloys Cemented carbides Ceramics Diamonds 大多數(shù)金屑切削刀具的制作材料可分為以下幾大類： 碳素刀具鋼；高速鋼；鑄合金；硬質(zhì)合金；陶瓷；金剛石。 徐存善主編Tool life, or the number of parts produced by a cutting- tool edge before regrinding is required, is a v

34、ery important cost factor in manufacturing a part or product. Cutting tools must be reground at the first sign of dullness. If a tool is used beyond this point, it will break down rapidly. 刀具壽命，即切削刀刃在需要重新打磨之前能加工的零件數(shù)，是生產(chǎn)某個零件或產(chǎn)品的重要成本因素。當(dāng)切削刀具開始變鈍時必須重新打磨。如果在這時還要繼續(xù)用下去，刀具會很快地磨損。 徐存善主編In order to detect th

35、e time when a cutting tool should be changed, most modern machines are equipped with indicators that show the horsepower used during the machining operation. When a tool becomes dull, more horsepower is required for the operation, which will show on the indicator. When this occurs, the tool should b

36、e reground immediately. 要知道什么時候該換刀具，大部分現(xiàn)代機床都安裝了指示器來顯示切削加工所耗的功率。當(dāng)?shù)毒哂免g時，加工需要消耗更多的功率，并由指示器顯示出來。一旦發(fā)生這種情況就應(yīng)當(dāng)立即打磨刀具。New words and phrases 徐存善主編variety vraiti n. 多樣；種類；雜耍 復(fù)數(shù)varieties property prCpti n. 性質(zhì)，性能；財產(chǎn)；所有權(quán)severity siveriti n. 嚴重；嚴格；猛烈 復(fù)數(shù)severities wear w n. 穿著，磨損，耐久性 v. 穿著，用舊，耗損impact impkt, impkt

37、 vt.影響；撞擊；沖突vi. 沖擊n.效果；碰撞；compression kmpreFn n. 壓縮，濃縮；壓榨，壓迫abrasion brein n. 磨損；磨耗；擦傷friction frikFn n. 摩擦，摩擦力hence hens adv. 因此；今后proportional prupC:Fnl adj.比例的，成比例的；相稱的n. 比例項New words and phrases 徐存善主編brittle britl adj. 易碎的，脆弱的；易生氣的(brittler, brittlest) carbon k:bn n. 碳；碳棒；復(fù)寫紙adj. 碳的；碳處理的cast k:s

38、, kst vt. 投，拋；計算；澆鑄；投射n. 投擲；鑄件；鑄型cement siment vt. 鞏固，加強；接合vi. 粘牢n. 水泥；接合劑carbide k:baid n.【化學(xué)】碳化物；碳化鈣regrind ri:raind vt. 再磨研，重研磨，再磨dullness dQlnis n. 遲鈍，鈍度recondition ,ri:kndiFn vt. 修理，修復(fù)；重建；更新a variety of 種種；各種各樣的impact on 影響；對沖擊，碰撞 Exercises 徐存善主編1.What are the most important properties of cutti

39、ng tools? 2. Which factors are important in the selection of a cutting-tool material? Why? IAnswer the following questions according to the reading The most important properties of cutting tools are hardness at high temperature, wear resistance, and impact strength. The hardness of the tool and the

40、degree to which it remains its hardness at high temperature are important in the selection of a cutting-tool material. Because all metal cutting tools begin to lose hardness when heated to sufficiently high temperatures. Exercises 徐存善主編3.How many sorts are classified in the various materials from wh

41、ich most metal cutting tools are made? 4. Why are most modern machines equipped with indicators that show the horsepower used during the rnachining operation? IAnswer the following questions according to the reading The various materials from which most metal cutting tools are made can be classified under the following principal headings: Carbon too